Ethical Considerations of Biopsies in Early-Stage Pancreatic Cancer.

The standard of care in resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has evolved to include neoadjuvant treatment before surgical resection. Current guidelines call for obtaining histologic tissue diagnosis via endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration before administration of neoadjuvant therapy, which differ from guidelines discouraging delay in surgical resection for a biopsy. Whether to proceed with treatment before a biopsy confirms that malignancy is a nuanced decision and includes considerations of physical and psychological risks entailed in both pursuing and forgoing a biopsy. Accuracy of imaging and biopsy results, the presence of contributing clinical signs/symptoms, and the existing precedents of considering biopsies as waivable such as in scenarios with high clinical suspicion and primary surgical resection. When considering the aspects of ethical medical practice including beneficence (doing good), nonmaleficence (avoiding harm), autonomy (allowing patients to make decisions about their care), and utilitarianism (doing the most good for the most people), analysis of whether guidelines guiding biopsies should continue to differ between resection and neoadjuvant treatments in PDAC is prudent.