Pharmacokinetics of macrocyclic lactone endectocides in indigenous Zebu cattle and their insecticidal efficacy on Anopheles arabiensis.

Outdoor biting, outdoor resting, and early evening biting of Anopheles arabiensis is a challenge in current malaria control and elimination efforts in Africa. Zooprophylaxis using livestock treated with macrocyclic lactones is a novel approach to control zoophilic vectors. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and insecticidal efficacy of ivermectin (IVER), doramectin (DORA), and moxidectin (MOXI) subcutaneous (SC) formulations in treated calves. The study was conducted using indigenous (Bos indicus) calves treated with SC formulation at a dosage of 0.5, 0.2 or 0.05 mg/kg body weight (BW) IVER or DORA and 0.2 or 0.05 mg/kg BW MOXI. Direct skin feeding of mosquitoes and animal blood sampling were performed at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h and on days 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 post treatment. The survival of fully fed A. arabiensis mosquitoes was monitored for 10 days. Plasma samples were analyzed using UHPLC-MS/MS. A. arabiensis mortality percentages in the 0.5 mg/kg BW DORA and IVER groups were 65.74% (95% CI: [54.98; 76.50]) and 64.53% (95% CI: [53.77; 75.29]), respectively, over 35 days post treatment. At the recommended dose (0.2 mg/kg BW), promising overall A. arabiensis mortality rates of 61.79% (95% CI: [51.55; 72.03]) and 61.78% (95% CI: [51.02; 72.54]) were observed for IVER and DORA, respectively. In contrast, A. arabiensis mortality in the MOXI group was 50.23% (95% CI: [39.87, 60.58]). At 0.2 mg/kg BW dose, area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.