Sex-Differential and Non-specific Effects of Vaccines Over the Life Course.
Adverse reaction
Antibody response
Sex chromosomes
Sex steroids
Vaccine acceptance
Vaccine efficacy
Journal
Current topics in microbiology and immunology
ISSN: 0070-217X
Titre abrégé: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 0110513
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2023
2023
Historique:
medline:
12
9
2023
pubmed:
11
9
2023
entrez:
11
9
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Biological sex and age have profound effects on immune responses throughout the lifespan and impact vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Mounting evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and animal model studies show that males and females respond differentially to vaccination throughout the lifespan. Within age groups, females tend to produce greater vaccine-induced immune responses than males, with sex differences apparent across all age groups, but are most pronounced among reproductive aged individuals. Females report more adverse effects following vaccination than males. Females, especially among children under 5 years of age, also experience more non-specific effects of vaccination. Despite these known sex- and age-specific differences in vaccine-induced immune responses and outcomes, sex and age are often ignored in vaccine research. Herein, we review the known sex differences in the immunogenicity, effectiveness, reactogenicity, and non-specific effects of vaccination over the lifespan. Ways in which these data can be leveraged to improve vaccine research are described.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37695431
doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-35139-6_9
doi:
Substances chimiques
Vaccines
0
Types de publication
Review
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
225-251Commentaires et corrections
Type : ErratumIn
Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Références
Aaby P, Jensen H, Samb B, Cisse B, Sodemann M, Jakobsen M, Poulsen A, Rodrigues A, Lisse IM, Simondon F, Whittle H (2003) Differences in female-male mortality after high-titre measles vaccine and association with subsequent vaccination with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and inactivated poliovirus: reanalysis of West African studies. Lancet 361(9376):2183–2188
pubmed: 12842371
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13771-3
Aaby P, Garly ML, Nielsen J, Ravn H, Martins C, Bale C, Rodrigues A, Benn CS, Lisse IM (2007) Increased female-male mortality ratio associated with inactivated polio and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines: observations from vaccination trials in Guinea-Bissau. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26(3):247–252
pubmed: 17484223
doi: 10.1097/01.inf.0000256735.05098.01
Aaby P, Roth A, Ravn H, Napirna BM, Rodrigues A, Lisse IM, Stensballe L, Diness BR, Lausch KR, Lund N, Biering-Sørensen S, Whittle H, Benn CS (2011) Randomized trial of BCG vaccination at birth to low-birth-weight children: beneficial nonspecific effects in the neonatal period? J Infect Dis 204(2):245–252
pubmed: 21673035
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir240
Aaby P, Kollmann TR, Benn CS (2014) Nonspecific effects of neonatal and infant vaccination: public-health, immunological and conceptual challenges. Nat Immunol 15(10):895–899
pubmed: 25232810
doi: 10.1038/ni.2961
Aaby P, Ravn H, Fisker AB, Rodrigues A, Benn CS (2016) Is diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) associated with increased female mortality? A meta-analysis testing the hypotheses of sex-differential non-specific effects of DTP vaccine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 110(10):570–581
pubmed: 27856947
pmcid: 5155548
doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trw073
Aaby P, Benn CS, Flanagan KL, Klein SL, Kollmann TR, Lynn DJ, Shann F (2020) The non-specific and sex-differential effects of vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol 20(8):464–470
pubmed: 32461674
pmcid: 7252419
doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0338-x
Aaby P, Benn CS, Neilsen J, Lisse IM, Rodrigues A, Ravn H (2012) Testing the hypothesis that diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine has negative non-specific and sex-differential effects on child survival in high-mortality countries. BMJ Open 2
Aaby P, Netea MG, Benn CS (2022) Beneficial non-specific effects of live vaccines against COVID-19 and other unrelated infections. Lancet Infect Dis
Abe KT, Hu Q, Mozafarihashjin M, Samson R, Manguiat K, Robinson A, Rathod B, Hardy WR, Wang JH, Iskilova M, Pasculescu A, Fazel-Zarandi M, Li A, Paterson A, Chao G, Green K, Gilbert L, Barati S, Haq N, Takaoka A, Takaoka JG, De Launay KQ, Fahim C, Sheikh-Mohamed S, Arita Y, Durocher Y, Marcusson EG, Gommerman JL, Ostrowski M, Colwill K, Straus SE, Wood H, McGeer AJ, Gingras A-C (2021) Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants in vaccinated Ontario long-term care home residents and workers. medRxiv:2021.2008.2006.21261721
Aldakak L, Huber VM, Rühli F, Bender N (2021) Sex difference in the immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human Papilloma virus vaccine: systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 39(12):1680–1686
pubmed: 33637386
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.022
Altet MN, Alcaide J, Canela J, Serra L, Salleras L (1992) Retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of the BCG vaccine campaign in newborns of Barcelona. Med Clin (barc) 99(16):612–616
pubmed: 1460925
Andersen A, Fisker AB, Rodrigues A, Martins C, Ravn H, Lund N, Biering-Sørensen S, Benn CS, Aaby P (2018) National immunization campaigns with oral polio vaccine reduce all-cause mortality: a natural experiment within seven randomized trials. Front Public Health 6:13
pubmed: 29456992
pmcid: 5801299
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00013
Andersen A, Fisker AB, Nielsen S, Rodrigues A, Benn CS, Aaby P (2021) National immunization campaigns with oral polio vaccine may reduce all-cause mortality: an analysis of 13 years of demographic surveillance data from an urban African area. Clin Infect Dis 72(10):e596–e603
pubmed: 32949460
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1351
Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, Diemert D, Spector SA, Rouphael N, Creech CB, McGettigan J, Khetan S, Segall N, Solis J, Brosz A, Fierro C, Schwartz H, Neuzil K, Corey L, Gilbert P, Janes H, Follmann D, Marovich M, Mascola J, Polakowski L, Ledgerwood J, Graham BS, Bennett H, Pajon R, Knightly C, Leav B, Deng W, Zhou H, Han S, Ivarsson M, Miller J, Zaks T (2021) Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med 384(5):403–416
pubmed: 33378609
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2035389
Bannister S, Kim B, Domínguez-Andrés J, Kilic G, Ansell BRE, Neeland MR, Moorlag S, Matzaraki V, Vlahos A, Shepherd R, Germano S, Bahlo M, Messina NL, Saffery R, Netea MG, Curtis N, Novakovic B (2022) Neonatal BCG vaccination is associated with a long-term DNA methylation signature in circulating monocytes. Sci Adv 8(31):eabn4002
Bayas J, Vilella A, Bertran M, Vidal J, Batalla J, Asenjo M, Salleras L (2001) Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the adult tetanus–diphtheria vaccine. How many doses are necessary? Epidemiol Infect 127(03):451–460
pubmed: 11811878
pmcid: 2869770
doi: 10.1017/S095026880100629X
Bekkering S, Domínguez-Andrés J, Joosten LAB, Riksen NP, Netea MG (2021) Trained immunity: reprogramming innate immunity in health and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 39:667–693
pubmed: 33637018
doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-102119-073855
Benn CS, Fisker AB, Rieckmann A, Sørup S, Aaby P (2020) Vaccinology: time to change the paradigm? Lancet Infect Dis 20(10):e274–e283
pubmed: 32645296
doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30742-X
Biering-Sørensen S, Aaby P, Lund N, Monteiro I, Jensen KJ, Eriksen HB, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Jørgensen ASP, Rodrigues A, Fisker AB, Benn CS (2017) Early BCG-Denmark and neonatal mortality among infants weighing <2500 g: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 65(7):1183–1190
pubmed: 29579158
pmcid: 5849087
doi: 10.1093/cid/cix525
Biering-Sørensen S, Jensen KJ, Monterio I, Ravn H, Aaby P, Benn CS (2018) Rapid protective effects of early BCG on neonatal mortality among low birth weight boys: observations from randomized trials. J Infect Dis 217(5):759–766
pubmed: 29216358
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix612
Blumenthal KG, Robinson LB, Camargo CA Jr, Shenoy ES, Banerji A, Landman AB, Wickner P (2021) Acute allergic reactions to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. JAMA 325(15):1562–1565
pubmed: 33683290
pmcid: 7941251
doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.3976
Bocsan IS, Gocan G, Ursu L, Brumboiu MI, Sosa I, Simionca L, Sava A, Olaru O, Pastina I (2005) How protective is the immunization against viral hepatitis B prospectively? Seroprevalence study on viral hepatitis B infection. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 109(1):124–130
pubmed: 16607840
Boef AG, van der Klis FR, Berbers GA, Buisman A-M, Sanders EA, Kemmeren JM, van der Ende A, de Melker HE, Rots NY, Knol MJ (2018) Differences by sex in IgG levels following infant and childhood vaccinations: an individual participant data meta-analysis of vaccination studies. Vaccine 36(3):400–407
pubmed: 29223483
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.070
Booy R, Khandaker G, Heron LG, Yin J, Doyle B, Tudo KK, Hueston L, Gilbert GL, Raina MacIntyre C, Dwyer DE (2011) Cross-reacting antibodies against the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus in older Australians. Med J Aust 194(1):19
pubmed: 21449863
doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2011.tb04139.x
Bozkurt B, Kamat I, Hotez PJ (2021) Myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Circulation 144(6):471–484
pubmed: 34281357
pmcid: 8340726
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135
Brandão AP, De Oliveira TC, de Cunto Brandileone MC, Gonçalves JE, Yara TI, Simonsen V (2004) Persistence of antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides in vaccinated long term-care residents in Brazil. Vaccine 23(6):762–768
pubmed: 15542200
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.07.024
Bronikowski AM, Meisel RP, Biga PR, Walters JR, Mank JE, Larschan E, Wilkinson GS, Valenzuela N, Conard AM, de Magalhães JP, Duan JE, Elias AE, Gamble T, Graze RM, Gribble KE, Kreiling JA, Riddle NC (2022) Sex-specific aging in animals: perspective and future directions. Aging Cell 21(2):e13542
pubmed: 35072344
pmcid: 8844111
doi: 10.1111/acel.13542
Burl S, Adetifa UJ, Cox M, Touray E, Whittle H, McShane H, Rowland-Jones SL, Flanagan KL (2010) The tuberculin skin test (TST) is affected by recent BCG vaccination but not by exposure to non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) during early life. PLoS ONE 5(8):e12287
pubmed: 20808814
pmcid: 2924396
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012287
Burl S, Townend J, Njie-Jobe J, Cox M, Adetifa UJ, Touray E, Philbin VJ, Mancuso C, Kampmann B, Whittle H, Jaye A, Flanagan KL, Levy O (2011) Age-dependent maturation of Toll-like receptor-mediated cytokine responses in Gambian infants. PLoS ONE 6(4):e18185
pubmed: 21533209
pmcid: 3076452
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018185
Canaday DH, Carias L, Oyebanji OA, Keresztesy D, Wilk D, Payne M, Aung H, St Denis K, Lam EC, Rowley CF, Berry SD, Cameron CM, Cameron MJ, Wilson B, Balazs AB, Gravenstein S, King CL (2021) Reduced BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine response in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-Naive nursing home residents. Clin Infect Dis 73(11):2112–2115
pubmed: 33993265
pmcid: 8240817
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab447
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) Overview of COVID-19 vaccines. Retrieved 11 November 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/overview-COVID-19-vaccines.html
Collatuzzo G, Visci G, Violante FS, Porru S, Spiteri G, Monaco MGL, Larese Fillon F, Negro C, Janke C, Castelletti N, De Palma G, Sansone E, Mates D, Teodorescu S, Fabiánová E, Bérešová J, Vimercati L, Tafuri S, Abedini M, Ditano G, Asafo SS, Boffetta P (2022) Determinants of anti-S immune response at 6 months after COVID-19 vaccination in a multicentric European cohort of healthcare workers - ORCHESTRA project. Front Immunol 13:986085
pubmed: 36248889
pmcid: 9559243
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.986085
Cook IF (2008) Sexual dimorphism of humoral immunity with human vaccines. Vaccine 26(29–30):3551–3555
pubmed: 18524433
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.054
Cook IF, Pond D, Hartel G (2007) Comparative reactogenicity and immunogenicity of 23 valent pneumococcal vaccine administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection in elderly adults. Vaccine 25(25):4767–4774
pubmed: 17512098
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.017
de Bree LCJ, Janssen R, Aaby P, van Crevel R, Joosten LAB, Benn CS, Netea MG (2018a) The impact of sex hormones on BCG-induced trained immunity. J Leukoc Biol 104(3):573–578
pubmed: 30153369
doi: 10.1002/JLB.5MA0118-027R
de Bree LCJ, Koeken V, Joosten LAB, Aaby P, Benn CS, van Crevel R, Netea MG (2018b) Non-specific effects of vaccines: current evidence and potential implications. Semin Immunol 39:35–43
pubmed: 30007489
doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.06.002
Dhakal S, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Zhou R, Creisher PS, Villano JS, Littlefield K, Ruelas Castillo J, Marinho P, Jedlicka AE, Ordonez AA, Bahr M, Majewska N, Betenbaugh MJ, Flavahan K, Mueller ARL, Looney MM, Quijada D, Mota F, Beck SE, Brockhurst J, Braxton AM, Castell N, Stover M, D'Alessio FR, Metcalf Pate KA, P. Karakousis C, Mankowski JL, Pekosz A, Jain SK, Klein SL, Johns Hopkins C-HSG (2021) Sex differences in lung imaging and SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in a COVID-19 Golden Syrian Hamster model. mBio 12(4):e0097421.
Diness BR, Fisker AB, Roth A, Yazdanbakhsh M, Sartono E, Whittle H, Nante JE, Lisse IM, Ravn H, Rodrigues A, Aaby P, Benn CS (2007) Effect of high-dose vitamin A supplementation on the immune response to Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine. Am J Clin Nutr 86(4):1152–1159
pubmed: 17921396
doi: 10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1152
Engler RJ, Nelson MR, Klote MM, VanRaden MJ, Huang CY, Cox NJ, Klimov A, Keitel WA, Nichol KL, Carr WW, Treanor JJ (2008) Half- vs full-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (2004–2005): age, dose, and sex effects on immune responses. Arch Intern Med 168(22):2405–2414
pubmed: 19064822
doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.513
Fink AL, Klein SL (2015) Sex and gender impact immune responses to vaccines among the elderly. Physiology (bethesda) 30(6):408–416
pubmed: 26525340
Fischer KE, Riddle NC (2018) Sex differences in aging: genomic instability. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 73(2):166–174
pubmed: 28575157
doi: 10.1093/gerona/glx105
Fish EN (2008) The X-files in immunity: sex-based differences predispose immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 8(9):737–744
pubmed: 18728636
pmcid: 7097214
doi: 10.1038/nri2394
Fisker AB, Martins JSD, Nanque LM, Jensen AM, Ca EJC, Nielsen S, Martins CL, Rodrigues A (2022) Oral polio vaccine to mitigate the risk of illness and mortality during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a cluster-randomized trial in Guinea-Bissau. Open Forum Infect Dis 9(9):ofac470
Flanagan KL, Plebanski M (2017) Sex-differential heterologous (non-specific) effects of vaccines: an emerging public health issue that needs to be understood and exploited. Expert Rev Vaccines 16(1):5–13
pubmed: 27362915
doi: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1203260
Flanagan KL, van Crevel R, Curtis N, Shann F, Levy O, Optimmunize N (2013) Heterologous (“nonspecific”) and sex-differential effects of vaccines: epidemiology, clinical trials, and emerging immunologic mechanisms. Clin Infect Dis 57(2):283–289
pubmed: 23572484
pmcid: 3689344
doi: 10.1093/cid/cit209
Flanagan KL, Jensen KJ (2015) Sex differences in outcomes of infections and vaccinations in under five-year-old children. In: Klein SL, Roberts CW (eds) Sex and gender differences in infection and treatments for infectious diseases. Springer, Switzerland, pp 273–312
Fleming D, Watson J, Nicholas S, Smith G, Swan A (1995) Study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the elderly in the epidemic of 1989–90 using a general practice database. Epidemiol Infect 115(03):581–589
pubmed: 8557090
pmcid: 2271576
doi: 10.1017/S095026880005874X
France EK, Glanz J, Xu S, Hambidge S, Yamasaki K, Black SB, Marcy M, Mullooly JP, Jackson LA, Nordin J, Belongia EA, Hohman K, Chen RT, Davis R (2008) Risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura after measles-mumps-rubella immunization in children. Pediatrics 121(3):e687-692
pubmed: 18310189
doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-1578
Frenck RW Jr, Klein NP, Kitchin N, Gurtman A, Absalon J, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Walter EB, Senders S, Bailey R (2021) Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine in adolescents. N Engl J Med 385(3):239–250
pubmed: 34043894
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107456
Furman D, Hejblum BP, Simon N, Jojic V, Dekker CL, Thiebaut R, Tibshirani RJ, Davis MM (2014) Systems analysis of sex differences reveals an immunosuppressive role for testosterone in the response to influenza vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(2):869–874
pubmed: 24367114
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1321060111
Garly ML, Martins CL, Balé C, Baldé MA, Hedegaard KL, Gustafson P, Lisse IM, Whittle HC, Aaby P (2003) BCG scar and positive tuberculin reaction associated with reduced child mortality in West Africa. a non-specific beneficial effect of BCG? Vaccine 21(21–22):2782–2790
pubmed: 12798618
doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00181-6
Garly ML, Jensen H, Martins CL, Bale C, Balde MA, Lisse IM, Aaby P (2004) Hepatitis B vaccination associated with higher female than male mortality in Guinea-Bissau: an observational study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 23(12):1086–1092
pubmed: 15626943
doi: 10.1097/01.inf.0000145700.77286.94
Giurgea LT, Cervantes-Medina A, Walters KA, Scherler K, Han A, Czajkowski LM, Baus HA, Hunsberger S, Klein SL, Kash JC, Taubenberger JK, Memoli MJ (2022) Sex differences in influenza: the challenge study experience. J Infect Dis 225(4):715–722
pubmed: 34423369
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab422
Goldblatt D, Southern J, Andrews N, Ashton L, Burbidge P, Woodgate S, Pebody R, Miller E (2009) The immunogenicity of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine versus 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine in adults aged 50–80 years. Clin Infect Dis 49(9):1318–1325
pubmed: 19814624
doi: 10.1086/606046
Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE, Weisser K, Kyrle PA, Eichinger S (2021) Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 384(22):2092–2101
pubmed: 33835769
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2104840
Hainz U, Jenewein B, Asch E, Pfeiffer K-P, Berger P, Grubeck-Loebenstein B (2005) Insufficient protection for healthy elderly adults by tetanus and TBE vaccines. Vaccine 23(25):3232–3235
pubmed: 15837226
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.085
Haq K, McElhaney JE (2014) Immunosenescence: Influenza vaccination and the elderly. Curr Opin Immunol 29:38–42
pubmed: 24769424
doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.008
Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Larrabee BR, Shane Pankratz V, Poland GA (2013) Race and sex-based differences in cytokine immune responses to smallpox vaccine in healthy individuals. Hum Immunol 74(10):1263–1266
pubmed: 23806267
pmcid: 4170575
doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.06.031
He S, Li H, Yu Z, Zhang F, Liang S, Liu H, Chen H, Lü M (2021) The gut microbiome and sex hormone-related diseases. Front Microbiol 12:711137
pubmed: 34650525
pmcid: 8506209
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711137
Higgins JP, Soares-Weiser K, Lopez-Lopez JA, Kakourou A, Chaplin K, Christensen H, Martin NK, Sterne JA, Reingold AL (2016) Association of BCG, DTP, and measles containing vaccines with childhood mortality: systematic review. BMJ 355:i5170
pubmed: 27737834
pmcid: 5063034
doi: 10.1136/bmj.i5170
Hillebrand K, Bricout H, Schulze-Rath R, Schink T, Garbe E (2015) Incidence of herpes zoster and its complications in Germany, 2005–2009. J Infect 70(2):178–186
pubmed: 25230396
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.08.018
Hoffmann MA, Wieler HJ, Enders P, Buchholz HG, Plachter B (2021) Age- and sex-graded data evaluation of vaccination reactions after initial injection of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in a local vaccination center in Germany. Vaccines (Basel) 9(8)
Hvidt AK, Baerends EAM, Søgaard OS, Stærke NB, Raben D, Reekie J, Nielsen H, Johansen IS, Wiese L, Benfield TL, Iversen KK, Mustafa AB, Juhl MR, Petersen KT, Ostrowski SR, Lindvig SO, Rasmussen LD, Schleimann MH, Andersen SD, Juhl AK, Dietz LL, Andreasen SR, Lundgren J, Østergaard L, Tolstrup M (2022) Comparison of vaccine-induced antibody neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern following primary and booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Front Med (lausanne) 9:994160
pubmed: 36262278
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.994160
Jacobsen H, Klein SL (2021) Sex differences in immunity to viral infections. Front Immunol 12:720952
pubmed: 34531867
pmcid: 8438138
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.720952
Jensen ML, Dave S, Schim van der Loeff M, da Costa C, Vincent T, Leligdowicz A, Benn CS, Roth A, Ravn H, Lisse IM, Whittle H, Aaby P (2006) Vaccinia scars associated with improved survival among adults in rural Guinea-Bissau. PLoS ONE 1(1):e101
pubmed: 17183634
pmcid: 1762358
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000101
Jensen KJ, Sondergaard M, Andersen A, Sartono E, Martins C, Garly ML, Eugen-Olsen J, Ullum H, Yazdanbakhsh M, Aaby P, Benn CS, Erikstrup C (2014) A randomized trial of an early measles vaccine at 4(1/2) months of age in Guinea-Bissau: sex-differential immunological effects. PLoS ONE 9(5):e97536
pubmed: 24835247
pmcid: 4024025
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097536
Jensen KJ, Larsen N, Biering-Sorensen S, Andersen A, Eriksen HB, Monteiro I, Hougaard D, Aaby P, Netea MG, Flanagan KL, Benn CS (2015) Heterologous immunological effects of early BCG vaccination in low-birth-weight infants in Guinea-Bissau: a randomized-controlled trial. J Infect Dis 211(6):956–967
pubmed: 25210141
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu508
Jensen A, Stromme M, Moyassari S, Chadha AS, Tartaglia MC, Szoeke C, Ferretti MT (2022) COVID-19 vaccines: considering sex differences in efficacy and safety. Contemp Clin Trials 115:106700
pubmed: 35149232
pmcid: 8824304
doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106700
Kao TM, Hsieh SM, Kung HC, Lee YC, Huang KC, Huang LM, Chang FY, Wang NC, Liu YC, Lee WS, Liu HE, Chen CI, Chen CH (2010) Immune response of single dose vaccination against 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the Taiwanese elderly. Vaccine 28(38):6159–6163
pubmed: 20659517
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.026
Khalil MK, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Ghamdi YS, Tumsah S, Al-Jeffri M, Meshkhas A (2003) Effect of gender on reporting of MMR adverse events in Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J 9(1–2):152–158
pubmed: 15562745
doi: 10.26719/2003.9.1-2.152
Khurana S, Verma N, Talaat KR, Karron RA, Golding H (2012) Immune response following H1N1pdm09 vaccination: differences in antibody repertoire and avidity in young adults and elderly populations stratified by age and gender. J Infect Dis 205(4):610–620
pubmed: 22207649
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir791
Klein SL, Flanagan KL (2016) Sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 16(10):626–638
pubmed: 27546235
doi: 10.1038/nri.2016.90
Klein SL, Morgan R (2020) The impact of sex and gender on immunotherapy outcomes. Biol Sex Differ 11(1):24
pubmed: 32366281
pmcid: 7197158
doi: 10.1186/s13293-020-00301-y
Klein SL, Pekosz A (2014) Sex-based biology and the rational design of influenza vaccination strategies. J Infect Dis 209(Suppl 3):S114-119
pubmed: 24966191
pmcid: 4157517
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu066
Klein SL, Jedlicka A, Pekosz A (2010) The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines. Lancet Infect Dis 10(5):338–349
pubmed: 20417416
pmcid: 6467501
doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70049-9
Klein SL, Marriott I, Fish EN (2015) Sex-based differences in immune function and responses to vaccination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 109(1):9–15
pubmed: 25573105
pmcid: 4447843
doi: 10.1093/trstmh/tru167
Klein SL, Shann F, Moss WJ, Benn CS, Aaby P (2016) RTS, S Malaria vaccine and increased mortality in girls. Mbio 7(2):e00514-00516
pubmed: 27118593
pmcid: 4850267
doi: 10.1128/mBio.00514-16
Klein NP, Lewis N, Goddard K, Fireman B, Zerbo O, Hanson KE, Donahue JG, Kharbanda EO, Naleway A, Nelson JC, Xu S, Yih WK, Glanz JM, Williams JTB, Hambidge SJ, Lewin BJ, Shimabukuro TT, DeStefano F, Weintraub ES (2021) Surveillance for adverse events after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. JAMA 326(14):1390–1399
pubmed: 34477808
doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.15072
Kleinnijenhuis J, Quintin J, Preijers F, Joosten LA, Ifrim DC, Saeed S, Jacobs C, van Loenhout J, de Jong D, Stunnenberg HG, Xavier RJ, van der Meer JW, van Crevel R, Netea MG (2012) Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(43):17537–17542
pubmed: 22988082
pmcid: 3491454
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202870109
Knudsen KM, Aaby P, Whittle H, Rowe M, Samb B, Simondon F, Sterne J, Fine P (1996) Child mortality following standard, medium or high titre measles immunization in West Africa. Int J Epidemiol 25(3):665–673
pubmed: 8671571
doi: 10.1093/ije/25.3.665
Kollmann TR, Levy O, Montgomery RR, Goriely S (2012) Innate immune function by Toll-like receptors: distinct responses in newborns and the elderly. Immunity 37(5):771–783
pubmed: 23159225
pmcid: 3538030
doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.10.014
Kontio M, Palmu AA, Syrjänen RK, Lahdenkari M, Ruokokoski E, Davidkin I, Vaarala O, Melin M (2016) Similar antibody levels in 3-year-old children vaccinated against measles, mumps, and rubella at the age of 12 months or 18 months. J Infect Dis 213(12):2005–2013
pubmed: 26908733
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw058
Lai CC, Ko WC, Chen CJ, Chen PY, Huang YC, Lee PI, Hsueh PR (2021) COVID-19 vaccines and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Expert Rev Vaccines 20(8):1027–1035
pubmed: 34176415
doi: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1949294
Levy O, Coughlin M, Cronstein BN, Roy RM, Desai A, Wessels MR (2006) The adenosine system selectively inhibits TLR-mediated TNF-alpha production in the human newborn. J Immunol 177(3):1956–1966
pubmed: 16849509
doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1956
Levy M, Recher M, Hubert H, Javouhey E, Fléchelles O, Leteurtre S, Angoulvant F (2022) Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children by COVID-19 vaccination status of adolescents in France. JAMA 327(3):281–283
pubmed: 34928295
doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.23262
Li X, Burn E, Duarte-Salles T, Yin C, Reich C, Delmestri A, Verhamme K, Rijnbeek P, Suchard MA, Li K, Mosseveld M, John LH, Mayer MA, Ramirez-Anguita JM, Cohet C, Strauss V, Prieto-Alhambra D (2022) Comparative risk of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome or thromboembolic events associated with different covid-19 vaccines: international network cohort study from five European countries and the US. BMJ 379:e071594
pubmed: 36288813
pmcid: 9597610
doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071594
Lindsey NP, Schroeder BA, Miller ER, Braun MM, Hinckley AF, Marano N, Slade BA, Barnett ED, Brunette GW, Horan K, Staples JE, Kozarsky PE, Hayes EB (2008) Adverse event reports following Yellow fever vaccination. Vaccine 26(48):6077–6082
pubmed: 18809449
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.009
Lo Sasso B, Giglio RV, Vidali M, Scazzone C, Bivona G, Gambino CM, Ciaccio AM, Agnello L, Ciaccio M (2021) Evaluation of anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG antibodies after COVID-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine. Diagnostics 11(7):1135
pubmed: 34206567
pmcid: 8306884
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11071135
Loeb N, Andrew MK, Loeb M, Kuchel GA, Haynes L, McElhaney JE, Verschoor CP (2020) Frailty is associated with increased hemagglutination-inhibition titers in a 4-year randomized trial comparing standard- and high-dose influenza vaccination. Open Forum Infect Dis 7(5):ofaa148
Lorenzo ME, Hodgson A, Robinson DP, Kaplan JB, Pekosz A, Klein SL (2011) Antibody responses and cross protection against lethal influenza A viruses differ between the sexes in C57BL/6 mice. Vaccine 29(49):9246–9255
pubmed: 21983155
pmcid: 3206291
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.110
Lund N, Andersen A, Hansen AS, Jepsen FS, Barbosa A, Biering-Sørensen S, Rodrigues A, Ravn H, Aaby P, Benn CS (2015) The effect of oral polio vaccine at birth on infant mortality: a randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis 61(10):1504–1511
pubmed: 26219694
pmcid: 4614411
doi: 10.1093/cid/civ617
Marlovits S, Stocker R, Efstratiou A, Broughton K, Kaider A, Vecsei V, Kollaritsch H (2000) Effect on diphtheria immunity of combined tetanus and diphtheria booster vaccination in adults. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19(7):506–513
pubmed: 10968321
doi: 10.1007/s100960000305
Martins CL, Benn CS, Andersen A, Balé C, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Do VA, Rodrigues A, Aaby P, Ravn H, Whittle H, Garly ML (2014) A randomized trial of a standard dose of Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine given at 4.5 months of age: effect on total hospital admissions. J Infect Dis 209(11):1731–1738
pubmed: 24436454
pmcid: 4017359
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit804
Medeiros MM, Ingham AC, Nanque LM, Correia C, Stegger M, Andersen PS, Fisker AB, Benn CS, Lanaspa M, Silveira H, Abrantes P (2022) Oral polio revaccination is associated with changes in gut and upper respiratory microbiomes of infants. Front Microbiol 13:1016220
pubmed: 36386704
pmcid: 9649904
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016220
Mitchell LA (1999) Sex differences in antibody- and cell-mediated immune response to rubella re-immunisation. J Med Microbiol 48(12):1075–1080
pubmed: 10591160
doi: 10.1099/00222615-48-12-1075
Moehling KK, Zhai B, Schwarzmann WE, Chandran UR, Ortiz M, Nowalk MP, Nace D, Lin CJ, Susick M, Levine MZ, Alcorn JF, Zimmerman RK (2020) The impact of physical frailty on the response to inactivated influenza vaccine in older adults. Aging (albany NY) 12(24):24633–24650
pubmed: 33347425
doi: 10.18632/aging.202207
Mohanram V, Demberg T, Musich T, Tuero I, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Miller-Novak L, Venzon D, Robert-Guroff M (2016) B Cell responses associated with vaccine-induced delayed SIVmac251 acquisition in female rhesus macaques. J Immunol 197(6):2316–2324
pubmed: 27534560
doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600544
Morgan R, Klein SL (2019) The intersection of sex and gender in the treatment of influenza. Curr Opin Virol 35:35–41
pubmed: 30901632
pmcid: 6556398
doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.02.009
Motta-Castro AR, Gomes SA, Yoshida CF, Miguel JC, Teles SA, Martins RM (2009) Compliance with and response to hepatitis B vaccination in remaining Quilombo communities in Central Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 25(4):738–742
pubmed: 19347199
doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2009000400004
Nam M, Yun SG, Kim SW, Kim CG, Cha JH, Lee C, Kang S, Park SG, Kim SB, Lee KB, Chung YS, Nam MH, Lee CK, Cho Y (2022) Humoral and Cellular immune responses to vector, Mix-and-Match, or mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the relationship between the two immune responses. Microbiol Spectr 10(4):e0249521
pubmed: 35946811
doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02495-21
Narayanan PR (2006) Influence of sex, age & nontuberculous infection at intake on the efficacy of BCG: re-analysis of 15-year data from a double-blind randomized control trial in South India. Indian J Med Res 123(2):119–124
pubmed: 16575109
Ndure J, Flanagan KL (2014) Targeting regulatory T cells to improve vaccine immunogenicity in early life. Front Microbiol 5:477
pubmed: 25309517
pmcid: 4161046
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00477
Netea MG, Domínguez-Andrés J, Barreiro LB, Chavakis T, Divangahi M, Fuchs E, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, Mhlanga MM, Mulder WJM, Riksen NP, Schlitzer A, Schultze JL, Stabell Benn C, Sun JC, Xavier RJ, Latz E (2020) Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 20(6):375–388
pubmed: 32132681
pmcid: 7186935
doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0285-6
Nichol KL, Nordin JD, Nelson DB, Mullooly JP, Hak E (2007) Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N Engl J Med 357(14):1373–1381
pubmed: 17914038
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa070844
Nissen TN, Birk NM, Blok BA, Arts RJW, Andersen A, Kjærgaard J, Thøstesen LM, Hoffmann T, Jeppesen DL, Nielsen SD, Kofoed PE, Stensballe LG, Aaby P, Ruhwald M, Netea MG, Benn CS, Pryds O (2018) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination at birth and in vitro cytokine responses to non-specific stimulation. a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 37(1):29–41
pubmed: 28890996
doi: 10.1007/s10096-017-3097-2
Noho-Konteh F, Adetifa JU, Cox M, Hossin S, Reynolds J, Le MT, Sanyang LC, Drammeh A, Plebanski M, Forster T, Dickinson P, Ghazal P, Whittle H, Rowland-Jones SL, Sutherland JS, Flanagan KL (2016) Sex-differential non-vaccine-specific immunological effects of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis and Measles vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 63(9):1213–1226
pubmed: 27436422
Ogawa T, Yamada T, Matsumoto Y, Minami K, Kawanishi F, Nakano T, Ukimura A (2022) Adverse events after administration of the first and second doses of messenger RNA-based COVID-19 vaccines in Japanese subjects aged 12–18 years. J Int Med Res 50(10):3000605221127518
pubmed: 36217268
doi: 10.1177/03000605221127518
Okuno H, Satoh H, Morino S, Arai S, Ochiai M, Fujita K, Naito S, Kato A, Ishii K, Oishi K (2022).Characteristics and incidence of vaccine adverse events after Bacille Calmette–Guérin vaccination: a national surveillance study in Japan from 2013 to 2017. Vaccine
O’Neill LAJ, Netea MG (2020) BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19? Nat Rev Immunol 20(6):335–337
pubmed: 32393823
pmcid: 7212510
doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0337-y
Papaioannou NE, Pasztoi M, Schraml BU (2019) Understanding the functional properties of neonatal dendritic cells: a doorway to enhance vaccine effectiveness? Front Immunol 9:3123
pubmed: 30687326
pmcid: 6335269
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03123
Pepe S, Gregory AT, Denniss AR (2021) Myocarditis, Pericarditis and Cardiomyopathy after COVID-19 vaccination. Heart Lung Circ 30(10):1425–1429
pubmed: 34340927
pmcid: 8324414
doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.07.011
Peto TJ, Mendy ME, Lowe Y, Webb EL, Whittle HC, Hall AJ (2014) Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis B in the Gambia hepatitis intervention study (1986–90) and in the nationwide immunisation program. BMC Infect Dis 14:7
pubmed: 24397793
pmcid: 3898092
doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-7
Pfeiffer G, Fisker AB, Nebié E, Hengelbrock J, Sié A, Becher H, Müller O (2017) Non-specific effects of childhood vaccinations—a case control study nested into a health and demographic surveillance system in rural Burkina Faso. Vaccine 35(51):7114–7120
pubmed: 29153586
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.089
Philipps J, Schonfeld C, Schleehauf DM, Beuerle W, Bienzle U, Kremsner PG (1996) Side effects of travel vaccinations. Data collection via telephone survey in Berlin. Wien Klin Wochenschr 108(19):615–620
pubmed: 9012147
Pittet LF, Cox L, Freyne B, Germano S, Bonnici R, Gardiner K, Donath S, Collins CL, Casalaz D, Robins-Browne R, Flanagan KL, Messina NL, Curtis N (2022) Hepatitis B vaccine co-administration influences the heterologous effects of neonatal BCG vaccination in a sex-differential manner. Vaccine 40(9):1334–1341
pubmed: 35105495
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.005
Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Pérez Marc G, Moreira ED, Zerbini C, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Roychoudhury S, Koury K, Li P, Kalina WV, Cooper D, Frenck RW, Hammitt LL, Türeci Ö, Nell H, Schaefer A, Ünal S, Tresnan DB, Mather S, Dormitzer PR, Şahin U, Jansen KU, Gruber WC (2020) Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med 383(27):2603–2615
pubmed: 33301246
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2034577
Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM (2009) Adversomics: the emerging field of vaccine adverse event immunogenetics. Pediatr Infect Dis J 28(5):431–432
pubmed: 19395950
doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181a6a511
Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Lambert ND, Kirkland JL (2014) A systems biology approach to the effect of aging, immunosenescence and vaccine response. Curr Opin Immunol 29:62–68
pubmed: 24820347
doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.04.005
Potluri T, Fink AL, Sylvia KE, Dhakal S, Vermillion MS, Vom Steeg L, Deshpande S, Narasimhan H, Klein SL (2019) Age-associated changes in the impact of sex steroids on influenza vaccine responses in males and females. NPJ Vaccines 4:29
pubmed: 31312529
pmcid: 6626024
doi: 10.1038/s41541-019-0124-6
Prentice S, Nassanga B, Webb EL, Akello F, Kiwudhu F, Akurut H, Elliott AM, Arts RJW, Netea MG, Dockrell HM, Cose S (2021) BCG-induced non-specific effects on heterologous infectious disease in Ugandan neonates: an investigator-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 21(7):993–1003
pubmed: 33609457
pmcid: 8222005
doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30653-8
Pulcini C, Massin S, Launay O, Verger P (2013) Factors associated with vaccination for hepatitis B, pertussis, seasonal and pandemic influenza among French general practitioners: a 2010 survey. Vaccine 31(37):3943–3949
pubmed: 23806242
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.039
Rieckmann A, Villumsen M, Sørup S, Haugaard LK, Ravn H, Roth A, Baker JL, Benn CS, Aaby P (2017) Vaccinations against smallpox and tuberculosis are associated with better long-term survival: a Danish case-cohort study 1971–2010. Int J Epidemiol 46(2):695–705
pubmed: 27380797
Rieckmann A, Villumsen M, Hønge BL, Sørup S, Rodrigues A, da Silva ZJ, Whittle H, Benn C, Aaby P (2019) Phase-out of smallpox vaccination and the female/male HIV-1 prevalence ratio: an ecological study from Guinea-Bissau. BMJ Open 9(10):e031415
pubmed: 31666269
pmcid: 6830606
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031415
Riggenbach MM, Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Schaid DJ, Poland GA, Kennedy RB (2022) Mumps virus-specific immune response outcomes and sex-based differences in a cohort of healthy adolescents. Clin Immunol 234:108912
pubmed: 34968746
doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108912
Rosic I, Malicevic S, Medic S (2008) The significance of age and sex for the absence of immune response to hepatitis B vaccination. Srp Arh Celok Lek 136(1–2):33–37
pubmed: 18410036
doi: 10.2298/SARH0802033R
Sacco C, Del Manso M, Mateo-Urdiales A, Rota MC, Petrone D, Riccardo F, Bella A, Siddu A, Battilomo S, Proietti V (2022) Effectiveness of BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 in children aged 5–11 years in Italy: a retrospective analysis of January–April, 2022. The Lancet 400(10346):97–103
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01185-0
Sartono E, Lisse IM, Terveer EM, van de Sande PJ, Whittle H, Fisker AB, Roth A, Aaby P, Yazdanbakhsh M, Benn CS (2010) Oral polio vaccine influences the immune response to BCG vaccination. a natural experiment. PLoS ONE 5(5):e10328
pubmed: 20502641
pmcid: 2873948
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010328
Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Bjerregård Øland C, Berendsen M, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Stjernholm EB, Golding CN, Monteiro I, Aaby P, Benn CS (2022) Maternal BCG primes for enhanced health benefits in the newborn. J Infect 84(3):321–328
pubmed: 34958808
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.12.028
Seligman SJ (2011) Yellow fever virus vaccine-associated deaths in young women. Emerg Infect Dis 17(10):1891–1893
pubmed: 22000363
pmcid: 3310656
doi: 10.3201/eid1710.101789
Shann F (2010) The non-specific effects of vaccines. Arch Dis Child 95(9):662–667
pubmed: 20716675
doi: 10.1136/adc.2009.157537
Shann F (2021) A live-vaccine-last schedule: saving an extra million lives a year? Clin Infect Dis 72(8):1437–1439
pubmed: 32185398
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa292
Shapiro JR, Li H, Morgan R, Chen Y, Kuo H, Ning X, Shea P, Wu C, Merport K, Saldanha R, Liu S, Abrams E, Chen Y, Kelly DC, Sheridan-Malone E, Wang L, Zeger SL, Klein SL, Leng SX (2021b) Sex-specific effects of aging on humoral immune responses to repeated influenza vaccination in older adults. NPJ Vaccines 6(1):147
pubmed: 34887436
pmcid: 8660902
doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00412-6
Shapiro JR, Morgan R, Leng SX, Klein SL (2022a) Roadmap for sex-responsive influenza and COVID-19 vaccine research in older adults. Front Aging 3:836642
pubmed: 35821800
pmcid: 9261334
doi: 10.3389/fragi.2022.836642
Shapiro JR, Klein SL, Morgan R (2021a) Stop ‘controlling’ for sex and gender in global health research. BMJ Glob Health 6(4)
Shapiro JR, Sitaras I, Park HS, Aytenfisu TY, Caputo C, Li M, Lee J, Johnston TS, Li H, Wouters C, Hauk P, Jacobsen H, Li Y, Abrams E, Yoon S, Kocot AJ, Yang T, Huang Y, Cramer SM, Betenbaugh MJ, Debes AK, Morgan R, Milstone AM, Karaba AH, Pekosz A, Leng SX, Klein SL (2022b) Association of frailty, age, and biological sex with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced immunity in older adults. Clin Infect Dis.
Shimabukuro TT, Cole M, Su JR (2021) Reports of anaphylaxis after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in the US-December 14, 2020-January 18, 2021. JAMA 325(11):1101–1102
pubmed: 33576785
pmcid: 8890485
doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.1967
Somiya M, Mine S, Yasukawa K, Ikeda S (2021) Sex differences in the incidence of anaphylaxis to LNP-mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine 39(25):3313–3314
pubmed: 34020815
pmcid: 8101867
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.066
Soneji S, Metlay J (2011) Mortality reductions for older adults differ by race/ethnicity and gender since the introduction of adult and pediatric pneumococcal vaccines. Public Health Rep 126(2):259
pubmed: 21387956
pmcid: 3056039
doi: 10.1177/003335491112600217
Sørensen MK, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Jensen AM, Nielsen S, Monteiro I, Aaby P, Benn CS (2022) Retesting the hypothesis that early Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis vaccination increases female mortality: An observational study within a randomised trial. Vaccine 40(11):1606–1616
pubmed: 34217570
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.008
Stanberry LR, Spruance SL, Cunningham AL, Bernstein DI, Mindel A, Sacks S, Tyring S, Aoki FY, Slaoui M, Denis M, Vandepapeliere P, Dubin G (2002) Glycoprotein-D-adjuvant vaccine to prevent genital herpes. N Engl J Med 347(21):1652–1661
pubmed: 12444179
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011915
Steensels D, Pierlet N, Penders J, Mesotten D, Heylen L (2021) Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response following vaccination with BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. JAMA 326(15):1533–1535
pubmed: 34459863
pmcid: 8406205
doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.15125
Sudjaritruk T, Kaewpoowat Q, Prasarakee C, Sarachai S, Taurel AF, Sricharoen N, Assawawongprom P, Saheng J, Harris R, Nealon J, Yoksan S (2022) Seroepidemiological study of Japanese encephalitis virus in Chiang Mai: immunity and susceptibility 28 years after introduction of a vaccination programme. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(8):e0010674
pubmed: 35913983
pmcid: 9371339
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010674
Talaat KR, Greenberg ME, Lai MH, Hartel GF, Wichems CH, Rockman S, Jeanfreau RJ, Ghosh MR, Kabongo ML, Gittleson C (2010) A single dose of unadjuvanted novel 2009 H1N1 vaccine is immunogenic and well tolerated in young and elderly adults. J Infect Dis 202(9):1327–1337
pubmed: 20874515
doi: 10.1086/656601
The Sex and Gender COVID-19 Project. (2022) The COVID-19 sex-disaggreggated data tracker
Trevisan A, Giuliani A, Scapellato ML, Anticoli S, Carsetti R, Zaffina S, Brugaletta R, Vonesch N, Tomao P, Ruggieri A (2020) Sex disparity in response to hepatitis B vaccine related to the age of vaccination. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(1):327
pubmed: 31906550
pmcid: 6981715
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17010327
Troy JD, Hill HR, Ewell MG, Frey SE (2015) Sex difference in immune response to vaccination: a participant-level meta-analysis of randomized trials of IMVAMUNE smallpox vaccine. Vaccine 33(41):5425–5431
pubmed: 26319063
pmcid: 4581981
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.032
Tsafaras GP, Ntontsi P, Xanthou G (2020) Advantages and limitations of the neonatal immune system. Front Pediatr 8:5
pubmed: 32047730
pmcid: 6997472
doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00005
Tuero I, Mohanram V, Musich T, Miller L, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Demberg T, Venzon D, Kalisz I, Kalyanaraman VS, Pal R, Ferrari MG, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Rao M, Vaccari M, Franchini G, Barnett SW, Robert-Guroff M (2015) Mucosal B cells are associated with delayed SIV acquisition in vaccinated female but not male rhesus macaques following SIVmac251 rectal challenge. PLoS Pathog 11(8):e1005101
pubmed: 26267144
pmcid: 4534401
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005101
Umlauf BJ, Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Pankratz VS, Jacobson RM, Poland GA (2012) Associations between demographic variables and multiple measles-specific innate and cell-mediated immune responses after measles vaccination. Viral Immunol 25(1):29–36
pubmed: 22239234
pmcid: 3271368
doi: 10.1089/vim.2011.0051
Upfill-Brown A, Taniuchi M, Platts-Mills JA, Kirkpatrick B, Burgess SL, Oberste MS, Weldon W, Houpt E, Haque R, Zaman K, Petri WA Jr (2017) Nonspecific effects of oral polio vaccine on diarrheal burden and etiology among Bangladeshi infants. Clin Infect Dis 65(3):414–419
pubmed: 28444240
pmcid: 5848225
doi: 10.1093/cid/cix354
Upton CM, van Wijk RC, Mockeliunas L, Simonsson USH, McHarry K, van den Hoogen G, Muller C, von Delft A, van der Westhuizen HM, van Crevel R, Walzl G, Baptista PM, Peter J, Diacon AH (2022) Safety and efficacy of BCG re-vaccination in relation to COVID-19 morbidity in healthcare workers: a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. EClinicalMedicine 48:101414
pubmed: 35582122
pmcid: 9098089
doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101414
Ursin RL, Klein SL (2021) Sex differences in respiratory viral pathogenesis and treatments. Annu Rev Virol
Ursin RL, Dhakal S, Liu H, Jayaraman S, Park HS, Powell HR, Sherer ML, Littlefield KE, Fink AL, Ma Z, Mueller AL, Chen AP, Seddu K, Woldetsadik YA, Gearhart PJ, Larman HB, Maul RW, Pekosz A, Klein SL (2022) Greater breadth of vaccine-induced immunity in females than males is mediated by increased antibody diversity in Germinal center B cells. mBio 13(4):e0183922
Vemuri R, Sylvia KE, Klein SL, Forster SC, Plebanski M, Eri R, Flanagan KL (2019) The microgenderome revealed: sex differences in bidirectional interactions between the microbiota, hormones, immunity and disease susceptibility. Semin Immunopathol 41(2):265–275
pubmed: 30298433
doi: 10.1007/s00281-018-0716-7
Vermeiren AP, Hoebe CJ, Dukers-Muijrers NH (2013) High non-responsiveness of males and the elderly to standard hepatitis B vaccination among a large cohort of healthy employees. J Clin Virol 58(1):262–264
pubmed: 23895931
doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.07.003
Vila-Córcoles A, Rodriguez T, de Diego C, Ochoa O, Valdivieso A, Salsench E, Ansa X, Badía W, Saún N, E. S. Group (2007) Effect of influenza vaccine status on winter mortality in Spanish community-dwelling elderly people during 2002–2005 influenza periods. Vaccine 25(37):6699–6707
Voysey M, Barker CI, Snape MD, Kelly DF, Trück J, Pollard AJ (2016) Sex-dependent immune responses to infant vaccination: an individual participant data meta-analysis of antibody and memory B cells. Vaccine 34(14):1657–1664
pubmed: 26920472
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.036
Wang CS, Wang ST, Chou P (2002) Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination of the elderly in a densely populated and unvaccinated community. Vaccine 20(19–20):2494–2499
pubmed: 12057604
doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00181-0
Wang XL, Yang L, Chan KH, Chan KP, Cao PH, Lau EH, Peiris JS, Wong CM (2015) Age and sex differences in rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations in Hong Kong. Am J Epidemiol 182(4):335–344
pubmed: 26219977
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwv068
Weber SK, Schlagenhauf P (2014) Childhood vaccination associated adverse events by sex: a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 12(5):459–480
pubmed: 24680600
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.01.008
Wi YM, Kim SH, Peck KR (2021) Early adverse events between mRNA and adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccines in healthcare workers. Vaccines (Basel) 9(8)
Wiemken TL, Carrico RM, Klein SL, Jonsson CB, Peyrani P, Kelley RR, Aliberti S, Blasi F, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Lopardo G (2014) The effectiveness of the polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine for the prevention of hospitalizations due to Streptococcus pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly differs between the sexes: results from the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) international cohort study. Vaccine 32(19):2198–2203
pubmed: 24613522
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.048
Wong KC, Luscombe GM, Hawke C (2019) Influenza infections in Australia 2009–2015: is there a combined effect of age and sex on susceptibility to virus subtypes? BMC Infect Dis 19(1):42
pubmed: 30630435
pmcid: 6327581
doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3681-4
World Health Organization (2021) WHO recommendations for routine immunization—summary tables, 2022, from https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/policies/who-recommendations-for-routine-immunization---summary-tables
Xiong X, Yuan J, Li M, Jiang B, Lu ZK (2021) Age and gender disparities in adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination: real-world evidence based on big data for risk management. Front Med (lausanne) 8:700014
pubmed: 34350199
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.700014
Yagovkina NV, Zheleznov LM, Subbotina KA, Tsaan AA, Kozlovskaya LI, Gordeychuk IV, Korduban AK, Ivin YY, Kovpak AA, Piniaeva AN, Shishova AA, Shustova EY, Khapchaev YK, Karganova GG, Siniugina AA, Pomaskina TV, Erovichenkov AA, Chumakov K, Ishmukhametov AA (2022) Vaccination with oral polio vaccine reduces COVID-19 incidence. Front Immunol 13:907341
pubmed: 35711442
pmcid: 9196174
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907341
Zambrano LD, Newhams MM, Olson SM, Halasa NB, Price AM, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Kamidani S, Tarquinio KM, Maddux AB (2022) Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccination against multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children among persons aged 12–18 years—United States, July–December 2021. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 71(2):52
doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7102e1
Zazara DE, Arck PC (2019) Developmental origin and sex-specific risk for infections and immune diseases later in life. Seminars in immunopathology, Springer
Zeeshan M, Jabeen K, Ali AN, Ali AW, Farooqui SZ, Mehraj V, Zafar A (2007) Evaluation of immune response to Hepatitis B vaccine in health care workers at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan: an observational prospective study. BMC Infect Dis 7:120
pubmed: 17961205
pmcid: 2228304
doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-120
Zhang X, Castelli FA, Zhu X, Wu M, Maillere B, BenMohamed L (2008) Gender-dependent HLA-DR-restricted epitopes identified from herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15(9):1436–1449
pubmed: 18667634
pmcid: 2546687
doi: 10.1128/CVI.00123-08
Zuckerman JN (2006) Protective efficacy, immunotherapeutic potential, and safety of hepatitis B vaccines. J Med Virol 78(2):169–177
pubmed: 16372285
doi: 10.1002/jmv.20524