Correlations between Achilles tendon material and structural properties and quantitative magnetic resonance imagining in different athletic populations.

Achilles tendon stiffness (kAT) and Young's modulus (yAT) are important determinants of tendon function. However, their evaluation requires sophisticated equipment and time-consuming procedures. The goal of this study was twofold: to compare kAT and yAT between populations using the classical approach proposed in the literature (a combination of ultrasound and force data) and the MRI technique to understand the MRI's capability in determining differences in kAT and yAT. Furthermore, we investigated potential correlations between short and long T2* relaxation time, kAT and yAT to determine whether T2* relaxation time may be associated with material or structural properties. Twelve endurance and power athlete, and twelve healthy controls were recruited. AT T2* short and long components were measured using standard gradient echo MRI at rest, while kAT and yAT were evaluated using the classical method (combination of ultrasound and dynamometric measurements). Power athletes had the highest kAT (3064 ± 260, 2714 ± 260 and 2238 ± 189 N/mm for power athletes, endurance athletes and healthy control, respectively) and yAT (2.39 ± 0.28, 1.64 ± 0.22 and 1.97 ± 0.32 GPa for power athletes, endurance athletes and healthy control, respectively) and the lowest T2* short component (0.58 ± 0.07, 0.77 ± 0.06 and 0.74 ± 0.08 ms for power athletes, endurance athletes and healthy control, respectively). Endurance athletes had the highest T2* long component value. No correlations were reported between T2* long component, kAT or yAT in the investigated populations, whereas the T2* short component was negatively correlated with yAT. These results suggest that T2* short component could be used to investigate the differences in AT material properties in different populations.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.