Analysis of DNA methylation at birth and in childhood reveals changes associated with season of birth and latitude.

Child Child, Preschool Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Asthma Carcinogenesis DNA Methylation Inflammation Seasons
Birth season DNA methylation Differentially methylated regions (DMR) Latitude Meta-analysis PACE

Journal

Clinical epigenetics
ISSN: 1868-7083
Titre abrégé: Clin Epigenetics
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 101516977

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
11 09 2023
Historique:
received: 13 02 2023
accepted: 27 07 2023
medline: 13 9 2023
pubmed: 12 9 2023
entrez: 11 9 2023
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Seasonal variations in environmental exposures at birth or during gestation are associated with numerous adult traits and health outcomes later in life. Whether DNA methylation (DNAm) plays a role in the molecular mechanisms underlying the associations between birth season and lifelong phenotypes remains unclear. We carried out epigenome-wide meta-analyses within the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetic Consortium to identify associations of DNAm with birth season, both at differentially methylated probes (DMPs) and regions (DMRs). Associations were examined at two time points: at birth (21 cohorts, N = 9358) and in children aged 1-11 years (12 cohorts, N = 3610). We conducted meta-analyses to assess the impact of latitude on birth season-specific associations at both time points. We identified associations between birth season and DNAm (False Discovery Rate-adjusted p values < 0.05) at two CpGs at birth (winter-born) and four in the childhood (summer-born) analyses when compared to children born in autumn. Furthermore, we identified twenty-six differentially methylated regions (DMR) at birth (winter-born: 8, spring-born: 15, summer-born: 3) and thirty-two in childhood (winter-born: 12, spring and summer: 10 each) meta-analyses with few overlapping DMRs between the birth seasons or the two time points. The DMRs were associated with genes of known functions in tumorigenesis, psychiatric/neurological disorders, inflammation, or immunity, amongst others. Latitude-stratified meta-analyses [higher (≥ 50°N), lower (< 50°N, northern hemisphere only)] revealed differences in associations between birth season and DNAm by birth latitude. DMR analysis implicated genes with previously reported links to schizophrenia (LAX1), skin disorders (PSORS1C, LTB4R), and airway inflammation including asthma (LTB4R), present only at birth in the higher latitudes (≥ 50°N). In this large epigenome-wide meta-analysis study, we provide evidence for (i) associations between DNAm and season of birth that are unique for the seasons of the year (temporal effect) and (ii) latitude-dependent variations in the seasonal associations (spatial effect). DNAm could play a role in the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of birth season on adult health outcomes.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
Seasonal variations in environmental exposures at birth or during gestation are associated with numerous adult traits and health outcomes later in life. Whether DNA methylation (DNAm) plays a role in the molecular mechanisms underlying the associations between birth season and lifelong phenotypes remains unclear.
METHODS
We carried out epigenome-wide meta-analyses within the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetic Consortium to identify associations of DNAm with birth season, both at differentially methylated probes (DMPs) and regions (DMRs). Associations were examined at two time points: at birth (21 cohorts, N = 9358) and in children aged 1-11 years (12 cohorts, N = 3610). We conducted meta-analyses to assess the impact of latitude on birth season-specific associations at both time points.
RESULTS
We identified associations between birth season and DNAm (False Discovery Rate-adjusted p values < 0.05) at two CpGs at birth (winter-born) and four in the childhood (summer-born) analyses when compared to children born in autumn. Furthermore, we identified twenty-six differentially methylated regions (DMR) at birth (winter-born: 8, spring-born: 15, summer-born: 3) and thirty-two in childhood (winter-born: 12, spring and summer: 10 each) meta-analyses with few overlapping DMRs between the birth seasons or the two time points. The DMRs were associated with genes of known functions in tumorigenesis, psychiatric/neurological disorders, inflammation, or immunity, amongst others. Latitude-stratified meta-analyses [higher (≥ 50°N), lower (< 50°N, northern hemisphere only)] revealed differences in associations between birth season and DNAm by birth latitude. DMR analysis implicated genes with previously reported links to schizophrenia (LAX1), skin disorders (PSORS1C, LTB4R), and airway inflammation including asthma (LTB4R), present only at birth in the higher latitudes (≥ 50°N).
CONCLUSIONS
In this large epigenome-wide meta-analysis study, we provide evidence for (i) associations between DNAm and season of birth that are unique for the seasons of the year (temporal effect) and (ii) latitude-dependent variations in the seasonal associations (spatial effect). DNAm could play a role in the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of birth season on adult health outcomes.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01542-5 PMID: 37697338 PMC: PMC10496224
pubmed: 37697338
doi: 10.1186/s13148-023-01542-5
pii: 10.1186/s13148-023-01542-5
pmc: PMC10496224
doi:

Types de publication

Meta-Analysis Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

148

Subventions

Organisme : NIEHS NIH HHS
ID : P30 ES010126
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIEHS NIH HHS
ID : P30 ES025128
Pays : United States

Informations de copyright

© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.

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Auteurs

Latha Kadalayil (L)

Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.

Md Zahangir Alam (MZ)

Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Cory Haley White (CH)

Merck Exploratory Science Center in Cambridge MA, Merck Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA.

Akram Ghantous (A)

Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.

Esther Walton (E)

Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.

Olena Gruzieva (O)

Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Sweden.

Simon Kebede Merid (SK)

Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Sweden.

Ashish Kumar (A)

Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Ritu P Roy (RP)

Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
Computational Biology and Informatics Core, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.

Olivia Solomon (O)

Children's Environmental Health Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.

Karen Huen (K)

Children's Environmental Health Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.

Brenda Eskenazi (B)

Children's Environmental Health Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.

Peter Rzehak (P)

Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.

Veit Grote (V)

Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.

Jean-Paul Langhendries (JP)

CHC, St Vincent, Liège-Rocourt, Belgium.

Elvira Verduci (E)

Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.

Natalia Ferre (N)

Pediatric Nutrition and Human Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain.

Darek Gruszfeld (D)

Neonatal Department, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.

Lu Gao (L)

Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Weihua Guan (W)

Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, A460 Mayo Building, MMC 303, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.

Xuehuo Zeng (X)

Glotech, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA.

Enrique F Schisterman (EF)

Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.

John F Dou (JF)

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.

Kelly M Bakulski (KM)

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.

Jason I Feinberg (JI)

Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Munawar Hussain Soomro (MH)

Sorbonne Université and INSERM, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris Cedex 12, France.
Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, SMBB Medical University, Larkana, Pakistan.

Giancarlo Pesce (G)

Sorbonne Université and INSERM, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris Cedex 12, France.

Nour Baiz (N)

Institut Desbrest de Santé Publique (IDESP), INSERM and Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.

Elena Isaevska (E)

Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, CPO Piemonte, Italy.

Michelle Plusquin (M)

Center for Environmental Sciences, University of Hasselt, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.

Marina Vafeiadi (M)

Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.

Theano Roumeliotaki (T)

Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.

Sabine A S Langie (SAS)

Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Limburg, The Netherlands.

Arnout Standaert (A)

Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.

Catherine Allard (C)

Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.

Patrice Perron (P)

Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.

Luigi Bouchard (L)

Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean - Hôpital de Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada.

Evelien R van Meel (ER)

The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Janine F Felix (JF)

The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Vincent W V Jaddoe (VWV)

The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Paul D Yousefi (PD)

Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Cecilia H Ramlau-Hansen (CH)

Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

Caroline L Relton (CL)

Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Elmar W Tobi (EW)

Periconceptional Epidemiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Anne P Starling (AP)

Life Course Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Ivana V Yang (IV)

Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.

Maria Llambrich (M)

Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.

Gillian Santorelli (G)

Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK.

Johanna Lepeule (J)

Institute for Advanced Biosciences, University Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Grenoble, France.

Lucas A Salas (LA)

Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA.
Center for Molecular Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA.
Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.

Mariona Bustamante (M)

Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.

Susan L Ewart (SL)

Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.

Hongmei Zhang (H)

Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, USA.

Wilfried Karmaus (W)

Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, USA.

Stefan Röder (S)

Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.

Ana Claudia Zenclussen (AC)

Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.

Jianping Jin (J)

2530 Meridian Pkwy, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27713, USA.

Wenche Nystad (W)

Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.

Christian M Page (CM)

Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Section for Statistics and Data Science, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Maria Magnus (M)

Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.

Dereje D Jima (DD)

Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Cathrine Hoyo (C)

Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Rachel L Maguire (RL)

Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.

Tuomas Kvist (T)

Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Darina Czamara (D)

Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany.

Katri Räikkönen (K)

Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Tong Gong (T)

Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Vilhelmina Ullemar (V)

Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman (SL)

Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, USA.

Emily Oken (E)

Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, USA.

Catarina Almqvist (C)

Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

Robert Karlsson (R)

Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Jari Lahti (J)

Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Susan K Murphy (SK)

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.

Siri E Håberg (SE)

Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.

Stephanie London (S)

Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, RTP, NC, 27709, USA.

Gunda Herberth (G)

Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.

Hasan Arshad (H)

Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Isle of Wight, UK.
NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.

Jordi Sunyer (J)

Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.

Regina Grazuleviciene (R)

Department of Environmental Science, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248, Kaunas, Lithuania.

Dana Dabelea (D)

Life Course Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.

Régine P M Steegers-Theunissen (RPM)

Periconceptional Epidemiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Ellen A Nohr (EA)

Department of Clinical Research, Odense Universitetshospital, Odense, Denmark.

Thorkild I A Sørensen (TIA)

Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Department Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Liesbeth Duijts (L)

The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Marie-France Hivert (MF)

Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, USA.
Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Vera Nelen (V)

Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium.

Maja Popovic (M)

Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, CPO Piemonte, Italy.

Manolis Kogevinas (M)

Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.

Tim S Nawrot (TS)

Center for Environmental Sciences, University of Hasselt, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven University, Louvain, Belgium.

Zdenko Herceg (Z)

Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.

Isabella Annesi-Maesano (I)

Institut Desbrest de Santé Publique (IDESP), INSERM and Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.

M Daniele Fallin (MD)

Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Edwina Yeung (E)

Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr, MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Carrie V Breton (CV)

Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Berthold Koletzko (B)

Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.

Nina Holland (N)

Children's Environmental Health Laboratory, CERCH, Berkeley Public Health, University of California, 2121 Berkeley Way #5216, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.

Joseph L Wiemels (JL)

Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.

Erik Melén (E)

Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.

Gemma C Sharp (GC)

Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.

Matt J Silver (MJ)

Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia.
Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.

Faisal I Rezwan (FI)

Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK.

John W Holloway (JW)

Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK. J.W.Holloway@soton.ac.uk.
NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK. J.W.Holloway@soton.ac.uk.

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › Analysis of DNA methylation at birth and in...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › Enfant d'âge préscolaire › Analysis of DNA methylation at birth and in...
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questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Nourrisson › Analysis of DNA methylation at birth and in...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Nourrisson › Nouveau-né › Analysis of DNA methylation at birth and in...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies du système immunitaire › Hypersensibilité › Hypersensibilité immédiate › Hypersensibilité respiratoire › Asthme › Analysis of DNA methylation at birth and in...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Processus pathologiques › Processus néoplasiques › Carcinogenèse › Analysis of DNA methylation at birth and in...
questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes génétiques › Méthylation de l'ADN › Analysis of DNA methylation at birth and in...
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