In search of hidden threats: A scoping review on paranoid presentations in personality disorders.
paranoia
personality disorders
personality pathology
psychopathology
systematic synthesis
Journal
Clinical psychology & psychotherapy
ISSN: 1099-0879
Titre abrégé: Clin Psychol Psychother
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9416196
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
20 Sep 2023
20 Sep 2023
Historique:
revised:
25
07
2023
received:
13
03
2023
accepted:
04
09
2023
medline:
20
9
2023
pubmed:
20
9
2023
entrez:
20
9
2023
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Recent diagnostic developments suggest that paranoia is a transdiagnostic characteristic common to several personality disorders rather than a personality disorder per se. Nonetheless, empirical literature fails to provide comprehensive and univocal findings on whether and how paranoid presentations relate to different personality disorders. In the present scoping review, we map the empirical literature on paranoid presentations in personality disorders, considering the entire spectrum of paranoid manifestations (i.e., the paranoia hierarchy). In selecting original quantitative studies on paranoid presentations in personality-disordered patients, we screened 4,433 records in PsycArticles, PsycInfo and PUBMED. We eventually included 47 eligible studies in the review. Our synthesis indicates consistent empirical evidence of a wide range of paranoid presentations in Paranoid, Schizotypal and Borderline personality disorders. Conversely, little empirical literature exists on paranoid presentations in other personality disorders. Preliminary findings suggest broad-severity paranoid presentations, ranging from milder to severe forms, in Paranoid, Schizotypal and Borderline personality disorders. There is also some evidence of milder forms of paranoia in Avoidant, Antisocial and Narcissistic personality disorders. Conversely, there is poor evidence of paranoid presentations in Schizoid, Histrionic, Dependent or Obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Research gaps and recommendations for improving empirical research on paranoid presentations in personality disorders are discussed.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder: DSM-III (3rd ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV) (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Arntz, A., Dietzel, R., & Dreessen, L. (1999). Assumptions in borderline personality disorder: Specificity, stability and relationship with etiological factors. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37(6), 545-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00152-1
Arntz, A., Dreessen, L., Schouten, E., & Weertman, A. (2004). Beliefs in personality disorders: A test with the personality disorder belief questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(10), 1215-1225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.004
Bach, B., Anderson, J., & Simonsen, E. (2017). Continuity between interview-rated personality disorders and self-reported DSM-5 traits in a Danish psychiatric sample. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(3), 261-267. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000171
Bach, B., Kramer, U., Doering, S., di Giacomo, E., Hutsebaut, J., Kaera, A., De Panfilis, C., Schmahl, C., Swales, M., Taubner, S., & Renneberg, B. (2022). The ICD-11 classification of personality disorders: A European perspective on challenges and opportunities. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 9(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-022-00182-0
Baillés, E., Pintor, L., Fernandez-Egea, E., Torres, X., Matrai, S., de Pablo, J., & Arroyo, S. (2004). Psychiatric disorders, trauma, and MMPI profile in a Spanish sample of nonepileptic seizure patients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 26(4), 310-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.04.003
Baird, B. M., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2017). The role of response styles in the assessment of intraindividual personality variability. Journal of Research in Personality, 69, 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.015
Bamelis, L. L. M., Renner, F., Heidkamp, D., & Arntz, A. (2011). Extended schema mode conceptualizations for specific personality disorders: An empirical study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(1), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2011.25.1.41
Barnow, S., Arens, E. A., Sieswerda, S., Dinu-Biringer, R., Spitzer, C., & Lang, S. (2010). Borderline personality disorder and psychosis: A review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12(3), 186-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-010-0107-9
Bateman, A. W., Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice (1st ed.). American Psychiatric Publ.
Bebbington, P. E., McBride, O., Steel, C., Kuipers, E., Radovanovič, M., Brugha, T., Jenkins, R., Meltzer, H. I., & Freeman, D. (2013). The structure of paranoia in the general population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(6), 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119032
Beck, A. T., Butler, A. C., Brown, G. K., Dahlsgaard, K. K., Newman, C. F., & Beck, J. S. (2001). Dysfunctional beliefs discriminate personality disorders. Behavior Research and Therapy, 39(10), 1213-1225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00099-1
Beck, A. T., & Freeman, A. M. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders (p. xviii, 396). Guilford Press.
Bell, V., & O'Driscoll, C. (2018). The network structure of paranoia in the general population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(7), 737-744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1487-0
Bender, D. S., Farber, B. A., & Geller, J. D. (2001). Cluster B personality traits and attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 29(4), 551-563. https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.29.4.551.21545
Berenson, K. R., Downey, G., Rafaeli, E., Coifman, K. G., & Paquin, N. L. (2011). The rejection-rage contingency in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 681-690. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023335
Berichon, M., Birgy, T. R., & Abraham, S. P. (2019). Challenges of treatment and living with the stigma related to paranoid personality disorder. International Journal of Science and Research Methodology, 12(3), 51-64.
Bernstein, D. P., & Useda, J. D. (2007). Paranoid personality disorder. In W. O'Donohue, K. A. Fowler, & S. O. Lilienfeld (Eds.), Personality disorders: Toward the DSM-V. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483328980.n3
Blaney, P. (1999). Paranoid conditions. In T. Millon, P. Blaney, & R. D. Davis (Eds.), Oxford textbook of psychopathology. Oxford University Press.
Bloomfield, M. A. P., Chang, T., Woodl, M. J., Lyons, L. M., Cheng, Z., Bauer-Staeb, C., Hobbs, C., Bracke, S., Kennerley, H., Isham, L., Brewin, C., Billings, J., Greene, T., & Lewis, G. (2021). Psychological processes mediating the association between developmental trauma and specific psychotic symptoms in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20841
Bornstein, R. F. (1998). Dependency in the personality disorders: Intensity, insight, expression, and defense. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(2), 175-189. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199802)54:2<175::AID-JCLP7>3.0.CO;2-R
Buck, B., Hester, N., Penn, D. L., & Gray, K. (2017). Differential patterns in mind perception in subclinical paranoia: Relationships to self-reported empathy. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 22(2), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2017.1287692
Burla, F., Ferracuti, S., & Lazzari, R. (1997). Borderline personality disorder: Content and formal analysis of the Rorschach. Rorschachiana, 22(1), 149-162. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604.22.1.149
Butler, A. C., Brown, G. K., Beck, A. T., & Grisham, J. R. (2002). Assessment of dysfunctional beliefs in borderline personality disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(10), 1231-1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00031-1
Caligor, E., Kernberg, O. F., Clarkin, J. F., & Yeomans, F. E. (2018). Psychodynamic therapy for personality pathology: Treating self and interpersonal functioning (First ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9781615373529
Canta, G. R., Miranda, F. L., Paixão, R., & Dias, C. A. (2019). Narcissistic equilibrium in paranoid schizophrenia. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 47(4), 373-401. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2019.47.4.373
Carroll, A. (2009). Are you looking at me? Understanding and managing paranoid personality disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15(1), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005421
Carvalho, L. d. F., & Lima Costa, A. R. (2018). Clinical cut-off point for the distrust dimension of the dimensional clinical personality inventory 2 (IDCP-2). Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59(5), 560-566. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12465
Çelik, P., Van Beest, I., Lammers, J., & Bekker, M. (2013). Implicit threat vigilance among violent offenders diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder: The impact of ostracism and control threat. International Journal of Developmental Science, 7(1), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.3233/DEV-1312116
Chadwick, P. D. J., Trower, P., Juusti-Butler, T.-M., & Maguire, N. (2005). Phenomenological evidence for two types of paranoia. Psychopathology, 38(6), 327-333. https://doi.org/10.1159/000089453
Chan, C. C., Bulbena-Cabre, A., Rutter, S., Benavides, C., McClure, M. M., Calabrese, W., Rosell, D. R., Koenigsberg, H. W., Goodman, M., New, A. S., Hazlett, E. A., & Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez, M. (2019). Comparison of self-report and clinician-rated schizotypal traits in schizotypal personality disorder and community controls. Schizophrenia Research, 209, 263-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.050
Chan, M. A., Hess, G. C., Whelton, W. J., & Yonge, O. J. (2005). A comparison between female psychiatric outpatients with BPD and female university students in terms of trauma. Internalized Shame and Psychiatric Symptomatology. Traumatology, 11(1), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/153476560501100103
Chapman, A. L., Walters, K. N., & Gordon, K. L. D. (2014). Emotional reactivity to social rejection and negative evaluation among persons with borderline personality features. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28(5), 720-733. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2012_26_068
Clarkin, J. F., Yeomans, F. E., & Kernberg, O. F. (1999). Psychotherapy for borderline personality (p. viii, 390). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Cooper, J. L., Morrison, T. L., Bigman, O. L., Abramowitz, S. I., Blunden, D., Nassi, A., & Krener, P. (1988). Bulimia and borderline personality disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7(1), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198801)7:1<43::AID-EAT2260070105>3.0.CO;2-U
Corporation for Digital Scholarship. (2006). Zotero.
Cramer, V., Torgersen, S., & Kringlen, E. (2006). Personality disorders and quality of life. A population study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47(3), 178-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.06.002
D'Agostino, A., Rossi Monti, M., & Starcevic, V. (2019). Psychotic symptoms in borderline personality disorder: An update. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 32(1), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000462
Daudt, H. M., van Mossel, C., & Scott, S. J. (2013). Enhancing the scoping study methodology: A large, inter-professional team's experience with Arksey and O'Malley's framework. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-13-48
De Panfilis, C., Riva, P., Preti, E., Cabrino, C., & Marchesi, C. (2015). When social inclusion is not enough: Implicit expectations of extreme inclusion in borderline personality disorder. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6(4), 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000132
de Portugal, E., González, N., Haro, J. M., Autonell, J., & Cervilla, J. A. (2008). A descriptive case-register study of delusional disorder. European Psychiatry, 23(2), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.001
De Saeger, H., Kamphuis, J. H., & Anderson, J. L. (2020). Clinical utility of the MMPI-2-RF hierarchical description: An illustration in cluster C personality disorder patients. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 36(5), 907-912. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000560
Derogatis, L. R. (1977). SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Clinical Psychometric Research.
Di Pierro, R., Amelio, S., Macca, M., Madeddu, F., & Di Sarno, M. (2022). What if I feel rejected? Borderline personality, pathological narcissism, and social rejection in daily life. Journal of Personality Disorders, 36(5), 559-582. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2022.36.5.559
Di Pierro, R., Costantini, G., Benzi, I. M. A., Madeddu, F., & Preti, E. (2019). Grandiose and entitled, but still fragile: A network analysis of pathological narcissistic traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 140, 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.003
Di Pierro, R., Costantini, G., Fanti, E., Di Sarno, M., Preti, E., Madeddu, F., Clarkin, J. F., Caligor, E., & De Panfilis, C. (2022). Measurement invariance of the pathological narcissism inventory and multimethod examination of narcissistic presentations in community and clinical samples. Assessment, 30, 1391-1406. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911221101367
Dickey, C. C., McCarley, R. W., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Voglmaier, M. M., Seidman, L. J., Kim, S., & Shenton, M. E. (2005). Clinical, cognitive, and social characteristics of a sample of neuroleptic-naive persons with schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 78(2-3), 297-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.05.016
Dickey, C. C., McCarley, R. W., Xu, M. L., Seidman, L. J., Voglmaier, M. M., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Connor, E., & Shenton, M. E. (2007). MRI abnormalities of the hippocampus and cavum septi pellucidi in females with schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 89(1-3), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.08.004
Edens, J. F., Marcus, D. K., & Morey, L. C. (2009). Paranoid personality has a dimensional latent structure: Taxometric analyses of community and clinical samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3), 545-553. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016313
Ellett, L., Lopes, B., & Chadwick, P. (2003). Paranoia in a nonclinical population of college students. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(7), 425-430. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NMD.0000081646.33030.EF
Evans, C. M., & Simms, L. J. (2018). Assessing inter-model continuity between the section II and section III conceptualizations of borderline personality disorder in DSM-5. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(3), 290-296. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000243
Exner, J. E. Jr. (1993). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system: Basic foundations (3rd ed., Vol. 1, p. xxiii, 642). John Wiley & Sons.
Falkum, E., Pedersen, G., & Karterud, S. (2009). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, paranoid personality disorder diagnosis: A unitary or a two-dimensional construct? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50(6), 533-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.01.003
First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV® axis ii personality disorders SCID-II. American Psychiatric Pub.
Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., Moulton-Perkins, A., Lee, Y.-W., Warren, F., Howard, S., Ghinai, R., Fearon, P., & Lowyck, B. (2016). Development and validation of a self-report measure of Mentalizing: The reflective functioning questionnaire. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0158678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158678
Fortunato, A., & Speranza, A. M. (2018). Personality traits and disorders in childhood: Clinical evaluation and diagnosis. Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation, 15(4), 222-235.
Freeman, D. (2006). Delusions in the nonclinical population. Current Psychiatry Reports, 8(3), 191-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-006-0023-1
Freeman, D. (2007). Suspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(4), 425-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.004
Freeman, D. (2016). Persecutory delusions: A cognitive perspective on understanding and treatment. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(7), 685-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00066-3
Freeman, D., Garety, P. A., Bebbington, P. E., Smith, B., Rollinson, R., Fowler, D., Kuipers, E., Ray, K., & Dunn, G. (2005). Psychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186(5), 427-435. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.5.427
Freeman, D., Reeve, S., Robinson, A., Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2017). Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders. Psychological Medicine, 47(14), 2393-2400. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171700040X
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Pickering, R. P. (2004). Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(7), 948-958. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v65n0711
Green, C. E. L., Freeman, D., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Fowler, D., Dunn, G., & Garety, P. A. (2008). Measuring ideas of persecution and social reference: The Green et al. paranoid thought scales (GPTS). Psychological Medicine, 38(1), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001638
Hare, R. D., Hart, S. D., & Harpur, T. J. (1991). Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 391-398. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.391
Hathaway, S. R., & Mckinley, J. C. (1940). A multiphasic personality schedule (Minnesota): I. construction of the schedule. The Journal of Psychology, 10(2), 249-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1940.9917000
Havranek, M. M., Volkart, F., Bolliger, B., Roos, S., Buschner, M., Mansour, R., Chmielewski, T., Gaudlitz, K., Hättenschwiler, J., Seifritz, E., & Ruch, W. (2017). The fear of being laughed at as additional diagnostic criterion in social anxiety disorder and avoidant personality disorder? PLoS ONE, 12(11), e0188024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188024
Henriques-Calado, J., Gonçalves, B., Marques, C., Paulino, M., Gama Marques, J., Grácio, J., & Pires, R. (2021). In light of the DSM-5 dimensional model of personality: Borderline personality disorder at the crossroads with the bipolar spectrum. Journal of Affective Disorders, 294, 897-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.047
Homan, P., Reddan, M. C., Brosch, T., Koenigsberg, H. W., & Schiller, D. (2017). Aberrant link between empathy and social attribution style in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 94, 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.012
Hopwood, C. J., & Thomas, K. M. (2012). Paranoid and schizoid personality disorders. In T. A. Widiger (Ed.), Oxford handbook of personality disorders (pp. 582-602). Oxford University Press.
Hopwood, C. J., Wright, A. G. C., Krueger, R. F., Schade, N., Markon, K. E., & Morey, L. C. (2013). DSM-5 pathological personality traits and the personality assessment inventory. Assessment, 20(3), 269-285. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113486286
Hummelen, B., Pedersen, G., & Karterud, S. (2012). Some suggestions for the DSM-5 schizotypal personality disorder construct. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(4), 341-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.05.009
Humphrey, C., Bucci, S., Varese, F., Degnan, A., & Berry, K. (2021). Paranoia and negative schema about the self and others: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 90, 102081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102081
Huprich, S. K. (2018). Moving beyond categories and dimensions in personality pathology assessment and diagnosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 213(6), 685-689. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.149
Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. (2018). How paranoid are conspiracy believers? Toward a more fine-grained understanding of the connect and disconnect between paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(7), 909-926. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2494
Johns, L. C., & van Os, J. (2001). The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(8), 1125-1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00103-9
Jørgensen, C. R., Kjølbye, M., Freund, C., Bøye, R., Jordet, H., & Andersen, D. (2009). Level of functioning in patients with borderline personality disorder. The Risskov-I study. Nordic Psychology, 61(1), 42-60. https://doi.org/10.1027/1901-2276.61.1.42
Joyce, P. R., Mulder, R. T., Luty, S. E., McKenzie, J. M., Sullivan, P. F., & Cloninger, R. C. (2003). Borderline personality disorder in major depression: Symptomatology, temperament, character, differential drug response, and 6-month outcome. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44(1), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1053/comp.2003.50001
Karterud, S., Friis, S., Irion, T., Mehlum, L., Vaglum, P., & Vaglum, S. (1995). A SCL-90-R derived index of the severity of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 9(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1995.9.2.112
Kendler, K. S. (1982). Demography of paranoid psychosis (delusional disorder): A review and comparison with schizophrenia and affective illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(8), 890-902. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290080012003
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., Torgersen, S., Neale, M. C., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2007). The heritability of cluster A personality disorders assessed by both personal interview and questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 37(5), 655. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706009755
Kernberg, O. F. (1995). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism (Reissue ed.). Jason Aronson, Inc.
Kernberg, O. F., & Caligor, E. (2005). A psychoanalytic theory of personality disorders.: Vol. In M. L. Lenzenweger & J. F. Clarkin (Eds.), Major theories of personality disorder (pp. 114-156). Guilford Press.
Kesting, M.-L., & Lincoln, T. M. (2013). The relevance of self-esteem and self-schemas to persecutory delusions: A systematic review. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(7), 766-789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.03.002
King-Casas, B., Sharp, C., Lomax-Bream, L., Lohrenz, T., Fonagy, P., & Montague, P. R. (2008). The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Science, 321(5890), 806-810. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156902
Kramer, I., Simons, C. J. P., Wigman, J. T. W., Collip, D., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., van Os, J., Myin-Germeys, I., & Wichers, M. (2014). Time-lagged moment-to-moment interplay between negative affect and paranoia: New insights in the affective pathway to psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(2), 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs194
Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2018). The narcissism spectrum model: A synthetic view of narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(1), 3-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316685018
Krizan, Z., & Johar, O. (2015). Narcissistic rage revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(5), 784-801. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000013
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879-1890. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002674
Kwiatkowska, M. M., Jułkowski, T., Rogoza, R., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., & Fatfouta, R. (2019). Narcissism and trust: Differential impact of agentic, antagonistic, and communal narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 137, 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.08.027
Lavin, R., Bucci, S., Varese, F., & Berry, K. (2020). The relationship between insecure attachment and paranoia in psychosis: A systematic literature review. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 39-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12231
Lee, R. (2017). Mistrustful and misunderstood: A review of paranoid personality disorder. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 4(2), 151-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40473-017-0116-7
Lenzenweger, M. F., Clarkin, J. F., Yeomans, F. E., Kernberg, O. F., & Levy, K. N. (2008). Refining the borderline personality disorder phenotype through finite mixture modeling: Implications for classification. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(4), 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2008.22.4.313
Livesley, W. J., Reiffer, L. I., Sheldon, A. E. R., & West, M. (1987). Prototypicality ratings of DSM-III criteria for personality disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175(7), 395-401. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198707000-00002
Livesley, W. J., & Schroeder, M. L. (1990). Dimensions of personality disorder: The DSM-III-R cluster a diagnoses. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178(10), 627-635. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199010000-00003
Lloyd, C., Overall, J. E., & Click, M. (1983). Screening for borderline personality disorders with the MMPI-168. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39(5), 722-726. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198309)39:5<722::AID-JCLP2270390513>3.0.CO;2-X
Lloyd, C., Overall, J. E., Kimsey, L. R., & Click, M. (1983). A comparison of the MMPI-168 profiles of borderline and nonborderline outpatients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171(4), 207-215. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198304000-00002
Loranger, A. W. (1999). International personality disorder examination (IPDE). Psychological Assessment Resources.
Luyten, P., Campbell, C., & Fonagy, P. (2020). Borderline personality disorder, complex trauma, and problems with self and identity: A social-communicative approach. Journal of Personality, 88(1), 88-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12483
Mann, C. J. (2003). Observational research methods. Research design II: Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emergency Medicine Journal, 20(1), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.20.1.54
Marneros, A., Pillmann, F., & Wustmann, T. (2012). Delusional disorders-Are they simply paranoid schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(3), 561-568. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq125
Masland, S. R., Schnell, S. E., & Shah, T. V. (2020). Trust beliefs, biases, and behaviors in borderline personality disorder: Empirical findings and relevance to epistemic trust. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 7(4), 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40473-020-00220-7
McMurran, M., & Christopher, G. (2008). Dysfunctional beliefs and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 19(4), 533-542. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940801947800
McWilliams, N. (2010). Paranoia and political leadership. The Psychoanalytic Review, 97(2), 239-261. https://doi.org/10.1521/prev.2010.97.2.239
Meisner, M. W., Bach, B., Lenzenweger, M. F., Møller, L., Haahr, U. H., Petersen, L. S., Kongerslev, M. T., & Simonsen, E. (2021). Reconceptualization of borderline conditions through the lens of the alternative model of personality disorders. In Personality disorders: Theory, research, and treatment. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000502.
Melo, S. S., & Bentall, R. P. (2013). ‘Poor me’ versus ‘bad me’ paranoia: The association between self-beliefs and the instability of persecutory ideation: ‘Poor me’ versus ‘bad me’ paranoia. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 86(2), 146-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02051.x
Meloy, J. R. (1992). The psychopathic mind: Origins, dynamics, and treatment. J. Aronson.
Meyer, B., Ajchenbrenner, M., & Bowles, D. (2005). Sensory sensitivity, attachment experiences, and rejection responses among adults with borderline and avoidant features. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 641-658. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2005.19.6.641
Mezzich, J. E., Dow, J. T., Rich, C. L., Costello, A. J., & Himmelhoch, J. M. (1981). Developing an efficient clinical information system for a comprehensive psychiatric institute: II. Initial evaluation form. Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 13(4), 464-478. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202056
Miano, A., Fertuck, E. A., Roepke, S., & Dziobek, I. (2017). Romantic relationship dysfunction in borderline personality disorder-A naturalistic approach to trustworthiness perception. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8, 281-286. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000196
Millon, T. (2011). Disorders of personality: Introducing a DSM/ICD spectrum from normal to abnormal. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118099254
Morey, L. C., Benson, K. T., & Skodol, A. E. (2016). Relating DSM-5 section III personality traits to section II personality disorder diagnoses. Psychological Medicine, 46(3), 647-655. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002226
Morey, L. C., Warner, M. B., Shea, M. T., Gunderson, J. G., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C., Skodol, A. E., & McGlashan, T. H. (2003). The representation of four personality disorders by the schedule for nonadaptive and adaptive personality dimensional model of personality. Psychological Assessment, 15(3), 326-332. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.326
Munn, Z., Peters, M. D. J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
Nakamura, M., McCarley, R. W., Kubicki, M., Dickey, C. C., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Voglmaier, M. M., Seidman, L. J., Maier, S. E., Westin, C.-F., Kikinis, R., & Shenton, M. E. (2005). Fronto-temporal disconnectivity in schizotypal personality disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Biological Psychiatry, 58(6), 468-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.016
Oliva, F., Dalmotto, M., Pirfo, E., Furlan, P. M., & Picci, R. L. (2014). A comparison of thought and perception disorders in borderline personality disorder and schizophrenia: Psychotic experiences as a reaction to impaired social functioning. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 239. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0239-2
Oltmanns, J. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2018). A self-report measure for the ICD-11 dimensional trait model proposal: The personality inventory for ICD-11. Psychological Assessment, 30(2), 154-169. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000459
Oorschot, M., Lataster, T., Thewissen, V., Wichers, M., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2012). Mobile assessment in schizophrenia: A data-driven momentary approach. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(3), 405-413. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr166
Pedersen, G., & Karterud, S. (2010). Using measures from the SCL-90-R to screen for personality disorders. Personality and Mental Health, 4(2), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.122
Perera, H., Malalagama, A., & Perera, S. (2010). The puzzling symptom of paranoia. Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry, 1, 42. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljpsyc.v1i2.2572
Perrotta, G., & Perrotta, G. (2021). Avoidant personality disorder: Definition, clinical and neurobiological profiles, differential diagnosis and therapeutic framework. Journal of Neurology, Neurological Science and Disorders, 7(1), 001-005. https://doi.org/10.17352/jnnsd.000041
Peters, E. R., Joseph, S. A., & Garety, P. A. (1999). Measurement of delusional ideation in the Normal population: Introducing the PDI (Peters et al. delusions inventory). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(3), 553-576. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033401
Pfohl, B., Coryell, W., Zimmerman, M., & Stangl, D. (1986). DSM-III personality disorders: Diagnostic overlap and internal consistency of individual DSM-III criteria. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 27(1), 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X(86)90066-0
Pietrzak, R. H., & Petry, N. M. (2005). Antisocial personality disorder is associated with increased severity of gambling, medical, drug and psychiatric problems among treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Addiction, 100(8), 1183-1193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01151.x
Richardson, E. N., & Boag, S. (2016). Offensive defenses: The mind beneath the mask of the dark triad traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 148-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.039
Richetin, J., Poggi, A., Ricciardelli, P., Fertuck, E., & Preti, E. (2018). The emotional components of rejection sensitivity as a mediator between borderline personality disorder and biased appraisal of trust in faces. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 15, 200-205.
Rodríguez Solano, J. J., & González De Chávez, M. (2000). Premorbid personality disorders in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 44(2), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00203-0
Samuel, D. B., Lynam, D. R., Widiger, T. A., & Ball, S. A. (2012). An expert consensus approach to relating the proposed DSM-5 types and traits. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023787
Schotte, C., Maes, M., Cluydts, R., de Doncker, D., Claes, M., & Cosyns, P. (1991). MMPI characteristics of the DSM-III-R avoidant personality disorder. Psychological Reports, 69(1), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.69.5.75-81
Schroeder, K., Fisher, H. L., & Schäfer, I. (2013). Psychotic symptoms in patients with borderline personality disorder: Prevalence and clinical management. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 26(1), 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835a2ae7
Shapiro, D. (1965). Neurotic styles. Basic Books.
Shedler, J., Beck, A., Fonagy, P., Gabbard, G. O., Gunderson, J., Kernberg, O., Michels, R., & Westen, D. (2010). Personality disorders in DSM-5. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(9), 1026-1028. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050746
Skodol, A. E. (2012). Personality disorders in DSM-5. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8(1), 317-344. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143131
Skodol, A. E., Bender, D. S., Morey, L. C., Clark, L. A., Oldham, J. M., Alarcon, R. D., Krueger, R. F., Verheul, R., Bell, C. C., & Siever, L. J. (2011). Personality disorder types proposed for DSM-5. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(2), 136-169. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2011.25.2.136
Skodol, A. E., Clark, L. A., Bender, D. S., Krueger, R. F., Morey, L. C., Verheul, R., Alarcon, R. D., Bell, C. C., Siever, L. J., & Oldham, J. M. (2011). Proposed changes in personality and personality disorder assessment and diagnosis for DSM-5 part I: Description and rationale. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 2(1), 4-22. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021891
Snyder, S., & Pitts, W. M. (1986). Characterizing paranoia in the DSM-III borderline personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73(5), 500-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02716.x
Statham, V., Emerson, L.-M., & Rowse, G. (2019). A systematic review of self-report measures of paranoia. Psychological Assessment, 31(2), 139-158. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000645
Steer, R. A. (1983). Modal profile analyses of the SCL-90-R for seven mental disorders. Multivariate Experimental Clinical Research, 6(2), 55-67.
Tiernan, B., Tracey, R., & Shannon, C. (2014). Paranoia and self-concepts in psychosis: A systematic review of the literature. Psychiatry Research, 216(3), 303-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.02.003
Torgersen, S. (2009). The nature (and nurture) of personality disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(6), 624-632. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00788.x
Torgersen, S., Kringlen, E., & Cramer, V. (2001). The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 590-596. https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHPSYC.58.6.590
Trevethan, R. (2017). Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values: Foundations, pliabilities, and pitfalls in research and practice. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00307
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E. A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M. G., Garritty, C., … Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Triebwasser, J., Chemerinski, E., Roussos, P., & Siever, L. J. (2013). Paranoid personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(6), 795-805. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2012_26_055
Trotta, A., Kang, J., Stahl, D., & Yiend, J. (2021). Interpretation bias in paranoia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychological Science, 9(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702620951552
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Dancu, C. V., & Keys, D. J. (1986). Psychopathology of social phobia and comparison to avoidant personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(4), 389-394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.95.4.389
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., & Ravelli, A. (2000). Strauss (1969) revisited: A psychosis continuum in the general population? Schizophrenia Research, 45(1-2), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00224-8
van Os, J., Linscott, R. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: Evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39(2), 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003814
Velásquez, R. J., & Gimenez, L. (1987). MMPI differences among three diagnostic groups of Mexican-American state hospital patients. Psychological Reports, 60(3, Pt 2), 1071-1074. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3c.1071
Wang, W., Wang, Y., Fu, X., Liu, J., He, C., Dong, Y., Livesley, W. J., & Jang, K. L. (2006). Cerebral information processing in personality disorders: I. intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials. Psychiatry Research, 141(2), 173-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2004.05.028
Widiger, T. A., Frances, A., Warner, L., & Bluhm, C. (1986). Diagnostic criteria for the borderline and schizotypal personality disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.43
Wilson, S., Stroud, C. B., & Durbin, C. E. (2017). Interpersonal dysfunction in personality disorders: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 143(7), 677-734. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000101
Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Orazem, R. J., Weierich, M. R., Castillo, D. T., Milford, J., Kaloupek, D. G., & Keane, T. M. (2008). The MMPI-2 restructured clinical scales in the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid disorders. Psychological Assessment, 20(4), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012948
World Health Organization. (1992). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (10th revision). (Author). World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42980
World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th revision). (Author). World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42980
Yildirim, B. O. (2016). A treatise on secondary psychopathy: Psychobiological pathways to severe antisociality. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 31, 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.09.004
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Press. - References - Scientific Research Publishing. https://www.scirp.org/(S(i43dyn45teexjx455qlt3d2q))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Wedig, M. M., & Fitzmaurice, G. M. (2013). Cognitive experiences reported by patients with borderline personality disorder and Axis II comparison subjects: A 16-year prospective follow-up study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(6), 671-679. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010055
Zanarini, M. C., Gunderson, J. G., Frankenburg, F. R., & Chauncey, D. L. (1989). The revised diagnostic interview for borderlines: Discriminating BPD from other Axis II disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 3(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1989.3.1.10