Influence of physical post-exercise recovery techniques on vagally-mediated heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
autonomic nervous system
cardiac vagal activity
cardiac vagal tone
parasympathetic nervous system
physical activity
sport
vagus nerve
Journal
Clinical physiology and functional imaging
ISSN: 1475-097X
Titre abrégé: Clin Physiol Funct Imaging
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101137604
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jan 2024
Jan 2024
Historique:
revised:
06
09
2023
received:
21
09
2022
accepted:
14
09
2023
medline:
7
12
2023
pubmed:
27
9
2023
entrez:
27
9
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
In sports, physical recovery following exercise-induced fatigue is mediated via the reactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). A noninvasive way to quantify the reactivation of the PNS is to assess vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV), which can then be used as an index of physical recovery. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of physical recovery techniques following exercise-induced fatigue on vmHRV, specifically via the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). Randomized controlled trials from the databases PubMed, WebOfScience, and SportDiscus were included. Twenty-four studies were part of the systematic review and 17 were included in the meta-analysis. Using physical post-exercise recovery techniques displayed a small to moderate positive effect on RMSSD (k = 22, Hedges' g = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.20-0.61, p = 0.04) with moderate heterogeneity. In the subgroup analyses, cold water immersion displayed a moderate to large positive effect (g = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.42-1.07) compared with none for other techniques. For exercise type, physical recovery techniques performed after resistance exercise (g = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.48-0.89) demonstrated a larger positive effect than after cardiovascular intermittent (g = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.06-0.97), while physical recovery techniques performed after cardiovascular continuous exercise had no effect. No significant subgroup differences for training status and exercise intensity were observed. Overall, physical post-exercise recovery techniques can accelerate PNS reactivation as indexed by vmHRV, but the effectiveness varies with the technique and exercise type.
Types de publication
Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
14-35Subventions
Organisme : Projekt DEAL
Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Society of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine.
Références
Ackermann, S.P., Raab, M., Backschat, S., Smith, D.J.C., Javelle, F. & Laborde, S. (2022) The diving response and cardiac vagal activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychophysiology, 60, e14183. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14183
Ahmaidi, S., Granier, P., Taoutaou, Z., Mercier, J., Dubouchaud, H. & Prefaut, C. (1996) Effects of active recovery on plasma lactate and anaerobic power following repeated intensive exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(4), 450-456. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199604000-00009
Al Haddad, H., Laursen, P.B., Ahmaidi, S. & Buchheit, M. (2010a) Influence of cold water face immersion on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 108(3), 599-606. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1253-9
Al Haddad, H., Laursen, P.B., Chollet, D., Lemaitre, F., Ahmaidi, S. & Buchheit, M. (2010b) Effect of cold or thermoneutral water immersion on post-exercise heart rate recovery and heart rate variability indices. Auton Neurosci, 156(1-2), 111-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.017
Almeida, A.C., Machado, A.F., Albuquerque, M.C., Netto, L.M., Vanderlei, F.M., Vanderlei, L.C. et al. (2016) The effects of cold water immersion with different dosages (duration and temperature variations) on heart rate variability post-exercise recovery: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(8), 676-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.10.003
Araujo, J.A., Pecanha, T., Novelli, F.I., Mello, C.S.A., Moreira-Goncalves, D., Arsa, G. et al. (2020) Reproducibility of heart rate variability Indices at post-maximal exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(8), 512-519. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1114-6297
Aubert, E., Seps, B. & Beckers, F. (2003) Heart rate variability in athletes. Sports Medicine, 33(12), 889-919. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333120-00003
Banfi, G., Lombardi, G., Colombini, A. & Melegati, G. (2010) Whole-body cryotherapy in athletes. Sports Medicine, 40(6), 509-517. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2165/11531940-000000000-00000
Barnett, A. (2006) Using recovery modalities between training sessions in elite athletes: does it help? Sports Medicine, 36(9), 781-796. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636090-00005
Bastos, F.N., Vanderlei, L.C., Nakamura, F.Y., Bertollo, M., Godoy, M.F., Hoshi, R.A. et al. (2012) Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on post-exercise heart rate variability. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(11), 873-879. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1301905
Bellenger, C.R., Fuller, J.T., Thomson, R.L., Davison, K., Robertson, E.Y. & Buckley, J.D. (2016) Monitoring athletic training status through autonomic heart rate regulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(10), 1461-1486. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0484-2
Berntson, G.G., Thomas Bigger, J., Eckberg, D.L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P.G., Malik, M. et al. (1997) Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34, 623-648. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x
Bieuzen, F., Bleakley, C.M. & Costello, J.T. (2013) Contrast water therapy and exercise induced muscle damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 8(4), e62356. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062356
Borenstein, M. & Higgins, J.P.T. (2013) Meta-analysis and subgroups. Prevention Science, 14(2), 134-143. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-013-0377-7
Buchheit, M., Millet, G.P., Parisy, A., Pourchez, S., Laursen, P.B. & Ahmaidi, S. (2008) Supramaximal training and postexercise parasympathetic reactivation in adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(2), 362-371. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31815aa2ee
Buchheit, M., Peiffer, J.J., Abbiss, C.R. & Laursen, P.B. (2009) Effect of cold water immersion on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 296(2), H421-H427. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01017.2008
Chen, Y.S., Lu, W.A., Clemente, F.M., Bezerra, J.P. & Kuo, C.D. (2019) Increased parasympathetic activity by foot reflexology massage after repeated sprint test in collegiate football players: a randomised controlled trial. Sports, 7(11), 228. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7110228
Choo, H.C., Nosaka, K., Peiffer, J.J., Ihsan, M., Yeo, C.C. & Abbiss, C.R. (2018) Effect of water immersion temperature on heart rate variability following exercise in the heat. Kinesiology, 50(1), 67-74 https://hrcak.srce.hr/ojs/index.php/kinesiology/article/view/6342
Cochran, W.G. (1950) The comparison of percentages in matched samples. Biometrika, 37(3-4), 256-266. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/37.3-4.256
Cochrane, D.J. (2004) Alternating hot and cold water immersion for athlete recovery: a review. Physical Therapy in Sport, 5(1), 26-32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2003.10.002
Cohen, J. (2013) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Burlington: Elsevier Science.
Cook, R.D. (2015) Detection of influential observation in linear regression. Technometrics, 19(1), 15-18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1977.10489493
Douglas, J., Plews, D.J., Handcock, P.J. & Rehrer, N.J. (2016) The Beneficial Effect of Parasympathetic Reactivation on Sympathetic Drive During Simulated Rugby Sevens. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 11(4), 480-488. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0317
Ducla-Soares, J.L., Santos-Bento, M., Laranjo, S., Andrade, a, Ducla-Soares, E., Boto, J.P. et al. (2007) Wavelet analysis of autonomic outflow of normal subjects on head-up tilt, cold pressor test, valsalva manoeuvre and deep breathing. Experimental Physiology, 92, 677-686. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2007.038026
Dupuy, O., Douzi, W., Theurot, D., Bosquet, L. & Dugué, B. (2018) An evidence-based approach for choosing post-exercise recovery techniques to reduce markers of muscle damage, soreness, fatigue, and inflammation: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 403. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00403
Durlak, J.A. (2009) How to select, calculate, and interpret effect sizes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(9), 917-928. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp004
Duval, S. & Tweedie, R. (2000) Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455-463.
Eckberg, D.L., Mohanty, S.K. & Raczkowska, M. (1984) Trigeminal-baroreceptor reflex interactions modulate human cardiac vagal efferent activity. The Journal of Physiology, 347, 75-83. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015054
Eda, N., Ito, H. & Akama, T. (2020) Beneficial effects of yoga stretching on salivary stress hormones and parasympathetic nerve activity. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 19(4), 695-702.
Egger, M., Smith, G.D., Schneider, M. & Minder, C. (1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629-634. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
Fatisson, J., Oswald, V. & Lalonde, F. (2016) Influence diagram of physiological and environmental factors affecting heart rate variability: an extended literature overview. Heart International, 11(1), heartint.500023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5301/heartint.5000232
Finley, J.P., Bonet, J.F. & Waxman, M.B. (1979) Autonomic pathways responsible for bradycardia on facial immersion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 47(6), 1218-1222. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1979.47.6.1218
Flouris, A.D., Bravi, A., Wright-Beatty, H.E., Green, G., Seely, A.J. & Kenny, G.P. (2014a) Heart rate variability during exertional heat stress: effects of heat production and treatment. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(4), 785-792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2804-7
Flouris, A.D., Poirier, M.P., Bravi, A., Wright-Beatty, H.E., Herry, C., Seely, A.J. et al. (2014b) Changes in heart rate variability during the induction and decay of heat acclimation. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(10), 2119-2128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2935-5
Garber, C.E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M.R., Franklin, B.A., Lamonte, M.J., Lee, I.M. et al. (2011) American college of sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(7), 1334-1359. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb
Gendron, P., Gravel, H., Barry, H. & Gagnon, D. (2021) Seven days of hot water heat acclimation does not modulate the change in heart rate variability during passive heat exposure. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 46(3), 257-264. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2020-0510
Germain, G., Delaney, J., Moore, G., Lee, P., Lacroix, V. & Montgomery, D. (2003) Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on exercise-induced muscle soreness. Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine, 30(2), 135-145.
Grunovas, A., Silinskas, V., Poderys, J. & Trinkunas, E. (2007) Peripheral and systemic circulation after local dynamic exercise and recovery using passive foot movement and electrostimulation. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 47(3), 335-343.
Hartung, J. & Knapp, G. (2001a) On tests of the overall treatment effect in meta-analysis with normally distributed responses. Statistics in Medicine, 20(12), 1771-1782. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.791
Hartung, J. & Knapp, G. (2001b) A refined method for the meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials with binary outcome. Statistics in Medicine, 20(24), 3875-3889. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1009
Hausswirth, C. & Le Meur, Y. (2011) Physiological and nutritional aspects of post-exercise recovery: specific recommendations for female athletes. Sports Medicine, 41(10), 861-882. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2165/11593180-000000000-00000
Hautala, A.J., Kiviniemi, A.M. & Tulppo, M.P. (2009) Individual responses to aerobic exercise: the role of the autonomic nervous system. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 107-115. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.04.009
Hayashi, N., Ishihara, M., Tanaka, A., Osumi, T. & Yoshida, T. (1997) Face immersion increases vagal activity as assessed by heart rate variability. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 76(5), 394-399. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050267
Hedges, L.V. & Olkin, I. (1985) Statistical methods for meta-analysis. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Higgins, J.P. & Thomas, J. (2019) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons.
Higgins, J.P., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T. & Page, M.J. et al. (2022) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, 6.3 ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
Higgins, J.P.T. (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327(7414), 557-560. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
Ihsan, M., Watson, G. & Abbiss, C.R. (2016) What are the physiological mechanisms for post-exercise cold water immersion in the recovery from prolonged endurance and intermittent exercise? Sports Medicine, 46(8), 1095-1109. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0483-3
IntHout, J., Ioannidis, J.P.A., Rovers, M.M. & Goeman, J.J. (2016) Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 6(7), e010247. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010247
Jouven, X., Empana, J.P., Schwartz, P.J., Desnos, M., Courbon, D. & Ducimetière, P. (2005) Heart-rate profile during exercise as a predictor of sudden death. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(19), 1951-1958. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa043012
Kaesaman, N. (2019) The acute effect of traditional Thai massage on recovery from fatigue in basketball players. International Journal of GEOMATE, 16(55), 53-58. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21660/2019.55.4656
Kellmann, M. & Beckmann, J. (2017) Sport, Recovery, and Performance: Interdisciplinary Insights. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Kellmann, M., Bertollo, M., Bosquet, L., Brink, M., Coutts, A.J., Duffield, R. et al. (2018) Recovery and performance in sport: consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(2), 240-245. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759
Khan, Z., Ahmad, I. & Hussain, M.E. (2020) Intermittent pneumatic compression changes heart rate recovery and heart rate variability after short term submaximal exercise in collegiate basketball players: a cross-over study. Sport Sciences for Health, 17(2), 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-020-00684-w
Kinoshita, T., Nagata, S., Baba, R., Kohmoto, T. & Iwagaki, S. (2006) Cold-water face immersion per se elicits cardiac parasympathetic activity. Circulation Journal, 70(6), 773-776.
Laborde, S., Allen, M.S., Borges, U., Dosseville, F., Hosang, T.J., Iskra, M. et al. (2022) Effects of voluntary slow breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 138, 104711. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104711
Laborde, S., Mosley, E. & Mertgen, A. (2018a) A unifying conceptual framework of factors associated to cardiac vagal control. Heliyon, 4(12), e01002. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01002
Laborde, S., Mosley, E. & Mertgen, A. (2018b) Vagal tank theory: the three Rs of cardiac vagal control functioning - resting, reactivity, and recovery. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, 458. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00458
Laborde, S., Mosley, E. & Thayer, J.F. (2017) Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research - recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting. Frontiers in Psychology, 08, 213. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213
Laborde, S., Zammit, N., Iskra, M., Mosley, E., Borges, U., Allen, M.S. et al. (2022) The influence of breathing techniques on physical sport performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 0, 1-56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2022.2145573
Lakens, D. (2013) Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 863. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
Larsen, P.D., Tzeng, Y.C., Sin, P.Y. & Galletly, D.C. (2010) Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in conscious humans during spontaneous respiration. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 174(1-2), 111-118. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2010.04.021
Leicht, A.S., Ahmadian, M. & Nakamura, F.Y. (2020) Influence of lower body compression garments on cardiovascular autonomic responses prior to, during and following submaximal cycling exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(7), 1601-1607. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04391-9
L'Hermette, M., Castres, I., Coquart, J., Tabben, M., Ghoul, N., Andrieu, B. et al. (2020) Cold water immersion after a handball training session: the relationship between physical data and sensorial experience. Frontiers In Sports And Active Living, 2, 581705. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.581705
Lombardi, G., Ziemann, E. & Banfi, G. (2017) Whole-Body cryotherapy in athletes: from therapy to stimulation. An updated review of the literature. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 258. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00258
Machado, A.F., Ferreira, P.H., Micheletti, J.K., de Almeida, A.C., Lemes, Í.R., Vanderlei, F.M. et al. (2016) Can water temperature and immersion time influence the effect of cold water immersion on muscle soreness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(4), 503-514. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0431-7
Malik, M., Bigger, J.T., Camm, A.J., Kleiger, R.E., Malliani, A., Moss, A.J. et al. (1996) Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. European Heart Journal, 17, 354-381.
Michael, S., Graham, K.S. & Davis, G.M. (2017) Cardiac autonomic responses during exercise and post-exercise recovery using heart rate variability and systolic time intervals-a review. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 301. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00301
Micheletti, J.K., Vanderlei, F.M., Machado, A.F., de Almeida, A.C., Nakamura, F.Y., Netto Junior, J. et al. (2019) A new mathematical approach to explore the post-exercise recovery process and its applicability in a cold water immersion protocol. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(5), 1266-1275. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003041
Mosley, E., Duncan, S., Jones, K., Herklots, H., Kavanagh, E. & Laborde, S. (2023) A smartphone enabled slow-paced breathing intervention in dual career athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 0, 1-16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2023.2194256
Mosley, E. & Laborde, S. (2022) A scoping review of heart rate variability in sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 0, 1-75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2022.2092884
Moyer, C.A., Rounds, J. & Hannum, J.W. (2004) A meta-analysis of massage therapy research. Psychological Bulletin, 130(1), 3-18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.3
de Oliveira Ottone, V., de Castro Magalhães, F., de Paula, F., Avelar, N.C.P., Aguiar, P.F., da Matta Sampaio, P.F. et al. (2014) The effect of different water immersion temperatures on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation. PLoS One, 9(12), e113730. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113730
Ortiz, Jr., R.O., Sinclair Elder, A.J., Elder, C.L. & Dawes, J.J. (2019) A systematic review on the effectiveness of active recovery interventions on athletic performance of professional-, collegiate-, and competitive-level adult athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(8), 2275-2287. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002589
Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D. et al. (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Parouty, J., Al Haddad, H., Quod, M., Lepretre, P.M., Ahmaidi, S. & Buchheit, M. (2010) Effect of cold water immersion on 100-m sprint performance in well-trained swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 109(3), 483-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1381-2
Peake, J.M. (2019) Recovery after exercise: what is the current state of play? Current Opinion in Physiology, 10, 17-26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.03.007
Pelka, M., Kölling, S., Ferrauti, A., Meyer, T., Pfeiffer, M. & Kellmann, M. (2017) Acute effects of psychological relaxation techniques between two physical tasks. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(3), 216-223. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1161208
Penttilä, J., Helminen, A., Jartti, T., Kuusela, T., Huikuri, H.V., Tulppo, M.P. et al. (2001) Time domain, geometrical and frequency domain analysis of cardiac vagal outflow: effects of various respiratory patterns. Clinical Physiology, 21(3), 365-376.
Perez-Gaido, M., Lalanza, J.F., Parrado, E. & Capdevila, L. (2021) Can HRV biofeedback improve short-term effort recovery? Implications for intermittent load sports. Applied Psychophysiology And Biofeedback, 46(2), 215-226. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-020-09495-8
Peterson, A.R., Smoot, M.K., Erickson, J.L., Mathiasen, R.E., Kregel, K.C. & Hall, M. (2015) Basic recovery aids: what's the evidence? Current Sports Medicine Reports, 14(3), 227-234. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000159
Piras, A. & Gatta, G. (2017) Evaluation of the effectiveness of compression garments on autonomic nervous system recovery after exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(6), 1636-1643. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001621
Quintana, D.S., Alvares, G.A. & Heathers, J.A.J. (2016) Guidelines for reporting articles on psychiatry and heart rate variability (GRAPH): recommendations to advance research communication. Translational Psychiatry, 6, e803. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.73
R Development Core Team. (2022) A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: EEA.
Sandercock, G.R.H., Bromley, P.D. & Brodie, D.A. (2005) Effects of exercise on heart rate variability: inferences from meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37(3), 433-439. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000155388.39002.9d
Schaal, K., Le Meur, Y., Bieuzen, F., Petit, O., Hellard, P., Toussaint, J.F. et al. (2013) Effect of recovery mode on postexercise vagal reactivation in elite synchronized swimmers. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38(2), 126-133. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0155
Schmaußer, M., Hoffmann, S., Raab, M. & Laborde, S. (2022) The effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on heart rate and heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 100(9), 1664-1694. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.25062
Seiler, S., Haugen, O. & Kuffel, E. (2007) Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes: intensity and duration effects. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(8), 1366-1373. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318060f17d
Sevoz-Couche, C. & Laborde, S. (2022) Heart rate variability and slow-paced breathing: when coherence meets resonance. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 135, 104576. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104576
Smith, R., Thayer, J.F., Khalsa, S.S. & Lane, R.D. (2017) The hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 75, 274-296. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.003
Soares, A.H.G., Oliveira, T.P., Cavalcante, B.R., Farah, B.Q., Lima, A.H.R.A., Cucato, G.G. et al. (2017) Effects of active recovery on autonomic and haemodynamic responses after aerobic exercise. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 37(1), 62-67. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12268
Stanley, J., Buchheit, M. & Peake, J.M. (2012) The effect of post-exercise hydrotherapy on subsequent exercise performance and heart rate variability. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(3), 951-961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2052-7
Stanley, J., Peake, J.M. & Buchheit, M. (2013a) Consecutive days of cold water immersion: effects on cycling performance and heart rate variability. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(2), 371-384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2445-2
Stanley, J., Peake, J.M. & Buchheit, M. (2013b) Cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following exercise: implications for training prescription. Sports Medicine, 43(12), 1259-1277. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0083-4
Stanley, J., Peake, J.M., Coombes, J.S. & Buchheit, M. (2014) Central and peripheral adjustments during high-intensity exercise following cold water immersion. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(1), 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2755-z
Stephens, J.M., Halson, S., Miller, J., Slater, G.J. & Askew, C.D. (2017) Cold-Water immersion for athletic recovery: one size does not fit all. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(1), 2-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0095
Sterne, J.A.C., Savović, J., Page, M.J., Elbers, R.G., Blencowe, N.S., Boutron, I. et al. (2019) RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ, 366, l4898. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898
Tacconelli, E. (2010) Systematic reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 10(4), 226. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70065-7
Thacker, S.B., Gilchrist, J., Stroup, D.F., & Kimsey Jr., CD (2004) The impact of stretching on sports injury risk: a systematic review of the literature. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(3), 371-378. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000117134.83018.f7
Thayer, J.F., Hansen, A.L., Saus-Rose, E. & Johnsen, B.H. (2009) Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: the neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 141-153. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9101-z
Versey, N.G., Halson, S.L. & Dawson, B.T. (2013) Water immersion recovery for athletes: effect on exercise performance and practical recommendations. Sports Medicine, 43(11), 1101-1130. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0063-8
Zhong, H., Eungpinichpong, W., Wang, X., Chatchawan, U., Wanpen, S. & Buranruk, O. (2018) Effects of mechanical-bed massage on exercise-induced back fatigue in athletes. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(3), 365-372. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.365