Interactive effects of ambient fine particulate matter and ozone on daily mortality in 372 cities: two stage time series analysis.

To investigate potential interactive effects of fine particulate matter (PM Two stage time series analysis. 372 cities across 19 countries and regions. Daily counts of deaths from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease. Daily mortality data during 1994-2020. Stratified analyses by co-pollutant exposures and synergy index (>1 denotes the combined effect of pollutants is greater than individual effects) were applied to explore the interaction between PM During the study period across the 372 cities, 19.3 million deaths were attributable to all causes, 5.3 million to cardiovascular disease, and 1.9 million to respiratory disease. The risk of total mortality for a 10 μg/m The findings of this study suggest a synergistic effect of PM

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Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at URL www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/ and declare: support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Italian Ministry of University and Research; no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.