Deep learning technique to detect craniofacial anatomical abnormalities concentrated on middle and anterior of face in patients with sleep apnea.

The aim of this study is to propose a deep learning-based model using craniofacial photographs for automatic obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) detection and to perform design explainability tests to investigate important craniofacial regions as well as the reliability of the method. Five hundred and thirty participants with suspected OSA are subjected to polysomnography. Front and profile craniofacial photographs are captured and randomly segregated into training, validation, and test sets for model development and evaluation. Photographic occlusion tests and visual observations are performed to determine regions at risk of OSA. The number of positive regions in each participant is identified and their associations with OSA is assessed. The model using craniofacial photographs alone yields an accuracy of 0.884 and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.881 (95% confidence interval, 0.839-0.922). Using the cutoff point with the maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity, the model exhibits a sensitivity of 0.905 and a specificity of 0.941. The bilateral eyes, nose, mouth and chin, pre-auricular area, and ears contribute the most to disease detection. When photographs that increase the weights of these regions are used, the performance of the model improved. Additionally, different severities of OSA become more prevalent as the number of positive craniofacial regions increases. The results suggest that the deep learning-based model can extract meaningful features that are primarily concentrated in the middle and anterior regions of the face.

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Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.