Isomerase and epimerase: overview and practical application in production of functional sugars.

The biosynthesis of functional sugars has gained significant attention due to their potential health benefits and increasing demand in the food industry. Enzymatic synthesis has emerged as a promising approach, offering high catalytic efficiency, chemoselectivity, and stereoselectivity. However, challenges such as poor thermostability, low catalytic efficiency, and food safety concerns have limited the commercial production of functional sugars. Protein engineering, including directed evolution and rational design, has shown promise in overcoming these barriers and improving biocatalysts for large-scale production. Furthermore, enzyme immobilization has proven effective in reducing costs and facilitating the production of functional sugars. To ensure food safety, the use of food-grade expression systems has been explored. However, downstream technologies, including separation, purification, and crystallization, still pose challenges in terms of efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Addressing these challenges is crucial to optimize the overall production process. Despite the obstacles, the future outlook for functional sugars is promising, driven by increasing awareness of their health benefits and continuous technological advancements. With further research and technological breakthroughs, industrial-scale production of functional sugars through biosynthesis will become a reality, leading to their widespread incorporation in various industries and products.