An overview of the production of tissue extracellular matrix and decellularization process.
Decellularization
Extracellular matrix
Scaffold
Tissue engineering
Journal
Cell and tissue banking
ISSN: 1573-6814
Titre abrégé: Cell Tissue Bank
Pays: Netherlands
ID NLM: 100965121
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 Oct 2023
09 Oct 2023
Historique:
received:
27
04
2023
accepted:
09
09
2023
medline:
9
10
2023
pubmed:
9
10
2023
entrez:
9
10
2023
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Thousands of patients need an organ transplant yearly, while only a tiny percentage have this chance to receive a tissue/organ transplant. Nowadays, decellularized animal tissue is one of the most widely used methods to produce engineered scaffolds for transplantation. Decellularization is defined as physically or chemically removing cellular components from tissues while retaining structural and functional extracellular matrix (ECM) components and creating an ECM-derived scaffold. Then, decellularized scaffolds could be reseeded with different cells to fabricate an autologous graft. Effective decellularization methods preserve ECM structure and bioactivity through the application of the agents and techniques used throughout the process. The most valuable agents for the decellularization process depend on biological properties, cellular density, and the thickness of the desired tissue. ECM-derived scaffolds from various mammalian tissues have been recently used in research and preclinical applications in tissue engineering. Many studies have shown that decellularized ECM-derived scaffolds could be obtained from tissues and organs such as the liver, cartilage, bone, kidney, lung, and skin. This review addresses the significance of ECM in organisms and various decellularization agents utilized to prepare the ECM. Also, we describe the current knowledge of the decellularization of different tissues and their applications.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37812368
doi: 10.1007/s10561-023-10112-1
pii: 10.1007/s10561-023-10112-1
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
Références
Ahim A, Hazwani A, Shaban M (2019) Biomechanical and structural properties of aortic scaffolds decellularized by sonication decellularization system. J Cardiovasc Med Ther 2019(2):1–9
Amemiya M et al (2020) Synovial fluid-derived mesenchymal cells have non-inferior chondrogenic potential and can be utilized for regenerative therapy as substitute for synovium-derived cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 523(2):465–472
pubmed: 31882120
Amirazad H, Dadashpour M, Zarghami N (2022) Application of decellularized bone matrix as a bioscaffold in bone tissue engineering. J Biol Eng 16(1):1
pubmed: 34986859
pmcid: 8734306
Ashammakhi N, GhavamiNejad A, Tutar R, Fricker A, Roy I, Chatzistavrou X, Apu EH, Nguyen K-L, Ahsan T, Pountos I, Caterson EJ (2022) Highlights on advancing frontiers in tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 28(3):633–664
pubmed: 34210148
pmcid: 9242713
Badria AF, Koutsoukos PG, Mavrilas D (2020) Decellularized tissue-engineered heart valves calcification: what do animal and clinical studies tell us? J Mater Sci Mater Med 31(12):1–21
Badylak SF (2004) Xenogeneic extracellular matrix as a scaffold for tissue reconstruction. Transpl Immunol 12(3–4):367–377
pubmed: 15157928
Badylak SF et al (1989) Small intestinal submucosa as a large diameter vascular graft in the dog. J Surg Res 47(1):74–80
pubmed: 2739401
Batioglu-Karaaltin A et al (2019) Decellularization of trachea with combined techniques for tissue-engineered trachea transplantation. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 12(1):86
pubmed: 30326701
Benders KE et al (2019) Fabrication of decellularized cartilage-derived matrix scaffolds. JoVE (j vis Exp) 143:e58656
Bonvillain RW et al (2012) A nonhuman primate model of lung regeneration: detergent-mediated decellularization and initial in vitro recellularization with mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 18(23–24):2437–2452
pubmed: 22764775
pmcid: 3501118
Borges MF, Maurmann N, Pranke P (2023) Easy-to-assembly system for decellularization and recellularization of liver grafts in a bioreactor. Micromachines 14(2):449
pubmed: 36838149
pmcid: 9962055
Boroumand S et al (2018) Heart valve tissue engineering: an overview of heart valve decellularization processes. Regen Med 13(1):41–54
pubmed: 29360011
Borschel GH, Dennis RG, Kuzon WM Jr (2004) Contractile skeletal muscle tissue-engineered on an acellular scaffold. Plast Reconstr Surg 113(2):595–602
pubmed: 14758222
Brafman DA (2013) Constructing stem cell microenvironments using bioengineering approaches. Physiol Genom 45(23):1123–1135
Brown BN et al (2011) Comparison of three methods for the derivation of a biologic scaffold composed of adipose tissue extracellular matrix. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 17(4):411–421
pubmed: 21043998
pmcid: 3065729
Buerba RA, Boden SA, Lesniak B (2021) Graft selection in contemporary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. JAAOS Global Res Rev 5(10)
Casino FG (2010) Dialysis dose quantification in critically ill patients. Giornale Italiano Di Nefrologia: Organo Ufficiale Della Societa Italiana Di Nefrologia 27(4):383–390
pubmed: 20672235
Chen G, Lv Y (2017) Decellularized bone matrix scaffold for bone regeneration. Decellularized scaffolds and organogenesis. Springer, pp 239–254
Chen J et al (2009) Scaffolds for tendon and ligament repair: review of the efficacy of commercial products. Expert Rev Med Devices 6(1):61–73
pubmed: 19105781
Crapo PM, Gilbert TW, Badylak SF (2011) An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes. Biomaterials 32(12):3233–3243
pubmed: 21296410
pmcid: 3084613
Cui H, Chai Y, Yu Y (2019) Progress in developing decellularized bioscaffolds for enhancing skin construction. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 107(8):1849–1859
Cun X, Hosta-Rigau L (2020) Topography: a biophysical approach to direct the fate of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering applications. Nanomaterials 10(10):2070
pubmed: 33092104
pmcid: 7590059
Dahl SL et al (2003) Decellularized native and engineered arterial scaffolds for transplantation. Cell Transpl 12(6):659–666
de Haan MJA et al (2021) Have we hit a wall with whole kidney decellularization and recellularization: a review. Curr Opin Biomed Eng 20:100335
de Pizzol Júnior JP, Sasso-Cerri E, Cerri PS (2018) Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and acid phosphatase in the degradation of the lamina propria of eruptive pathway of rat molars. Cells 7(11):206
pubmed: 30423799
pmcid: 6262441
DeBari MK et al (2021) Engineering a 3D vascularized adipose tissue construct using a decellularized lung matrix. Biomimetics 6(3):52
pubmed: 34562876
pmcid: 8482279
Destefani AC, Sirtoli GM, Nogueira BV (2017) Advances in the knowledge about kidney decellularization and repopulation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 5:34
pubmed: 28620603
pmcid: 5451511
Dunne LW et al (2014) Human decellularized adipose tissue scaffold as a model for breast cancer cell growth and drug treatments. Biomaterials 35(18):4940–4949
pubmed: 24661550
Dussoyer M, Michopoulou A, Rousselle P (2020) Decellularized scaffolds for skin repair and regeneration. Appl Sci 10(10):3435
Elder BD, Eleswarapu SV, Athanasiou KA (2009) Extraction techniques for the decellularization of tissue engineered articular cartilage constructs. Biomaterials 30(22):3749–3756
pubmed: 19395023
pmcid: 2743309
Esmaeili A et al (2023) Acellular fish skin for wound healing. Int Wound J 20(7):2924–2941
pubmed: 36924081
pmcid: 10410342
Farag A et al (2014) Decellularized periodontal ligament cell sheets with recellularization potential. J Dent Res 93(12):1313–1319
pubmed: 25270757
pmcid: 4462801
Figliuzzi M, Bonandrini B, Remuzzi A (2017) Decellularized kidney matrix as functional material for whole organ tissue engineering. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 15(4):e326–e333
pubmed: 29131298
Fitzpatrick JC, Clark PM, Capaldi FM (2008) Effect of decellularization protocol on the mechanical behavior of porcine descending aorta. Int J Biomater 2010:1–11
Forouzesh F, Rabbani M, Bonakdar S (2019) A comparison between ultrasonic bath and direct sonicator on osteochondral tissue decellularization. J Med Signals Sens 9(4):227
pubmed: 31737551
pmcid: 6839442
Frantz C, Stewart KM, Weaver VM (2010) The extracellular matrix at a glance. J Cell Sci 123(24):4195–4200
pubmed: 21123617
pmcid: 2995612
Gardin C et al (2015) Decellularization and delipidation protocols of bovine bone and pericardium for bone grafting and guided bone regeneration procedures. PLoS ONE 10(7):e0132344
pubmed: 26191793
pmcid: 4507977
Gilbert TW (2012) Strategies for tissue and organ decellularization. J Cell Biochem 113(7):2217–2222
pubmed: 22415903
Gilbert TW, Sellaro TL, Badylak SF (2006) Decellularization of tissues and organs. Biomaterials 27(19):3675–3683
pubmed: 16519932
Gilbert TW et al (2008) Collagen fiber alignment and biaxial mechanical behavior of porcine urinary bladder derived extracellular matrix. Biomaterials 29(36):4775–4782
pubmed: 18801572
pmcid: 2605278
Gilpin A, Yang Y (2017) Decellularization strategies for regenerative medicine: from processing techniques to applications. BioMed Res Int 2017:1–13
Gilpin SE et al (2014) Perfusion decellularization of human and porcine lungs: bringing the matrix to clinical scale. J Heart Lung Transplant 33(3):298–308
pubmed: 24365767
Gil-Ramírez A et al (2020) Pressurized carbon dioxide as a potential tool for decellularization of pulmonary arteries for transplant purposes. Sci Rep 10(1):1–12
Goh S-K et al (2013) Perfusion-decellularized pancreas as a natural 3D scaffold for pancreatic tissue and whole organ engineering. Biomaterials 34(28):6760–6772
pubmed: 23787110
pmcid: 3748589
Grab M et al (2021) Customized 3D printed bioreactors for decellularization—High efficiency and quality on a budget. Artif Organs 45(12):1477–1490
pubmed: 34219220
Guo P et al (2023) Decellularized extracellular matrix particle-based biomaterials for cartilage repair applications. J Mater Sci Technol 160:194–203
Guyette JP et al (2016) Bioengineering human myocardium on native extracellular matrix. Circ Res 118(1):56–72
pubmed: 26503464
Harburger DS, Calderwood DA (2009) Integrin signalling at a glance. J Cell Sci 122(2):159–163
pubmed: 19118207
Hoshiba, T., et al., (2016) Decellularized extracellular matrix as an. Vitro
Hussey GS, Dziki JL, Badylak SF (2018) Extracellular matrix-based materials for regenerative medicine. Nat Rev Mater 3(7):159–173
Hynes RO (2009) The extracellular matrix: not just pretty fibrils. Science 326(5957):1216–1219
pubmed: 19965464
pmcid: 3536535
Inci I (2022) Characterization of decellularized chicken skin as a tissue engineering scaffold. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 69(5):2257–2266
pubmed: 35396883
Ingram JH et al (2007) The use of ultrasonication to aid recellularization of acellular natural tissue scaffolds for use in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Tissue Eng 13(7):1561–1572
pubmed: 17518726
Isidan A et al (2019) Decellularization methods for developing porcine corneal xenografts and future perspectives. Xenotransplantation 26(6):e12564
pubmed: 31659811
pmcid: 6908750
Kajbafzadeh A-M et al (2013) Determining the optimal decellularization and sterilization protocol for preparing a tissue scaffold of a human-sized liver tissue. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 19(8):642–651
pubmed: 23270591
Kang E-S et al (2018) Two-dimensional material-based bionano platforms to control mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Biomater Res 22(1):10
pubmed: 29619243
pmcid: 5879765
Kazemi T et al (2021) Decellularized bovine aorta as a promising 3D elastin scaffold for vascular tissue engineering applications. Regen Med 16(12):1037–1050
pubmed: 34852636
Keane T, Saldin L, Badylak S (2016) Decellularization of mammalian tissues: preparing extracellular matrix bioscaffolds. Characterisation and design of tissue scaffolds. Elsevier, pp 75–103
Keshvari MA et al (2021) Decellularization of kidney tissue: comparison of sodium lauryl ether sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate for allotransplantation in rat. Cell Tissue Res 386(2):365–378
pubmed: 34424397
Khakpour E et al (2022) Assessing the biocompatibility of bovine tendon scaffold, a step forward in tendon tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Bank 2022:1–14
Khakpour E et al (2023) Assessing the biocompatibility of bovine tendon scaffold, a step forward in tendon tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Bank 24(1):11–24
pubmed: 35596907
Kim YS et al (2019) Applications of decellularized extracellular matrix in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Bioeng Transl Med 4(1):83–95
pubmed: 30680321
Kohannezhad K et al (2022) The in vitro analysis of migration and polarity of blastema cells in the extracellular matrix derived from bovine mesenteric in the presence of fibronectin. Anatomy Cell Biol 55:229–238
Kropp BP et al (1995) Experimental assessment of small intestinal submucosa as a bladder wall substitute. Urology 46(3):396–400
pubmed: 7660517
Kuljanin M et al (2017) Collagenase treatment enhances proteomic coverage of low-abundance proteins in decellularized matrix bioscaffolds. Biomaterials 144:130–143
pubmed: 28829951
Kuşoğlu A et al (2023) Different decellularization methods in bovine lung tissue reveals distinct biochemical composition, stiffness, and viscoelasticity in reconstituted hydrogels. ACS Appl Bio Mater 6(2):793–805
pubmed: 36728815
pmcid: 9945306
Larsen M et al (2006) The matrix reorganized: extracellular matrix remodeling and integrin signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 18(5):463–471
pubmed: 16919434
Lemon G et al (2014) The development of the bioartificial lung. Br Med Bull 110(1):35–45
pubmed: 24352896
Lin P et al (2004) Assessing porcine liver-derived biomatrix for hepatic tissue engineering. Tissue Eng 10(7–8):1046–1053
pubmed: 15363162
Luo L et al (2016) Decellularization of porcine articular cartilage explants and their subsequent repopulation with human chondroprogenitor cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 55:21–31
Luo Y, Huang S, Ma L (2021) Zwitterionic hydrogel-coated heart valves with improved endothelialization and anti-calcification properties. Mater Sci Eng C 128:112329
Lutolf M, Hubbell J (2005) Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol 23(1):47–55
pubmed: 15637621
Mansour RN et al (2023) The effect of source animal age, decellularization protocol, and sterilization method on bovine acellular dermal matrix as a scaffold for wound healing and skin regeneration. Artif Organs 47(2):302–316
pubmed: 36161305
Masola V et al (2018) Heparanase: a multitasking protein involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and intracellular events. Cells 7(12):236
pubmed: 30487472
pmcid: 6316874
McCrary MW et al (2020) Novel sodium deoxycholate-based chemical decellularization method for peripheral nerve. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 26(1):23–36
pubmed: 31724493
McKee RA, Wingert RA (2016) Repopulating decellularized kidney scaffolds: an avenue for ex vivo organ generation. Materials 9(3):190
pubmed: 27375844
pmcid: 4927010
Meezan E et al (1975) A simple, versatile, nondisruptive method for the isolation of morphologically and chemically pure basement membranes from several tissues. Life Sci 17(11):1721–1732
pubmed: 1207385
Mendibil U et al (2020) Tissue-specific decellularization methods: rationale and strategies to achieve regenerative compounds. Int J Mol Sci 21(15):5447
pubmed: 32751654
pmcid: 7432490
Mendoza-Novelo B et al (2011) Decellularization of pericardial tissue and its impact on tensile viscoelasticity and glycosaminoglycan content. Acta Biomater 7(3):1241–1248
pubmed: 21094703
Meyer SR et al (2006) Comparison of aortic valve allograft decellularization techniques in the rat. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 79(2):254–262
Montserrat N, Garreta E, Izpisua Belmonte JC (2016) Regenerative strategies for kidney engineering. FEBS J 283(18):3303–3324
pubmed: 26938311
Namiri M et al (2017) Engineering natural heart valves: possibilities and challenges. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 11(5):1675–1683
pubmed: 26799729
Nayakawde NB et al (2020) In vitro regeneration of decellularized pig esophagus using human amniotic stem cells. BioResearch Open Access 9(1):22–36
pubmed: 32117597
pmcid: 7047253
Neumann A et al (2013) Heart valve engineering: decellularized allograft matrices in clinical practice. Biomedizinische Technik/biomed Eng 58(5):453–456
O’Neill DJ et al (2013) Decellularization of human and porcine lung tissues for pulmonary tissue engineering. Ann Thorac Surg 96(3):1046–1056
pubmed: 23870827
pmcid: 4033908
Ott HC et al (2008) Perfusion-decellularized matrix: using nature’s platform to engineer a bioartificial heart. Nat Med 14(2):213–221
pubmed: 18193059
Pang K, Du L, Wu X (2010) A rabbit anterior cornea replacement derived from acellular porcine cornea matrix, epithelial cells and keratocytes. Biomaterials 31(28):7257–7265
pubmed: 20598368
Pellegata AF et al (2013) Detergent-enzymatic decellularization of swine blood vessels: insight on mechanical properties for vascular tissue engineering. BioMed Res Int 2013:1–8
Pesaraklou A et al (2019) Use of cerium oxide nanoparticles: a good candidate to improve skin tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 14(3):035008
pubmed: 30754036
Petersen TH et al (2012) Matrix composition and mechanics of decellularized lung scaffolds. Cells Tissues Organs 195(3):222–231
pubmed: 21502745
Prasertsung I et al (2008) Development of acellular dermis from porcine skin using periodic pressurized technique. J Biomed Mater Res Part B 85(1):210–219
Protzman NM et al (2023) Placental-derived biomaterials and their application to wound healing: a review. Bioengineering 10(7):829
pubmed: 37508856
pmcid: 10376312
Rabbani M, Zakian N, Alimoradi N (2021) Contribution of physical methods in decellularization of animal tissues. J Med Signals Sens 11(1):1
pubmed: 34026585
pmcid: 8043117
Ren H et al (2013) Evaluation of two decellularization methods in the development of a whole-organ decellularized rat liver scaffold. Liver Int 33(3):448–458
pubmed: 23301992
Ross EA et al (2012) Mouse stem cells seeded into decellularized rat kidney scaffolds endothelialize and remodel basement membranes. Organogenesis 8(2):49–55
pubmed: 22692231
pmcid: 3429512
Roth SP et al (2019) Transforming growth factor beta 3-loaded decellularized equine tendon matrix for orthopedic tissue engineering. Int J Mol Sci 20(21):5474
pubmed: 31684150
pmcid: 6862173
Rothrauff BB, Tuan RS (2020) Decellularized bone extracellular matrix in skeletal tissue engineering. Biochem Soc Trans 48(3):755–764
pubmed: 32369551
Sajed R et al (2022) Introduction of an efficient method for placenta decellularization with high potential to preserve ultrastructure and support cell attachment. Artif Organs 46(3):375–386
pubmed: 35023156
Schaefer L, Iozzo RV (2008) Biological functions of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans: from genetics to signal transduction. J Biol Chem 283(31):21305–21309
pubmed: 18463092
pmcid: 2490788
Schaner PJ et al (2004) Decellularized vein as a potential scaffold for vascular tissue engineering. J Vasc Surg 40(1):146–153
pubmed: 15218475
Schmidt D et al (2008) In vitro heart valve tissue engineering. Tissue engineering. Springer, pp 319–330
Schreiner AJ et al (2020) Clinical application of the basic science of articular cartilage pathology and treatment. J Knee Surg 33(11):1056–1068
pubmed: 32583400
Seo Y, Jung Y, Kim SH (2018) Decellularized heart ECM hydrogel using supercritical carbon dioxide for improved angiogenesis. Acta Biomater 67:270–281
pubmed: 29223704
Shahabipour F et al (2013) Scaffolds derived from cancellous bovine bone support mesenchymal stem cells’ maintenance and growth. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 49(6):440–448
pubmed: 23708915
Shakir S, Hackett TL, Mostaço-Guidolin LB (2022) Bioengineering lungs: an overview of current methods, requirements, and challenges for constructing scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022:10
Shi P et al (2015) Biocompatible surgical meshes based on decellularized human amniotic membrane. Mater Sci Eng C 54:112–119
Simsa R et al (2018) Systematic in vitro comparison of decellularization protocols for blood vessels. PLoS ONE 13(12):e0209269
pubmed: 30557395
pmcid: 6296505
Snyder Y, Jana S (2022) Strategies for development of decellularized heart valve scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 288:121675
pubmed: 35953330
Song M et al (2017) The repairing of full-thickness skin deficiency and its biological mechanism using decellularized human amniotic membrane as the wound dressing. Mater Sci Eng C 77:739–747
Su Z et al (2014) Enhancement of skin wound healing with decellularized scaffolds loaded with hyaluronic acid and epidermal growth factor. Mater Sci Eng C 44:440–448
Sullivan DC et al (2012) Decellularization methods of porcine kidneys for whole organ engineering using a high-throughput system. Biomaterials 33(31):7756–7764
pubmed: 22841923
Sutherland AJ et al (2015) The bioactivity of cartilage extracellular matrix in articular cartilage regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 4(1):29–39
pubmed: 25044502
Syed O et al (2014) Evaluation of decellularization protocols for production of tubular small intestine submucosa scaffolds for use in oesophageal tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 10(12):5043–5054
pubmed: 25173840
Syedain ZH et al (2013) Decellularized tissue-engineered heart valve leaflets with recellularization potential. Tissue Eng Part A 19(5–6):759–769
pubmed: 23088577
Szychlinska MA et al (2022) Three-dimensional bioprinting for cartilage tissue engineering: insights into naturally-derived bioinks from land and marine sources. J Funct Biomater 13(3):118
pubmed: 35997456
pmcid: 9397043
Tavassoli A et al (2015) Mesenchymal stem cells can survive on the extracellular matrix-derived decellularized bovine articular cartilage scaffold. Iran J Basic Med Sci 18(12):1221–1227
pubmed: 26877852
pmcid: 4744362
Tebyanian H et al (2019) Lung tissue engineering: an update. J Cell Physiol 234(11):19256–19270
pubmed: 30972749
Tong Q et al (2022) Hybrid heart valves with VEGF-loaded zwitterionic hydrogel coating for improved anti-calcification and re-endothelialization. Mater Today Biol 17:100459
Tsuji K, Kitamura S, Wada J (2022) Potential strategies for kidney regeneration with stem cells: an overview. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022:10
VeDepo MC et al (2017) Recellularization of decellularized heart valves: progress toward the tissue-engineered heart valve. J Tissue Eng 8:2041731417726327
pubmed: 28890780
pmcid: 5574480
Vega SL, Kwon MY, Burdick JA (2017) Recent advances in hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. Eur Cell Mater 33:59
pubmed: 28138955
pmcid: 5748291
Wang Y et al (2002) A tough biodegradable elastomer. Nat Biotechnol 20(6):602–606
pubmed: 12042865
Wang B et al (2010) Fabrication of cardiac patch with decellularized porcine myocardial scaffold and bone marrow mononuclear cells. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 94(4):1100–1110
Watanabe M et al (2019) Construction of sinusoid-scale microvessels in perfusion culture of a decellularized liver. Acta Biomater 95:307–318
pubmed: 30593886
Wu T, Economopoulos KP, Ott HC (2017) Engineering bioartificial lungs for transplantation. Curr Stem Cell Rep 3(2):55–67
Xia C et al (2019) Decellularized cartilage as a prospective scaffold for cartilage repair. Mater Sci Eng C 101:588–595
Xian X, Gopal S, Couchman JR (2010) Syndecans as receptors and organizers of the extracellular matrix. Cell Tissue Res 339(1):31–46
pubmed: 19597846
Xiao H et al (2023) Recent advances in decellularized biomaterials for wound healing. Materials Today Bio 19:100589
pubmed: 36880081
pmcid: 9984902
Xing Q et al (2015) Decellularization of fibroblast cell sheets for natural extracellular matrix scaffold preparation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 21(1):77–87
pubmed: 24866751
Xu H et al (2014) Comparison of decellularization protocols for preparing a decellularized porcine annulus fibrosus scaffold. PLoS ONE 9(1):e86723
pubmed: 24475172
pmcid: 3901704
Yang Z et al (2010) Fabrication and repair of cartilage defects with a novel acellular cartilage matrix scaffold. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 16(5):865–876
pubmed: 19891538
Young BM et al (2021) A two-step bioreactor for decellularized lung epithelialization. Cells Tissues Organs 210(4):301–310
pubmed: 34500450
Yusof F, Shaban M, Azhim A (2019) Development of decellularized meniscus using closed sonication treatment system: potential scaffolds for orthopedics tissue engineering applications. Int J Nanomed 14:5491
Zambon JP et al (2014) Kidney regeneration: where we are and future perspectives. World J Nephrol 3(3):24
pubmed: 25332894
pmcid: 4202490
Zambon JP et al (2018) Comparative analysis of two porcine kidney decellularization methods for maintenance of functional vascular architectures. Acta Biomater 75:226–234
pubmed: 29883813
Zang M et al (2012) Decellularized tracheal matrix scaffold for tissue engineering. Plast Reconstr Surg 130(3):532–540
pubmed: 22929238
Zaszczyńska A et al (2021) Advances in 3D printing for tissue engineering. Materials 14(12):3149
pubmed: 34201163
pmcid: 8226963
Zhang X et al (2022a) Decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: Recent trends and emerging strategies in tissue engineering. Bioactive Materials 10:15–31
pubmed: 34901526
Zhang Q et al (2022b) Preparation and application of decellularized ECM-based biological scaffolds for articular cartilage repair: a review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 10:908082
pubmed: 35845417
pmcid: 9280718
Zhang D et al (2023) 3D-bioprinted human lipoaspirate-derived cellladen skin constructs for healing of full-thickness skin defects. IJB 9(4):718