Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: A systematic review of recent literature.
leiomyosarcoma
mesenchymal tumor
neoplasia
rare tumors
rectal cancer
Journal
Journal of surgical oncology
ISSN: 1096-9098
Titre abrégé: J Surg Oncol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0222643
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 Oct 2023
10 Oct 2023
Historique:
revised:
19
09
2023
received:
11
07
2023
accepted:
28
09
2023
pubmed:
10
10
2023
medline:
10
10
2023
entrez:
10
10
2023
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Leiomyosarcomas (LMSs) are rare tumors originating from the muscular layer. We performed a literature review of cases of confirmed rectal leiomyosarcomas (rLMSs) to clarify the history of such an infrequent tumor arising at such an uncommon location. In this research local recurrence was related to poorly differentiated rLMS and no other association between recurrence and any criteria was found. Concerning overall survival (OS), rLMS patients developing recurrence presented shorter longevity compared with the group without.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Surgical Oncology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Scott C. Myoma malignum particularly other than uterine. Northwest Med. 1923;22:436-439.
Yamamoto H, Handa M, Tobo T, et al. Clinicopathological features of primary leiomyosarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract following recognition of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Histopathology. 2013;63:194-207. doi:10.1111/his.12159
Walsh TH, Mann CV. Smooth muscle neoplasms of the rectum and anal canal. Br J Surg. 1984;71:597-599. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800710810
Campos FG, Leite AF, Araújo SEA, et al. Anorectal leiomyomas: report of two cases with different anatomical patterns and literature review. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo. 2004;59:296-301. doi:10.1590/s0041-87812004000500013
Basu I, Lemonas P. Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum following pelvic irradiation: a difficult histological diagnosis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2012;94:e44-e45. doi:10.1308/003588412x13171221499469
Caporale A, Giuliani A, Cosenza UM, Cannaviello C, Benvenuto E, Angelico F. Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum after pelvic radiation therapy for endometrial carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1270-1271. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05724.x
Hsieh JS, Huang CJ, Wang JY, Huang TJ. Benefits of endorectal ultrasound for management of smooth-muscle tumor of the rectum: report of three cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1085-1088. doi:10.1007/bf02236709
Futuri S, Donohoe K, Spaccavento C, Yudelman I. Rectal leiomyosarcoma: a rare and long-term complication of radiation therapy. Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2014205240. doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-205240
Pavelić J, Lamovec J, Novak J, Gall-Trošelj K, Kapitanović S, Pavelić K. Collision tumour in the pelvic cavity: rectal leiomyosarcoma and prostate adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2000;126:95-100. doi:10.1007/pl00008482
Maruzzo M, Brunello A, Diminutto A, Rastrelli M, Basso U. Long-term response to first-line trabectedin in an elderly female patient with a metastatic leiomyosarcoma unfit for anthracycline. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2016;27:264-267. doi:10.1097/cad.0000000000000326
Trojani M, Contesso G, Coindre JM, et al. Soft-tissue sarcomas of adults; study of pathological prognostic variables and definition of a histopathological grading system. Int J Cancer. 1984;33:37-42. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910330108
Gronchi A, Miah AB, Dei Tos AP, et al. Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up(✫). Ann Oncol. 2021;32:1348-1365. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.07.006
Warkel RL, Stewart JB, Temple AJ. Leiomyosarcoma of the colon: report of a case and analysis of the relationship of histology to prognosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1975;18:501-506. doi:10.1007/bf02587219
Stavorovsky M, Jaffa AJ, Papo J, Baratz M. Leiomyosarcoma of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum. 1980;23:249-254. doi:10.1007/bf02587093
Wong Y, Chan S, Yuen K, Chong L. Locally invasive and obstructive colonic leiomyosarcoma: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Hong Kong Med J. 2020;26:73-75. doi:10.12809/hkmj197873
Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y, et al. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science. 1998;279:577-580. doi:10.1126/science.279.5350.577
Terada T, Endo K, Maeta H, Horie S, Ohta T. Epithelioid leiomyosarcoma with osteoclast-like giant cells in the rectum. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:438-440. doi:10.5858/2000-124-0438-elwolg
Miettinen M, Furlong M, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Burke A, Sobin LH, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors, intramural leiomyomas, and leiomyosarcomas in the rectum and anus: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 144 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25:1121-1133. doi:10.1097/00000478-200109000-00002
Rowe NM, Meisher IE, Sheka KP, Bopaiah V. Leiomyosarcoma of the anal canal: a case report. Int J Surg. 2007;5:345-350. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2007.04.012
Hsieh TH, Clark BD, Iswara K. Rectal leiomyosarcoma: an unusual rectal malignancy mimicking fecal impaction in a 19-year-old man. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:A18. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.054
Ouh YT, Hong JH, Min KJ, So KA, Lee JK. Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum mimicking primary ovarian carcinoma: a case report. J Ovarian Res. 2013;6:27. doi:10.1186/1757-2215-6-27
Freedberg DE, Bao F, Stein JA. Rectal leiomyosarcoma after pelvic irradiation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:A28. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.08.006
Singh P, Bello B, Weber C, Umanskiy K. Rectal leiomyosarcoma in association with ulcerative colitis: a rare condition with an unusual presentation. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29:887-888. doi:10.1007/s00384-014-1873-3
Oruc MT, Mayır B, Bılecık T, Sakar A, Erinekci AR. Rectal leiomyosarcoma, late complication of pelvic radiotherapy. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2015;30:571-572. doi:10.1007/s00384-014-2020-x
Jayakumar R, Basu PP, Huang T, Axiotis CA. Postirradiation leiomyosarcoma of rectum presenting as a polyp: case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Pathol. 2016;24:163-169. doi:10.1177/1066896915617025
Sahli N, Khmou M, Khalil J, et al. Unusual evolution of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Reports. 2016;10:249. doi:10.1186/s13256-016-1047-8
Turati L, Russo AA, Sgroi G. Large retrorectal leiomyosarcoma: case report and considerations about a rare and challenging disease. Updates Surg. 2016;68:423-424. doi:10.1007/s13304-016-0391-y
Hoshino N, Hida K, Kawada K, Sakurai T, Sakai Y. Transanal total mesorectal excision for a large leiomyosarcoma at the lower rectum: a case report and literature review. Surg Case Rep. 2017;3:13. doi:10.1186/s40792-017-0289-z
Iwasiuk G, Nealy J. Coincidence or not? A rare case of rectal leiomyosarcoma amidst incidental findings of anal squamous cell carcinoma: case presentation and literature review. J Surg Case Rep. 2017:rjx175. doi:10.1093/jscr/rjx175
Anzai H, Nozawa H, Tanaka J, et al. Giant leiomyosarcoma of the rectum with lymph node metastasis: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2017;34:27-31. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.03.008
Garcia-Ortega DY, Reyes-Garcia N, Martinez-Said H, Caro-Sanchez C, Cuellar-Hubbe M. Radiation-induced leiomyosarcoma of the rectum after cervical cancer treatment. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2018;83:465-467. doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2017.06.001
Makhmudov DE, Kolesnik OO, Lagoda NN, Volk MO. Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum as a radiation-induced second malignancy after cervical cancer treatment: case report with review of the literature. Case Rep Oncol Med. 2019;2019:1610653. doi:10.1155/2019/1610653
Hatch KF, Blanchard DK, Hatch, III, 3rd GF, et al. Tumors of the rectum and anal canal. World J Surg. 2000;24:437-443. doi:10.1007/s002689910069
Nassif MO, Habib RA, Almarzouki LZ, Trabulsi NH. Systematic review of anorectal leiomyosarcoma: current challenges and recent advances. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2019;11:334-341. doi:10.4240/wjgs.v11.i8.334
Gladdy RA, Qin LX, Moraco N, et al. Do radiation-associated soft tissue sarcomas have the same prognosis as sporadic soft tissue sarcomas? J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:2064-2069. doi:10.1200/jco.2009.25.1728
Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Gilbert ES, et al. Second cancers among 104,760 survivors of cervical cancer: evaluation of long-term risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:1634-1643. doi:10.1093/jnci/djm201
Kumar PP, Newland JR. Radiation oncogenesis. J Natl Med Assoc. 1980;72:687-690.
Gonin-Laurent N, Hadj-Hamou NS, Vogt N, et al. RB1 and TP53 pathways in radiation-induced sarcomas. Oncogene. 2007;26:6106-6112. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210404
Gonin-Laurent N, Gibaud A, Huygue M, et al. Specific TP53 mutation pattern in radiation-induced sarcomas. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27:1266-1272. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgi356
Lorenzo P, Annicchiarico A, Morini A, Montali F, Virgilio E, Costi R. The double challenge (preoperative diagnosis and surgical approach) of primary leiomyosarcoma of the sigmoid colon. Acta Bio-med Atenei Parmensis. 2022;93:2022124. doi:10.23750/abm.v93iS1.11652
Casali PG, Abecassis N, Aro HT, et al. Corrections to “Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up”. Ann Oncol. 2018;29:iv268-iv269. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy321
Orrom WJ, Wong WD, Rothenberger DA, Jensen LL, Goldberg SM. Endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal tumors. A learning experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33:654-659. doi:10.1007/bf02150740
Wolf O, Glaser F, Kuntz C, Lehnert T. Endorectal ultrasound and leiomyosarcoma of the rectum. Clin Invest. 1994;72:381-384. doi:10.1007/bf00252832
Tanaka M, Fujishima H, Chijiiwa Y, Nawata H, Eguchi T, Kinjo M. Endoscopic ultrasonographic findings in rectal leiomyoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995;10:103-105. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1995.tb01057.x
Resch T, Oberhuber R, Zitt M, et al. Leiomyosarcoma of the colon: unresolved issues of a rare but highly aggressive malignancy. Am Surg. 2011;77:62-64.
Yucesoy AN. A very rare cause of the intra-abdominal bleeding. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2019;30:846-847. doi:10.5152/tjg.2018.18490
Bellver M, Rodríguez Lago I, Queipo F, Pastor C, Arredondo J, Hernández-Lizoaín JL. Colocolonic intussusception secondary to high grade colonic leiomysarcoma. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2011;103:602-603.
Robin YM, Penel N, Pérot G, et al. Transgelin is a novel marker of smooth muscle differentiation that improves diagnostic accuracy of leiomyosarcomas: a comparative immunohistochemical reappraisal of myogenic markers in 900 soft tissue tumors. Mod Pathol. 2013;26:502-510. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.192
Tsukada T, McNutt MA, Ross R, Gown AM. HHF35, a muscle actin-specific monoclonal antibody. II. Reactivity in normal, reactive, and neoplastic human tissues. Am J Pathol. 1987;127:389-402.
Chiara O, Canini T, Segala M, Tiberio GA, Giulini SM, Tiberio G. Smooth-muscle-cell tumors of the gastroenteric tract. A review of cases. Minerva Chir. 1997;52:1147-1155.
Rodríguez Carrillo R, Ruiz Carmona MD, Alós Company R, et al. Importance of some technical aspects of the procedure of percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in patients with fecal incontinence. Cir Esp. 2021;99:585-592. doi:10.1016/j.cireng.2021.07.010
Khalifa AA, Bong WL, Rao VK, Williams MJ. Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum. Report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;29:427-432. doi:10.1007/bf02555068
Yeh CY, Chen HH, Tang R, Tasi WS, Lin PY, Wang JY. Surgical outcome after curative resection of rectal leiomyosarcoma. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:1517-1521. doi:10.1007/bf02236730
Grann A, Paty PB, Guillem JG, Cohen AM, Minsky BD. Sphincter preservation of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum and anus with local excision and brachytherapy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1296-1299. doi:10.1007/bf02234218
Gladdy RA, Qin LX, Moraco N, Agaram NP, Brennan MF, Singer S. Predictors of survival and recurrence in primary leiomyosarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:1851-1857. doi:10.1245/s10434-013-2876-y
Delaney TF, Kepka L, Goldberg SI, et al. Radiation therapy for control of soft-tissue sarcomas resected with positive margins. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:1460-1469. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.11.035
Pawlik TM, Pisters PWT, Mikula L, et al. Long-term results of two prospective trials of preoperative external beam radiotherapy for localized intermediate- or high-grade retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13:508-517. doi:10.1245/aso.2006.05.035
Albertsmeier M, Rauch A, Roeder F, et al. External beam radiation therapy for resectable soft tissue sarcoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25:754-767. doi:10.1245/s10434-017-6081-2
Bonvalot S, Gronchi A, Le Péchoux C, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for patients with primary retroperitoneal sarcoma (EORTC-62092: STRASS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:1366-1377. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30446-0
Minsky BD, Cohen AM, Hajdu SI, Nori D. Sphincter preservation in rectal sarcoma. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33:319-322. doi:10.1007/bf02055476
Tjandra JJ, Antoniuk PM, Webb B, Petras RE, Fazio VW. Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum and anal canal. ANZ J Surg. 1993;63:703-709. doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1993.tb00495.x
Judson I, Verweij J, Gelderblom H, et al. Doxorubicin alone versus intensified doxorubicin plus ifosfamide for first-line treatment of advanced or metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:415-423. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70063-4
Pervaiz N, Colterjohn N, Farrokhyar F, Tozer R, Figueredo A, Ghert M. A systematic meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of adjuvant chemotherapy for localized resectable soft-tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 2008;113:573-581. doi:10.1002/cncr.23592
Tap WD, Jones RL, Van Tine BA, et al. Olaratumab and doxorubicin versus doxorubicin alone for treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma: an open-label phase 1b and randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2016;388:488-497. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30587-6
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58:71-96. doi:10.3322/ca.2007.0010
Bilimoria KY, Bentrem DJ, Wayne JD, Ko CY, Bennett CL, Talamonti MS. Small bowel cancer in the United States: changes in epidemiology, treatment, and survival over the last 20 years. Ann Surg. 2009;249:63-71. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31818e4641
Arts R, Bosscha K, Ranschaert E, VOGELAAR J. Small bowel leiomyosarcoma: a case report and literature review. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2012;23:381-384. doi:10.4318/tjg.2012.0406
Coco C, Rizzo G, Manno A, Mattana C, Verbo A. Surgical treatment of small bowel neoplasms. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2010;14:327-333.
Jarman BT. Small bowel imaging. Surg Clin North Am. 2011;91:109-125. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2010.10.011
Fidler JL, Guimaraes L, Einstein DM. MR imaging of the small bowel. Radiographics. 2009;29:1811-1825. doi:10.1148/rg.296095507
Triester SL, Leighton JA, Leontiadis GI, et al. A meta-analysis of the yield of capsule endoscopy compared to other diagnostic modalities in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:2407-2418. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00274.x
Jabr FI, Skeik N. A leiomyosarcoma of the small bowels causing obscure gastrointestinal bleeding diagnosed by capsule endoscopy. J Med Liban. 2010;58:238-240.
Gill SS, Heuman DM, Mihas AA. Small intestinal neoplasms. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;33:267-282. doi:10.1097/00004836-200110000-00004
Hensley ML, Wathen JK, Maki RG, et al. Adjuvant therapy for high-grade, uterus-limited leiomyosarcoma: results of a phase 2 trial (SARC 005). Cancer. 2013;119:1555-1561. doi:10.1002/cncr.27942
Serrano C, George S. Leiomyosarcoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2013;27:957-974. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2013.07.002
Howe JR, Karnell LH, Scott-Conner C. Small bowel sarcoma: analysis of survival from the National Cancer Data Base. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001;8:496-508. doi:10.1007/s10434-001-0496-4
Wang Y, Wang H, Yuan ZL, Zhao JF, Dong DB, Gao Q. A pooled analysis of risk factors of surgically treated leiomyosarcoma of the colon in adults. World J Surg Oncol. 2020;18:61. doi:10.1186/s12957-020-01838-3
Iwasa K, Taniguchi K, Noguchi M, Yamashita H, Kitagawa M. Leiomyosarcoma of the colon presenting as acute suppurative peritonitis. Surg Today. 1997;27:337-344. doi:10.1007/bf00941809
Buxton RW. Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Am Surg. 1960;26:666-677.
Kimura H, Yonemura Y, Kadoya N, et al. Prognostic factors in primary gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma: a retrospective study. World J Surg. 1991;15:771-776. doi:10.1007/bf01665316
Clary BM, DeMatteo RP, Lewis JJ, Leung D, Brennan MF. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyosarcoma of the abdomen and retroperitoneum: a clinical comparison. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001;8:290-299. doi:10.1007/s10434-001-0290-3
Nilsson B, Bümming P, Meis-Kindblom JM, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: the incidence, prevalence, clinical course, and prognostication in the preimatinib mesylate era--a population-based study in western Sweden. Cancer. 2005;103:821-829. doi:10.1002/cncr.20862
Søreide K, Sandvik OM, Søreide JA, Giljaca V, Jureckova A, Bulusu VR. Global epidemiology of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST): a systematic review of population-based cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016;40:39-46. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2015.10.031
van der Graaf WTA, Tielen R, Bonenkamp JJ, Lemmens V, Verhoeven RHA, de Wilt JHW. Nationwide trends in the incidence and outcome of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumour in the imatinib era. Br J Surg. 2018;105:1020-1027. doi:10.1002/bjs.10809
Miettinen M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: pathology and prognosis at different sites. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2006;23:70-83. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2006.09.001
Rubin BP, Singer S, Tsao C, et al. KIT activation is a ubiquitous feature of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res. 2001;61:8118-8121.
Fletcher CDM, Berman JJ, Corless C, et al. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a consensus approach. Hum Pathol. 2002;33:459-465. doi:10.1053/hupa.2002.123545
Casali PG, Blay JY, Abecassis N, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022;33:20-33. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.09.005
Ohtani H, Maeda K, Noda E, et al. Meta-analysis of laparoscopic and open surgery for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Anticancer Res. 2013;33:5031-5041.
Jakob J, Mussi C, Ronellenfitsch U, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the rectum: results of surgical and multimodality therapy in the era of imatinib. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:586-592. doi:10.1245/s10434-012-2647-1
Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Antonescu CR, et al. NCCN Task Force report: update on the management of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2010;8(suppl 2):S1-S41. doi:10.6004/jnccn.2010.0116
Sun Q, Su N, Li X, Hu Z, Wang W. Open transanal resection of low rectal stromal tumor following neoadjuvant therapy of imatinib mesylate: report of 11 cases and review of literature. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2020;16:123-128. doi:10.1111/ajco.13292
Punnen S, Karimuddin AA, Raval MJ, Phang PT, Brown CJ. Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) for rectal GI stromal tumor. Am J Surg. 2021;221:183-186. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.07.013
Bai X, Zhou W, Li Y, Lin G. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery with alternative neoadjuvant imatinib for localized rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a single center experience with long-term surveillance. Surg Endosc. 2021;35:3607-3617. doi:10.1007/s00464-020-07837-5
Liu Q, Zhong G, Zhou W, Lin G. Initial application of transanal endoscopic microsurgery for high-risk lower rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor after imatinib mesylate neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a case report. Medicine. 2017;96:e7538. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000007538
Spinelli A, Carvello M, Sacchi M, et al. Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) for anterior rectal GIST. Tech Coloproctol. 2019;23:501-502. doi:10.1007/s10151-019-01979-y
Pintor-Tortolero J, García JC, Cantero R. Transanal minimally invasive surgery approach for rectal GIST. Tech Coloproctol. 2016;20:321-322. doi:10.1007/s10151-016-1438-2
Nagakari K, Matoba S, Toda S, Maeda Y, Ueno M, Kuroyanagi H. Hybrid resection of massive rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor using laparoscopic and transanal approaches. Asian J Endosc Surg. 2021;14:102-105. doi:10.1111/ases.12824
Emoto S, Akiyoshi T, Fukata K, Nagasaki T, Fukunaga Y. Laparoscopic transabdominal dissection and transection of the distal rectum followed by local excision through the anus for rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Dis Colon Rectum. 2020;63:e542. doi:10.1097/dcr.0000000000001814
Hamada M, Ozaki K, Horimi T, et al. Recurrent rectal GIST resected successfully after preoperative chemotherapy with imatinib mesylate. Int J Clin Oncol. 2008;13:355-360. doi:10.1007/s10147-007-0735-1
Kinoshita H, Sakata Y, Umano Y, Iwamoto H, Mori K. Perineal approach for a gastrointestinal stromal tumor on the anterior wall of the lower rectum. World J Surg Oncol. 2014;12:62. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-12-62
Tokunaga R, Sakamoto Y, Nakagawa S, et al. Para-sacral approach for large gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the lower rectum. Int Cancer Conf J. 2018:40-42. doi:10.1007/s13691-017-0314-x
Matsumi Y, Hamada M, Sakaguchi T, Sekimoto M, Kurokawa H, Kinoshita H. Para-sacral approach followed by laparoscopic low anterior resection of a gastrointestinal stromal tumour at the anterior wall of the lower rectum. Colorectal Dis. 2021;23:1579-1583. doi:10.1111/codi.15597
Matsushima K, Kayo M. Transsacral approach to resect a gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the rectum: report of two cases. Surg Today. 2007;37:698-701. doi:10.1007/s00595-006-3466-4
Gervaz P, Huber O, Bucher P, Sappino P, Morel P. Trans-sacral (Kraske) approach for gastrointestinal stromal tumour of the lower rectum: old procedure for a new disease. Colorectal Dis. 2008;10:951-952. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2008.01489.x
Qin X, Li C, Yang Z, et al. Transsacrococcygeal approach in rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumour resection: 10-year experience at a single centre. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9:341. doi:10.21037/atm-20-8204
Hara M, Takayama S, Arakawa A, Sato M, Nagasaki T, Takeyama H. Transvaginal resection of a rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Surg Today. 2012;42:909-912. doi:10.1007/s00595-012-0215-8
Shizhuo W, Liuyuan, Sha N, et al. Transvaginal excision of rectal stromal tumors: case reports and a literature review. World J Surg Oncol. 2019;17:164. doi:10.1186/s12957-019-1703-8
Ferreira MM, Guimaraes N, Monica IB, et al. Transvaginal resection of a rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a case report. J Med Cases. 2021;12:57-60. doi:10.14740/jmc3615
Miettinen M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: review on morphology, molecular pathology, prognosis, and differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130:1466-1478. doi:10.5858/2006-130-1466-gstrom
Gold JS, Gönen M, Gutiérrez A, et al. Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for recurrence-free survival after complete surgical resection of localised primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:1045-1052. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70242-6