Exposure protocol for ecotoxicity testing of microplastics and nanoplastics.
Journal
Nature protocols
ISSN: 1750-2799
Titre abrégé: Nat Protoc
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101284307
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Nov 2023
Nov 2023
Historique:
received:
12
12
2022
accepted:
03
07
2023
medline:
8
11
2023
pubmed:
11
10
2023
entrez:
10
10
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Despite the increasing concern about the harmful effects of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), there are no harmonized guidelines or protocols yet available for MNP ecotoxicity testing. Current ecotoxicity studies often use commercial spherical particles as models for MNPs, but in nature, MNPs occur in variable shapes, sizes and chemical compositions. Moreover, protocols developed for chemicals that dissolve or form stable dispersions are currently used for assessing the ecotoxicity of MNPs. Plastic particles, however, do not dissolve and also show dynamic behavior in the exposure medium, depending on, for example, MNP physicochemical properties and the medium's conditions such as pH and ionic strength. Here we describe an exposure protocol that considers the particle-specific properties of MNPs and their dynamic behavior in exposure systems. Procedure 1 describes the top-down production of more realistic MNPs as representative of MNPs in nature and particle characterization (e.g., using thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). Then, we describe exposure system development for short- and long-term toxicity tests for soil (Procedure 2) and aquatic (Procedure 3) organisms. Procedures 2 and 3 explain how to modify existing ecotoxicity guidelines for chemicals to target testing MNPs in selected exposure systems. We show some examples that were used to develop the protocol to test, for example, MNP toxicity in marine rotifers, freshwater mussels, daphnids and earthworms. The present protocol takes between 24 h and 2 months, depending on the test of interest and can be applied by students, academics, environmental risk assessors and industries.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37816903
doi: 10.1038/s41596-023-00886-9
pii: 10.1038/s41596-023-00886-9
doi:
Substances chimiques
Microplastics
0
Plastics
0
Water Pollutants, Chemical
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
3534-3564Subventions
Organisme : EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
ID : 965367
Organisme : EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
ID : 964766
Informations de copyright
© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.
Références
Persson, L. et al. Outside the safe operating space of the planetary boundary for novel entities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56, 1510–1521 (2022).
pubmed: 35038861
pmcid: 8811958
doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04158
MacLeod, M., Arp, H. P. H., Tekman, M. B. & Jahnke, A. The global threat from plastic pollution. Science 373, 61–65 (2021).
pubmed: 34210878
doi: 10.1126/science.abg5433
Gigault, J. et al. Nanoplastics are neither microplastics nor engineered nanoparticles. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 501–507 (2021).
pubmed: 33927364
doi: 10.1038/s41565-021-00886-4
Abdolahpur Monikh, F. et al. Can current regulations account for intentionally produced nanoplastics? Environ. Sci. Technol. 56, 3836–3839 (2022).
pubmed: 35286078
pmcid: 9007449
doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00965
Alimi, O. S. et al. Weathering pathways and protocols for environmentally relevant microplastics and nanoplastics: what are we missing? J. Hazard. Mater. 423, 126955 (2022).
pubmed: 34488100
doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126955
A Scientific Perspective on Microplastics in Nature and Society. Evidence Review Report (Science Advice for Policy by European Academies, 2019); https://sapea.info/topic/microplastics/
Rochman, C. M. et al. Policy: classify plastic waste as hazardous. Nature 494, 169–170 (2013).
pubmed: 23407523
doi: 10.1038/494169a
Browne, M. A., Niven, S. J., Galloway, T. S., Rowland, S. J. & Thompson, R. C. Microplastic moves pollutants and additives to worms, reducing functions linked to health and biodiversity. Curr. Biol. 23, 2388–2392 (2013).
pubmed: 24309271
doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.012
Wang, W., Ge, J. & Yu, X. Bioavailability and toxicity of microplastics to fish species: a review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 189, 109913 (2020).
pubmed: 31735369
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109913
Jovanović, B. Ingestion of microplastics by fish and its potential consequences from a physical perspective. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 13, 510–515 (2017).
pubmed: 28440941
doi: 10.1002/ieam.1913
Huuskonen, H. et al. Do whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) larvae show adaptive variation in the avoidance of microplastic ingestion? Environ. Pollut. 262, 114353 (2020).
pubmed: 32443205
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114353
Arias-Andres, M., Klümper, U., Rojas-Jimenez, K. & Grossart, H. P. Microplastic pollution increases gene exchange in aquatic ecosystems. Environ. Pollut. 237, 253–261 (2018).
pubmed: 29494919
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.058
Arias-Andres, M., Kettner, M. T., Miki, T. & Grossart, H. P. Microplastics: new substrates for heterotrophic activity contribute to altering organic matter cycles in aquatic ecosystems. Sci. Total Environ. 635, 1152–1159 (2018).
pubmed: 29710570
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.199
Abdolahpur Monikh, F. et al. Chemical composition and particle size influence the toxicity of nanoscale plastic debris and their co-occurring benzo(α)pyrene in the model aquatic organisms Daphnia magna and Danio rerio. NanoImpact 25, 100382 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100382
El Hadri, H., Gigault, J., Maxit, B., Grassl, B. & Reynaud, S. Nanoplastic from mechanically degraded primary and secondary microplastics for environmental assessments. NanoImpact 17, 100206 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.impact.2019.100206
EFSA CONTAM Panel (EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain). Presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food, with particular focus on seafood. EFSA J. 14, 4501 (2016).
Abdolahpur Monikh, F. et al. The analytical quest for sub-micron plastics in biological matrices. Nano Today 41, 101296 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101296
Xia, B. et al. Secondary PVC microplastics are more toxic than primary PVC microplastics to Oryzias melastigma embryos. J. Hazard. Mater. 424, 127421 (2022).
pubmed: 34653869
doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127421
Yin, K. et al. A comparative review of microplastics and nanoplastics: toxicity hazards on digestive, reproductive and nervous system. Sci. Total Environ. 774, 145758 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145758
Abdolahpur Monikh, F. et al. Particle number-based trophic transfer of gold nanomaterials in an aquatic food chain. Nat. Commun. 12, 899 (2021).
pubmed: 33563998
pmcid: 7873305
doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21164-w
Jeong, C.-B. et al. Microplastic size-dependent toxicity, oxidative stress induction, and p-JNK and p-p38 activation in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus). Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 8849–8857 (2016).
pubmed: 27438693
doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01441
Abdelsaleheen, O. et al. The joint adverse effects of aged nanoscale plastic debris and their co-occurring benzo[α]pyrene in freshwater mussel (Anodonta anatina). Sci. Total Environ. 798, 149196 (2021).
pubmed: 34340087
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149196
Abdolahpur Monikh, F., Chupani, L., Vijver, M. G. & Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M. Parental and trophic transfer of nanoscale plastic debris in an assembled aquatic food chain as a function of particle size. Environ. Pollut. 269, 116066 (2021).
pubmed: 33290950
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116066
Kokalj, A. J., Hartmann, N. B., Drobne, D., Potthoff, A. & Kühnel, D. Quality of nanoplastics and microplastics ecotoxicity studies: refining quality criteria for nanomaterial studies. J. Hazard. Mater. 415, 125751 (2021).
pubmed: 34088206
doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125751
Guidance Document on Aquatic and Sediment Toxicological Testing of Nanomaterials (OECD, 2022); https://one.oecd.org/document/env/jm/mono(2020)8/en/pdf
Abdolahpur Monikh, F., Doornhein, N., Romeijn, S., Vijver, M. G. & Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M. Method for extraction of nanoscale plastic debris from soil. Anal. Methods 13, 1576–1583 (2021).
pubmed: 33720223
doi: 10.1039/D0AY02308F
Sobhani, Z. et al. Identification and visualisation of microplastics/nanoplastics by Raman imaging (i): down to 100 nm. Water Res. 174, 115658 (2020).
pubmed: 32146170
doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115658
Ivleva, N. P. Chemical analysis of microplastics and nanoplastics: challenges, advanced methods, and perspectives. Chem. Rev. 121, 11886–11936 (2021).
pubmed: 34436873
doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00178
Altmann, K. et al. Identification of microplastic pathways within a typical European urban wastewater system. Appl. Res. e202200078 (2023).
Horton, A. A. et al. Semi-automated analysis of microplastics in complex wastewater samples. Environ. Pollut. 268, 115841 (2021).
pubmed: 33120336
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115841
Radford, F. et al. Developing a systematic method for extraction of microplastics in soils. Anal. Methods 13, 1695–1705 (2021).
pubmed: 33861236
doi: 10.1039/D0AY02086A
Smith, E. J., Davison, W. & Hamilton-Taylor, J. Methods for preparing synthetic freshwaters. Water Res. 36, 1286–1296 (2002).
pubmed: 11902783
doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00341-4
Sugiyama, M., Wu, S., Hosoda, K., Mochizuki, A. & Hori, T. Method for the preparation of artificial lake and river waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 14, 343–357 (2016).
doi: 10.1002/lom3.10094
Tiwari, E. et al. Impact of nanoplastic debris on the stability and transport of metal oxide nanoparticles: role of varying soil solution chemistry. Chemosphere 308, 136091 (2022).
pubmed: 36002060
doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136091
Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures (OECD, 2019); https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/guidance-document-on-aquatic-toxicity-testing-of-difficult-substances-and-mixtures_0ed2f88e-en
Li, B. et al. Fish ingest microplastics unintentionally. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 10471–10479 (2021).
pubmed: 34297559
doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01753
Nanninga, G. B. et al. Treatment-level impacts of microplastic exposure may be confounded by variation in individual-level responses in juvenile fish. J. Hazard. Mater. 416, 126059 (2021).
pubmed: 34492894
doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126059
Xu, J. et al. Unpalatable plastic: efficient taste discrimination of microplastics in planktonic copepods. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56, 6455–6465 (2022).
pubmed: 35475612
doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00322
Ma, C. et al. Application of internal persistent fluorescent fibers in tracking microplastics in vivo processes in aquatic organisms. J. Hazard. Mater. 401, 123336 (2021).
pubmed: 33113712
doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123336
Franzellitti, S., Canesi, L., Auguste, M., Wathsala, R. H. G. R. & Fabbri, E. Microplastic exposure and effects in aquatic organisms: a physiological perspective. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 68, 37–51 (2019).
pubmed: 30870694
doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.009
Abdolahpur Monikh, F., Vijver, M. G., Kortet, R., Lynch, I. & Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M. Emerging investigator series: perspectives on toxicokinetics of nanoscale plastic debris in organisms. Environ. Sci. Nano 9, 1566–1577 (2022).
doi: 10.1039/D1EN00425E
Cowger, W. et al. Reporting guidelines to increase the reproducibility and comparability of research on microplastics. Appl. Spectrosc. 74, 1066–1077 (2020).
pubmed: 32394727
pmcid: 8216484
doi: 10.1177/0003702820930292
Luo, Y. et al. Quantitative tracing of uptake and transport of submicrometre plastics in crop plants using lanthanide chelates as a dual-functional tracer. Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 424–431 (2022).
pubmed: 35058654
doi: 10.1038/s41565-021-01063-3
Abdolahpur Monikh, F. et al. An analytical workflow for dynamic characterization and quantification of metal-bearing nanomaterials in biological matrices. Nat. Protoc. 17, 1926–1952 (2022).
pubmed: 35768725
doi: 10.1038/s41596-022-00701-x
Skjolding, L. M., Kruse, S., Sørensen, S. N., Hjorth, R. & Baun, A. A small-scale setup for algal toxicity testing of nanomaterials and other difficult substances. J. Vis. Exp. https://doi.org/10.3791/61209 (2020).
Soil Quality—Effects of Pollutants on Earthworms (Eisenia fetida), Part 2: Determination of Effects on Reproduction, no. 11268-2 (ISO, 1998); https://www.iso.org/standard/20993.html
Hartmann, N. B. et al. The challenges of testing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in algal bioassays: titanium dioxide and gold nanoparticles as case studies. Nanotoxicology 7, 1082–1094 (2013).
pubmed: 22769854
doi: 10.3109/17435390.2012.710657
Petersen, E. J. et al. Adapting OECD aquatic toxicity tests for use with manufactured nanomaterials: key issues and consensus recommendations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 9532–9547 (2015).
pubmed: 26182079
doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00997
Ritz, C., Baty, F., Streibig, J. C. & Gerhard, D. Dose-response analysis using R. PLoS ONE 10, e0146021 (2015).
pubmed: 26717316
pmcid: 4696819
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146021
Xu, E. G. et al. Primary and secondary plastic particles exhibit limited acute toxicity but chronic effects on Daphnia magna. Environ. Sci. Technol. 54, 6859–6868 (2020).
pubmed: 32421333
doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00245
Abdolahpur Monikh, F. et al. Quantifying the trophic transfer of sub-micron plastics in an assembled food chain. Nano Today 46, 101611 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101611
Lahive, E. et al. Earthworms ingest microplastic fibres and nanoplastics with effects on egestion rate and long-term retention. Sci. Total Environ. 807, 151022 (2022).
pubmed: 34662614
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151022