Developing for nutrient uptake: Induced organogenesis in parasitic plants and root nodule symbiosis.

Plants have evolved diverse strategies to meet their nutritional needs. Parasitic plants employ haustoria, specialized structures that facilitate invasion of host plants and nutrient acquisition. Legumes have adapted to nitrogen-limited conditions by developing nodules that accommodate nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. The formation of both haustoria and nodules is induced by signals originating from the interacting organisms, namely host plants and rhizobial bacteria, respectively. Emerging studies showed that both organogenesis crucially involves plant hormones such as auxin, cytokinins, and ethylene and also integrate nutrient availability, particularly nitrogen. In this review, we discuss recent advances on hormonal and environmental control of haustoria and nodules development with side-by-side comparison. These underscore the remarkable plasticity of plant organogenesis.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Satoko Yoshida reports financial support was provided by Japan Science and Technology Agency. Takuya Suzaki reports financial support was provided by Japan Science and Technology Agency. Satoko Yoshida reports financial support was provided by Government of Japan Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology. Takuya Suzaki reports financial support was provided by Government of Japan Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology.