Mechanistic interplay of different mediators involved in mediating the anti-depressant effect of isoflavones.

Daidzein FAAH Genistein HPA-axis Isoflavones MAO

Journal

Metabolic brain disease

ISSN: 1573-7365

Titre abrégé: Metab Brain Dis

Pays: United States

ID NLM: 8610370

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
19 Oct 2023

Historique:

received: 18 04 2023

accepted: 24 09 2023

medline: 19 10 2023

pubmed: 19 10 2023

entrez: 19 10 2023

Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

Depression is one of the most prevalent severe CNS disorders, which negatively affects social lives, the ability to work, and the health of people. As per the World Health Organisation (WHO), it is a psychological disorder that is estimated to be a leading disease by 2030. Clinically, various medicines have been formulated to treat depression but they are having a setback due to their side effects, slow action, or poor bioavailability. Nowadays, flavonoids are regarded as an essential component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and medicinal. Isoflavones are a distinctive and important subclass of flavonoids that are generally obtained from soybean, chickpeas, and red clover. The molecules of this class have been extensively explored in various CNS disorders including depression and anxiety. Isoflavones such as genistein, daidzein, biochanin-A, formononetin, and glycitein have been reported to exert an anti-depressant effect through the modulation of different mediators. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) mediated depletion of anandamide and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-mediated modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), monoamine oxidase (MAO) mediated depletion of biogenic amines and inflammatory signaling are the important underlying pathways leading to depression. Upregulation in the levels of BDNF, anandamide, antioxidants and monoamines, along with inhibition of MAO, FAAH, HPA axis, and inflammatory stress are the major modulations produced by different isoflavones in the observed anti-depressant effect. Therefore, the present review has been designed to explore the mechanistic interplay of various mediators involved in mediating the anti-depressant action of different isoflavones.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01302-7 PMID: 37855935

pubmed: 37855935

doi: 10.1007/s11011-023-01302-7

pii: 10.1007/s11011-023-01302-7

doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Review

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

Informations de copyright

Références

Acquaviva R, Malfa GA, Giacomo CD (2021) Plant-based bioactive molecules in improving Health and preventing Lifestyle Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 22(6):2991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062991

doi: 10.3390/ijms22062991 pubmed: 33804225 pmcid: 8000372

Albert PR (2015) Why is depression more prevalent in women? J Psychiatry Neurosci 40(4):219–221

doi: 10.1503/jpn.150205 pubmed: 26107348 pmcid: 4478054

Alger BE (2004) Endocannabinoids: getting the message across. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(23):8512–8513. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402935101

doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402935101 pubmed: 15173576 pmcid: 423223

Ali S, Corbi G, Maes M, Scapagnini G, Davinelli S (2021) Exploring the impact of flavonoids on symptoms of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antioxidants 10(11):1644

doi: 10.3390/antiox10111644 pubmed: 34829515 pmcid: 8615051

Anacker C, Zunszain PA, Carvalho LA, Pariante CM (2011) The glucocorticoid receptor: pivot of depression and of anti-depressant treatment? Psychoneuroendocrinology 36(3):415–425

doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.03.007 pubmed: 20399565 pmcid: 3513407

Atteritano M, Mazzaferro S, Bitto A, Cannata ML, Anna RD, Squadrito F, Macri I, Frisina A, Frisina N, Bagnato G (2014) Genistein effects on quality of life and depression symptoms in osteopenic postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Osteoporos Int 25(3):1123–1129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2512-5

doi: 10.1007/s00198-013-2512-5 pubmed: 24114397

Behl T, Kaur D, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Zengin G, Ciora FL, Toma MM, Bungau S, Bumbu AG (2021) Role of Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Alzheimer’s Disease: an insight into the therapeutic potential of inhibitors. Molecules 26(12):3724. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123724

doi: 10.3390/molecules26123724 pubmed: 34207264 pmcid: 8234097

Benkelfat C, Ellenbogen MA, Dean P, Palmour RM, Young SN (1994) Mood-lowering effect of tryptophan depletion. Enhanced susceptibility in young men at genetic risk for major affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51(9):687–697. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950090019003

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950090019003 pubmed: 8080345

Biradar SM, Joshi H, Chheda TK (2014) Biochanin-A ameliorates behavioural and neurochemical derangements in cognitive-deficit mice for the betterment of Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Exp Toxicol 33(4):369–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327113497772

doi: 10.1177/0960327113497772 pubmed: 23900307

Brigitta B (2002) Pathophysiology of depression and mechanisms of treatment. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 4(1):7–20. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.1/bbondy

doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.1/bbondy pubmed: 22033824 pmcid: 3181668

Carnevali L, Statello R, Vacondio F, Ferlenghi F, Spadoni G, Rivara S, Mor M, Sgoifo A (2020) Anti-depressant-like effects of pharmacological inhibition of FAAH activity in socially isolated female rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 32:77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.119

doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.119 pubmed: 31948828

Chang M, Zhang L, Dai H, Sun L (2021) Genistein acts as anti-depressant agent against chronic mild stress-induced depression model of rats through augmentation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Brain Behav 11(8):e2300. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2300

doi: 10.1002/brb3.2300 pubmed: 34333865 pmcid: 8413810

Chen HQ, Wang XJ, Jin ZY, Xu XM, Zhao JW, Xie ZJ (2008) Protective effect of isoflavones from Trifolium pratense on dopaminergic neurons. Neurosci Res 62(2):123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2008.07.001

doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2008.07.001 pubmed: 18675857

Chen L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhong H, Wang C, Gao P, Li B (2021) Daidzein alleviates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis hyperactivity, ameliorates depression-like behavior, and partly rectifies circulating cytokine imbalance in two rodent models of depression. Front Behav Neurosci 15:178. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.671864

doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.671864

Chiuccariello L, Houle S, Miler L, Cooke RG, Rusjan PM, Rajkowska G, Levitan RD, Kish SJ, Kolla NJ, Ou X, Wilson AA, Meyer JH (2014) Elevated monoamine oxidase a binding during major depressive episodes is associated with greater severity and reversed neurovegetative symptoms. Neuropsychopharmacology 39(4):973–980. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.297

doi: 10.1038/npp.2013.297 pubmed: 24154665

Čižmárová B, Hubková B, Tomečková V, Birková A (2023) Flavonoids as promising natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of selected skin diseases. Int J Mol Sci 24(7):6324

doi: 10.3390/ijms24076324 pubmed: 37047297 pmcid: 10094312

Clarke DB, Bailey V, Lloyd AS (2008) Determination of phytoestrogens in dietary supplements by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 25(5):534–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701658340

doi: 10.1080/02652030701658340 pubmed: 18478479

Correia AS, Cardoso A, Vale N (2023) Oxidative stress in depression: the link with the stress response, neuroinflammation, serotonin, neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Antioxidants 12(2):470

doi: 10.3390/antiox12020470 pubmed: 36830028 pmcid: 9951986

Dantzer R, O’Connor JC, Freund GG, Johnson RW, Kelley KW (2008) From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 9(1):46–56. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2297

doi: 10.1038/nrn2297 pubmed: 18073775 pmcid: 2919277

de Oliveira SR, Taveira SF, Marreto RN, Valadares MC, Diniz DG, Lima EM (2013) Preparation and characterization of solid oral dosage forms containing soy isoflavones. Rev Bras 23(1):175–181

Delgado PL (2000) Depression: the case for a monoamine deficiency. J Clin Psychiatry 6:7–11

Di Marzo V, Maccarrone M (2008) FAAH and anandamide: is 2-AG really the odd one out? Trends Pharmacol Sci 29(5):229–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2008.03.001

doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.03.001 pubmed: 18394720

Dias MC, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS (2021) Plant flavonoids: chemical characteristics and biological activity. Molecules 26(17):5377. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175377

doi: 10.3390/molecules26175377 pubmed: 34500810 pmcid: 8434187

Ferguson JM (2001) SSRI anti-depressant medications: adverse effects and tolerability. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 3(1):22–27. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v03n0105

doi: 10.4088/pcc.v03n0105 pubmed: 15014625 pmcid: 181155

Fries GR, Saldana VA, Finnstein J, Rein T (2023) Molecular pathways of major depressive disorder converge on the synapse. Mol Psychiatry 28(1):284–297

doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01806-1 pubmed: 36203007

Gaweska H, Fitzpatrick PF (2011) Structures and mechanism of the Monoamine Oxidase Family. Biomol Concepts 2(5):365–377. https://doi.org/10.1515/BMC.2011.030

doi: 10.1515/BMC.2011.030 pubmed: 22022344 pmcid: 3197729

Glassman AH (1984) Cardiovascular effects of tricyclic anti-depressants. Annu Rev Med 35(1):503–511. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.me.35.020184.002443

doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.35.020184.002443 pubmed: 6372670

Goethe JW, Woolley SB, Cardoni AA, Woznicki BA, Piez DA (2007) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation: side effects and other factors that influence medication adherence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 27(5):451–458. https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0b013e31815152a5

doi: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e31815152a5 pubmed: 17873676

Gordon JL, Girdler SS (2014) Hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of perimenopausal depression. Curr Psychiatry Rep 16:1–7

doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0517-1

Gorzkiewicz J, Bartosz G, Sadowska BI (2021) The potential effects of phytoestrogens: the role in Neuroprotection. Molecules 26(10):2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102954

doi: 10.3390/molecules26102954 pubmed: 34065647 pmcid: 8156305

Guo M, Lu H, Qin J, Qu S, Wang W, Guo Y, Liao W, Song M, Chen J, Wang Y (2019) Biochanin A provides Neuroprotection Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Nrf2-Mediated inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation signaling pathway in rats. Med Sci Monit 25:8975–8983. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.918665

doi: 10.12659/MSM.918665 pubmed: 31767824 pmcid: 6896748

Gupta G, Tay JJ, Woon LY, Chellapan DK, Candasamy M, Dua K (2015) Pharmacological evaluation of anti-depressant-like effect of genistein and its combination with amitriptyline: an acute and chronic study. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2015:164943. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/164943

doi: 10.1155/2015/164943 pubmed: 26681936 pmcid: 4670631

Gutierrez ZA, Santell R, Wu Z, Brown M, Wu Y, Khan I, Link CD, Zhao B (2005) Luo Y (2005) Soy isoflavone glycitein protects against beta amyloid-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Neurosci 6:54. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-6-54

doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-6-54

Hansson AC, Cintra A, Belluardo N, Sommer W, Bhatnagar W, Bader M, Ganten D, Fuxe K (2000) Gluco- and mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated regulation of neurotrophic factor gene expression in the dorsal hippocampus and the neocortex of the rat. Eur J Neurosci 12(8):2918–2934. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00185.x

doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00185.x pubmed: 10971634

Hill AR, Spencer-Segal JL (2021) Glucocorticoids and the brain after critical illness. Endocrinology 162(3):bqaa242

doi: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa242 pubmed: 33508121

Hu P, Li M, Wang YG, Ye F, Wang C, Zhou WH, Zhao X (2017) Genistein, a dietary soy isoflavone, exerts anti-depressant-like effects in mice: involvement of serotonergic system. Neurochem Int 108:426–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2017.06.002

doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.06.002 pubmed: 28606822

Ionescu TA, Tong L, Berchtold NC, Cotman CW (2022) Inhibiting BDNF signaling upregulates hippocampal H3K9me3 in a Manner Dependent on in Vitro Aging and oxidative stress. Front Aging 3:796087. https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2022.796087

doi: 10.3389/fragi.2022.796087

Ishiwata N, Melby MK, Mizuno S, Watanabe S (2009) New equol supplement for relieving menopausal symptoms: randomized, placebo-controlled trial of japanese women. Menopause 16(1):141–148. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31818379fa

doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31818379fa pubmed: 19131846

Jeanneteau F, Chao MV (2013) Are BDNF and glucocorticoid activities calibrated? Neuroscience 239:173–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.017

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.017 pubmed: 23022538

Jiang HX, Ke BW, Liu J, Ma G, Hai KR, Gong DY, Yang Z, Zhou C (2022) Inhibition of fatty acid Amide Hydrolase improves depressive-like behaviors independent of its peripheral antinociceptive effects in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Anesth Analg 129(2):587–597. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000003563

doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003563

Jin PS, Kun Q (2011) Effect of daidzein on behavior and brain-derived neurotrophic factor of Hippocampus in rats with chronic stress depression. Herald Med 30(4):446–449. https://doi.org/10.3870/yydb.2011.04.011

doi: 10.3870/yydb.2011.04.011

Ju YH, Fultz J, Allred KF, Doerge DR, Helferich WG (2006) Effects of dietary daidzein and its metabolite, equol, at physiological concentrations on the growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) tumors implanted in ovariectomized athymic mice. Carcinogenesis 27(4):856–863

doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgi320 pubmed: 16399773

Kageyama A, Sakakibara H, Zhou W, Yoshioka M, Ohsumi M, Shimoi K, Yokogoshi H (2010) Genistein regulated serotonergic activity in the hippocampus of ovariectomized rats under forced swimming stress. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 74(10):2005–2010. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.100238

doi: 10.1271/bbb.100238 pubmed: 20944428

Kalsi R (2021) Role of flavonoids. Pharmacol Aspect 2(5):11–12

Kesarwani K, Gupta R (2013) Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: an overview. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 3(4):253–266

doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60060-X pubmed: 23620848 pmcid: 3634921

Kino T, Jaffe H, Amin ND, Chakrabarti M, Zheng YL, Chrousos GP, Pant HC (2010) Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 modulates the transcriptional activity of the mineralocorticoid receptor and regulates expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Mol Endocrinol 24(5):941–952. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2009-0395

doi: 10.1210/me.2009-0395 pubmed: 20357208 pmcid: 2870940

Ko YH, Kim SK, Lee SY, Jang CG (2020) Flavonoids as therapeutic candidates for emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression. Arch Pharm Res 43(11):1128–1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-020-01292-5

doi: 10.1007/s12272-020-01292-5 pubmed: 33225387

Křížová L, Dadáková K, Kašparovská J, Kašparovský T (2019) Isoflavones. Molecules 24(6):1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061076

doi: 10.3390/molecules24061076 pubmed: 30893792 pmcid: 6470817

Laddha AP, Murugesan S, Kulkarni YA (2022) In-vivo and in-silico toxicity studies of daidzein: an isoflavone from soy. Drug Chem Toxicol 45(3):1408–1416

doi: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1833906 pubmed: 33059469

Li P, Li M, Lou X, Zhao B, Ma Q, Bian Y, Mi X (2022) Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity and sub-acute toxicity of the Novel Biochanin A–Chromium (III) complex. Molecules 27(18):5786

doi: 10.3390/molecules27185786 pubmed: 36144522 pmcid: 9504010

Lipovac M, Chedraui P, Gruenhut C, Gocan A, Stammler M, Imhof M (2010) Improvement of postmenopausal depressive and anxiet + y symptoms after treatment with isoflavones derived from red clover extracts. Maturitas 65(3):258–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.10.014

doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.10.014 pubmed: 19948385

Liu W, Ge T, Leng Y, Pan Z, Fan J, Yang W, Cui R (2017) The role of neural plasticity in depression: from hippocampus to prefrontal cortex. Neural Plast 2017:6871089. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6871089

doi: 10.1155/2017/6871089 pubmed: 28246558 pmcid: 5299163

Luo LY, Fan MX, Zhao HY, Li MX, Wu X, Gao WY (2018) Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the isoflavones formononetin and ononin and their in vitro absorption in using chamber and Caco-2 cell models. J Agric Food Chem 66(11):2917–2924

doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00035 pubmed: 29504397

Mamagkaki A, Bouris I, Parsonidis P, Vlachou I, Gougousi M, Papasotiriou I (2021) Genistein as a dietary supplement; formulation. Anal Pharmacokinet Stud 16(4):e0250599

Maria B, Gofita E, Calina DC, Stiolica AT, Docea AO, Balseanu TA, Camen A, Popa EG, Rusu G, Cristofor I, Pavel L, Tartau LM (2017) New anti-depressant medication: benefits versus adverse Effects. INTECH. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72003

doi: 10.5772/intechopen.72003

Marken PA, Munro JS (2000) Selecting a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: clinically important distinguishing features. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2(6):205–210. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v02n0602

doi: 10.4088/pcc.v02n0602 pubmed: 15014630 pmcid: 181142

Martín-González C, González-Arnay E, Fernández-Rodríguez CM, García-Rodríguez A, González-Reimers E (2022) Alcohol and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92392-1_182

McEwen BS, Conrad CD, Kuroda Y, Frankfurt M, Magarinos AM, McKittrick C (1997) Prevention of stress-induced morphological and cognitive consequences. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1:S323–S328

doi: 10.1016/S0924-977X(97)00064-3

Messina M (2016) Soy and health update: evaluation of the clinical and epidemiologic literature. Nutrients 8(12):754. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120754

doi: 10.3390/nu8120754 pubmed: 27886135 pmcid: 5188409

Moon YJ, Sagawa K, Frederick K, Zhang S, Morris ME (2006) Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the isoflavone biochanin A in rats. AAPS J 8(3):E433–E442. https://doi.org/10.1208/aapsj080351

doi: 10.1208/aapsj080351 pubmed: 17025260 pmcid: 2761049

Mrozek W, Socha J, Sidorowicz K, Skrok A, Syrytczyk A, Piątkowska-Chmiel I, Herbet M (2023) Pathogenesis and treatment of depression: role of diet in prevention and therapy. Nutrition 115:112143

doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112143 pubmed: 37562078

Nachimuthu S, Assar MD, Schussler JM (2012) Drug-induced QT interval prolongation: mechanisms and clinical management. Ther Adv Drug Saf 5:241–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098612454283

doi: 10.1177/2042098612454283

Naidu PS, Varvel SA, Ahn K, Cravatt BF, Martin BR, Lichtman AH (2007) Evaluation of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition in murine models of emotionality. Psychopharmacology 192(1):61–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0689-4

doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0689-4 pubmed: 17279376

Naveen GH, Varambally S, Thirthalli J, Rao M, Christopher R, Gangadhar BN (2016) Serum cortisol and BDNF in patients with major depression-effect of yoga. Int Rev Psychiatry 28(3):273–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2016.1175419

doi: 10.1080/09540261.2016.1175419 pubmed: 27174729

Nicholas A, Munhoz CD, Ferguson D, Campbell L, Sapolsky R (2006) Enhancing cognition after stress with gene therapy. J Neurosci 26(45):11637–11643. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3122-06

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3122-06 pubmed: 17093085 pmcid: 6674785

Nobile B, Ramoz N, Jaussent I, Gorwood P, Olie E, Castroman JL, Guillaume S, Courtet P (2019) Polymorphism A118G of opioid receptor mu 1 (OPRM1) is associated with emergence of suicidal ideation at anti-depressant onset in a large naturalistic cohort of depressed outpatients. Sci Rep 9(1):2569. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39622-3

doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39622-3 pubmed: 30796320 pmcid: 6385304

Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR (2016) Flavonoids: an overview. J Nutr Sci 5:e47. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41

doi: 10.1017/jns.2016.41 pubmed: 28620474 pmcid: 5465813

Pejčić T, Zeković M, Bumbaširević U, Kalaba M, Vovk I, Bensa M, Popović L, Tešić Ž (2023) The role of isoflavones in the prevention of breast cancer and prostate cancer. Antioxidants 12(2):368

doi: 10.3390/antiox12020368 pubmed: 36829927 pmcid: 9952119

Petrovska BB (2012) Historical review of medicinal plants’ usage. Pharmacogn Rev 6(11):1–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.95849

doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.95849 pubmed: 22654398 pmcid: 3358962

Pietta PG (2000) Flavonoids as antioxidants. J Nat Prod 63(7):1035–1042. https://doi.org/10.1021/np9904509

doi: 10.1021/np9904509 pubmed: 10924197

Pingale TD, Gupta GL (2023) Acute & sub-acute toxicity study reveals no dentrimental effect of formononetin in mice upon repeated ip dosing. Toxicol Mech Methods 33(8):688–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2023.2234026

doi: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2234026 pubmed: 37415263

Prabhakar D, Sablaban I (2019) Escitalopram-induced rash. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 21(1):18l02302. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.18l02302

doi: 10.4088/PCC.18l02302 pubmed: 30806996

Prajapati R, Park SE, Park HJ, Jung SC, Choi JS (2021) Identification of a potent and selective human monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor, glycitein, an isoflavone isolated from Pueraria lobata flowers. ACS Food Sci Technol 1(4):538–550

doi: 10.1021/acsfoodscitech.0c00152

Qasim QA, Alsaad AA, Al-Salman HN (2021) In-vivo and in-vitro evaluation for memory enhancing activity of some isoflavonoids by suitable animal models. J Chem Health Risks 11(3):305–315

Rai D, Zitko P, Jones K, Lynch J, Araya R (2013) Country-and individual-level socioeconomic determinants of depression: multilevel cross-national comparison. Br J Psychiatry 202(3):195–203

doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.112.112482 pubmed: 23349294

Rana T, Behl T, Sehgal A, Mehta V, Singh S, Kumar R, Bungau S (2021) Integrating endocannabinoid signalling in depression. J Mol Neurosci 71(10):2022–2034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-020-01774-7

doi: 10.1007/s12031-020-01774-7 pubmed: 33471311

Rosen RC, Lane RM, Menza M (1999) Effects of SSRIs on sexual function: a critical review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 19(1):67–85. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199902000-00013

doi: 10.1097/00004714-199902000-00013 pubmed: 9934946

Salik I, Marwaha R (2022) Electroconvulsive Therapy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID: 30855854

Santomauro DF, Herrera AM, Shadid J, Zheng P, Ashbaugh C, Pigott DM, Abbafati C, Adolph C, Amlag JO, Aravkin AY, Bang-Jensen BL (2021) Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 398(10312):1700–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7

Sarfraz A, Javeed M, Shah MA, Hussain G, Shafiq N, Sarfraz I, Riaz A, Sadiqa A, Zara R, Zafar S, Kanwal L (2020) Biochanin A: a novel bioactive multifunctional compound from nature. Sci Total Environ 722:137907

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137907 pubmed: 32208265

Sarfraz I, Rasul A, Riaz A, Ucak I, Zahoor MK, Hussain G, Nawaz J, Sadiqa A, Adem Ş (2021) Biochanin A and biochanin B. A Centum of Valuable Plant Bioactives. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822923-1.00031-5

Sathyanarayana RT, Yeragani VK (2009) Hypertensive crisis and cheese. Indian J Psychiatry 51(1):65–66. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.44910

doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.44910

Seong SH, Kim BR, Cho ML, Kim TS, Im S, Han S, Jeong JW, Jung HA, Choi JS (2022) Phytoestrogen Coumestrol selectively inhibits Monoamine Oxidase-A and amyloid β self-aggregation. Nutrients 14(18):3822. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183822

doi: 10.3390/nu14183822 pubmed: 36145197 pmcid: 9502896

Shao X, Zhu G (2020) Associations among Monoamine Neurotransmitter Pathways, personality traits, and major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 11:381. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00381

doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00381 pubmed: 32477180 pmcid: 7237722

Shively CA, Register TC, Friedman DP, Morgan TM, Thompson J, Lanier T (2005) Social stress-associated depression in adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Biol Psychol 69(1):67–84

doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.006 pubmed: 15740826

Silver RJ (2019) The endocannabinoid system of animals. Animals 9(9):686

doi: 10.3390/ani9090686 pubmed: 31527410 pmcid: 6770351

Singh P, Sharma S, Kumar Rath S (2014) Genistein induces deleterious effects during its acute exposure in swiss mice. Biomed Res Int 2014:619617. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/619617

doi: 10.1155/2014/619617 pubmed: 24967385 pmcid: 4055018

Smith K (2014) Mental health: a world of depression. Nature 515(7526):180–181. https://doi.org/10.1038/515180a

doi: 10.1038/515180a

Smith MA, Makino S, Kvetnansky R, Post RM (1995) Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 15(3):1768–1777. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-03-01768

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-03-01768 pubmed: 7891134 pmcid: 6578156

Sousa RL, Filizola RG, Diniz MFFM, Sousa ESS, Moraes JLR (2006) Ensaio clínico placebo-controlado com isoflavonas da soja para sintomas depressivos em mulheres no climatério. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 28(2):91–100. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-72032006000200004

doi: 10.1590/S0100-72032006000200004

Spore KA (1995) The serotonin syndrome. Drug Saf 13(2):94–104. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199513020-00004

doi: 10.2165/00002018-199513020-00004

Subramoniam A (2014) Present scenario, challenges and future perspectives in plant based medicine development. Ann Phytomed 3(1):31–36

Suneson K, Lindahl J, Chamli Hårsmar S, Söderberg G, Lindqvist D (2021) Inflammatory depression-mechanisms and non-pharmacological interventions. Int J Mol Sci 22(4):1640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041640

doi: 10.3390/ijms22041640 pubmed: 33561973 pmcid: 7915869

Tarzia G, Duranti A, Gatti G, Piersanti G, Tontini A, Rivara S, Lodola A, Plazzi PV, Mor M, Kathuria S, Piomelli D (2006) Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of FAAH inhibitors: cyclohexylcarbamic acid biphenyl esters with chemical modulation at the proximal phenyl ring. Chem Med Chem: Chem Enabling Drug Discov 1(1):130–139

doi: 10.1002/cmdc.200500017

Tejeda-Martínez AR, Viveros-Paredes JM, Hidalgo-Franco GV, Pardo-Gonzalez E, Chaparro-Huerta V, Gonzalez-Castaneda RE, Flores-Soto ME (2021) Chronic inhibition of FAAH reduces depressive-like behavior and improves dentate gyrus proliferation after chronic unpredictable stress exposure. Behav Neurol 2021:6651492. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6651492

doi: 10.1155/2021/6651492 pubmed: 33833828 pmcid: 8016565

Thase ME (1998) Effects of venlafaxine on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of original data from 3744 depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry 59(10):502–508. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v59n1002

doi: 10.4088/jcp.v59n1002 pubmed: 9818630

Thase ME, Nierenberg AA, Keller MB, Panagides J (2001) Efficacy of mirtazapine for prevention of depressive relapse: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial of recently remitted high-risk patients. J Clin Psychiatry 62(10):782–788. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v62n1006

doi: 10.4088/jcp.v62n1006 pubmed: 11816867

Thors L, Eriksson J, Fowler CJ (2007) Inhibition of the cellular uptake of anandamide by genistein and its analogue daidzein in cells with different levels of fatty acid amide hydrolase-driven uptake. Br J Pharmacol 152(5):744–750

doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707401 pubmed: 17676056 pmcid: 2190009

Tian Y, Yuan W, Ma Q, Du Z, Li W (2015) Effects of daidzein on expressions of BDNF and NPY in hippocampus rats with chronic stress depression and non-specific immune regulation. Chin J Immunol 2015(12):632–637

Tolleson WH, Doerge DR, Churchwell MI, Marques MM, Roberts DW (2002) Metabolism of biochanin A and formononetin by human liver microsomes in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 50(17):4783–4790

doi: 10.1021/jf025549r pubmed: 12166960

Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL, Khan N, Ghani L, Poulson BG, Emwas AH, Jaremko M (2020) Important flavonoids and their role as a therapeutic Agent. Molecules 25(22):5243. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225243

doi: 10.3390/molecules25225243 pubmed: 33187049 pmcid: 7697716

Varghese FP, Brown ES (2001) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis in major depressive disorder: a brief primer for primary care physicians. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 3(4):151–155. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v03n0401

doi: 10.4088/pcc.v03n0401 pubmed: 15014598 pmcid: 181180

Wang Y, Zhang X (2017) FAAH inhibition produces anti-depressant-like efforts of mice to acute stress via synaptic long-term depression. Behav Brain Res 324:138–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.054

doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.054 pubmed: 28193523

WHO (2022) Depression disorder (depression). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

Wu WY, Wu YY, Huang H, He C, Li WZ, Wang HL, Chen HQ, Yin YY (2015) Biochanin A attenuates LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses and inhibits the activation of the MAPK pathway in BV2 microglial cells. Int J Mol Med 35(2):391–398. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.2020

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2020 pubmed: 25483920

Yang T, Nie Z, Shu H, Kuang Y, Chen X, Cheng J, Yu S, Liu H (2020) The role of BDNF on neural plasticity in Depression. Front Cell Neurosci 14:82. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.00082

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00082 pubmed: 32351365 pmcid: 7174655

Yang J, Shen H, Mi M, Qin Y (2023) Isoflavone consumption and risk of breast Cancer: an updated systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients 15(10):2402

doi: 10.3390/nu15102402 pubmed: 37242286 pmcid: 10224089

Yang Z, Zhu W, Gao S, Xu H, Wu B, Kulkarni K, Singh R, Tang L, Hu M (2010) Simultaneous determination of genistein and its four phase II metabolites in blood by a sensitive and robust UPLC–MS/MS method: application to an oral bioavailability study of genistein in mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 53(1):81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2010.03.011

doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.03.011 pubmed: 20378296 pmcid: 3397253

Yangzom P, Amruthanand S, Sharma M, Mahajan S, Lingaraju MC, Parida S, Sahoo M, Kumar D, Singh TU (2022) Subacute 28 days oral toxicity study of kaempferol and biochanin-A in the mouse model. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 36(8):e23090

doi: 10.1002/jbt.23090 pubmed: 35502512

Yu S, Guo X, Yang H, Zheng L, Sun Y (2015) Soybeans or soybean products consumption and depressive symptoms in older residents in rural Northeast China: a cross-sectional study. J Nutr Health Aging 19(9):884–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-015-0517-9

doi: 10.1007/s12603-015-0517-9 pubmed: 26482689

Yuan B, Wang L, Jin Y, Zhen H, Xu P, Xu Y, Li C, Xu H (2012) Role of metabolism in the effects of genistein and its phase II conjugates on the growth of human breast cell lines. AAPS J 14:329–344

doi: 10.1208/s12248-012-9338-5 pubmed: 22415614 pmcid: 3326171

Zada W, VanRyzin JW, Pouchoulen PM, Baglot SL, Hill MN, Abbas G, Clark SM, Rashid U, McCarthy MM, Mannan A (2022a) Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition and N-arachidonoylethanolamine modulation by isoflavonoids: a novel target for upcoming anti-depressants. Pharmacol Res Perspect 10(5):e00999. https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.999

doi: 10.1002/prp2.999 pubmed: 36029006 pmcid: 9418665

Zada W, Murtaza G, Iqbal G, Abbas G, Khan SA, Mannan A (2022b) Antidepressant potential of daidzein through modulation of endocannabinoid system by targeting fatty acid amide hydrolase. Sains Malaysiana 51(10):3383–3399

doi: 10.17576/jsm-2022-5110-22

Zarmouh NO, Eyunni SK, Soliman KF (2017) The benzopyrone biochanin-A as a reversible, competitive, and selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor. BMC Complement Altern Med 17(1):1–3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1525-y

doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1525-y

Zarmouh NO, Messeha SS, Elshami FM, Soliman KF (2016) Evaluation of the isoflavone genistein as reversible human monoamine oxidase-A and -B Inhibitor. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016:1423052. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1423052

doi: 10.1155/2016/1423052 pubmed: 27118978 pmcid: 4826920

Zhang JR, Sun DL, Shi JJ, Zhao JM (2015) Antidepressive-like effect of daidzein in rats and its mechanism. Chin J New Drugs 24:1531–1536

Zhang C, Zhu L, Lu S, Li M, Bai M, Li Y, Xu E (2022) The anti-depressant-like effect of formononetin on chronic corticosterone-treated mice. Brain Res 1783:147844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147844

doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147844 pubmed: 35218705

Zhou S, Hu Y, Zhang B, Teng Z, Gan H, Yang Z, Wang Q, Huan M, Mei Q (2008) Dose-dependent absorption, metabolism, and excretion of genistein in rats. J Agric Food Chem 56(18):8354–8359. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf801051d

doi: 10.1021/jf801051d pubmed: 18710250

Zubik L, Meydani M (2003) Bioavailability of soybean isoflavones from aglycone and glucoside forms in american women. Am J Clin Nutr 77(6):1459–1465. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1459

doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1459 pubmed: 12791624