Multiple mechanisms explain loss of anthocyanins from betalain-pigmented Caryophyllales, including repeated wholesale loss of a key anthocyanidin synthesis enzyme.
AN9
MBW complex
PAP1
TT19
anthocyanin biosynthesis
betalain biosynthesis
flavonoid biosynthesis
pigment evolution
Journal
The New phytologist
ISSN: 1469-8137
Titre abrégé: New Phytol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9882884
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jan 2024
Jan 2024
Historique:
received:
11
09
2022
accepted:
23
09
2023
medline:
11
12
2023
pubmed:
28
10
2023
entrez:
28
10
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
In this study, we investigate the genetic mechanisms responsible for the loss of anthocyanins in betalain-pigmented Caryophyllales, considering our hypothesis of multiple transitions to betalain pigmentation. Utilizing transcriptomic and genomic datasets across 357 species and 31 families, we scrutinize 18 flavonoid pathway genes and six regulatory genes spanning four transitions to betalain pigmentation. We examined evidence for hypotheses of wholesale gene loss, modified gene function, altered gene expression, and degeneration of the MBW (MYB-bHLH-WD40) trasnscription factor complex, within betalain-pigmented lineages. Our analyses reveal that most flavonoid synthesis genes remain conserved in betalain-pigmented lineages, with the notable exception of TT19 orthologs, essential for the final step in anthocyanidin synthesis, which appear to have been repeatedly and entirely lost. Additional late-stage flavonoid pathway genes upstream of TT19 also manifest strikingly reduced expression in betalain-pigmented species. Additionally, we find repeated loss and alteration in the MBW transcription complex essential for canonical anthocyanin synthesis. Consequently, the loss and exclusion of anthocyanins in betalain-pigmented species appear to be orchestrated through several mechanisms: loss of a key enzyme, downregulation of synthesis genes, and degeneration of regulatory complexes. These changes have occurred iteratively in Caryophyllales, often coinciding with evolutionary transitions to betalain pigmentation.
Substances chimiques
Anthocyanins
0
Betalains
37279-84-8
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
471-489Subventions
Organisme : Natural Environment Research Council
ID : NERC-NSF-DEB RG88096
Organisme : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
ID : 436841671
Organisme : Woolf Fisher Cambridge Scholarship
Organisme : DOE
ID : DE-SC0008834
Organisme : BBSRC High Value Chemicals from Plants Network
Organisme : National Science Foundation NSFDEB-NERC
ID : 1939226
Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors New Phytologist © 2023 New Phytologist Foundation.
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