Sonography of the pituitary gland in pet rats.
Rattus norvegicus
hypophysis cerebri
measurements
ultrasound
Journal
Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association
ISSN: 1740-8261
Titre abrégé: Vet Radiol Ultrasound
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9209635
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Nov 2023
Nov 2023
Historique:
revised:
03
08
2023
received:
07
06
2023
accepted:
06
09
2023
pubmed:
1
11
2023
medline:
1
11
2023
entrez:
31
10
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Pituitary gland (PG) tumors are common in rats over the age of 2. CT and MRI can be difficult to apply in this species, whereas ultrasound is more feasible and useful. To our knowledge, there are no studies on PG ultrasound in rats. The aim of this prospective, analytical study was to evaluate the reliability of ultrasound in identifying PG, to define the ultrasound dimension of the gland in a group of rats with no evidence of pituitary diseases, and to examine its correlations with age, sex, and weight. After localizing the PG with an MRI study on one rat, the gland was identified in 21 rats by ultrasound by two sonographers using a ventral neck approach and a transversal scan with a linear probe. The gland appears as a hypoechoic oval structure with a thin hyperechoic margin. The rats (15 male and 6 female) ranged from 4 to 18 months in age (median 6 months) and from 270 to 640 g in weight (median 370 g). The median pituitary width was 3.96 mm (interquartile range 25-75%: 6-4.5 mm), and the median height was 1.48 mm (interquartile range 25-75%: 1.3-1.67 mm). There was no statistically significant correlation between PG size and rat weight, gender, or age. We believe that these ultrasound measurements could be useful for the diagnosis of pituitary disease, irrespective of whether neurological symptoms are present. We report a clinical case of a rat with a pituitary mass detected by ultrasound and CT.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1081-1089Informations de copyright
© 2023 American College of Veterinary Radiology.
Références
Harkness JE, Wagner JE. The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents. 4th ed.. Williams and Wilkins; 1995;
Greenacre CB. Spontaneous tumors of small mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2004; 7(3):627-651. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2004.04.009 vi
Rey F, Bulliot C, Bertin N, Mentré V, REMORA Team. Morbidity and disease management in pet rats: a study of 375 cases. Vet Rec. 2015; 176(15):385. doi:10.1136/vr.102728
Keeble E, Meredith A. BSAVA Manual of Rodents and Ferrets. 1st ed. British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2011;
Turnbull GJ, Lee PN, Roe FJ. Relationship of body-weight gain to longevity and to risk of development of nephropathy and neoplasia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 1985; 23(3):355-361. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(85)90071-7
Jekl V, Hauptman K, Knotek Z. Evidence-based advances in rodent medicine. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2017; 20(3):805-816. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2017.04.012
Nakazawa M, Tawaratani T, Uchimoto H, et al. Spontaneous neoplastic lesions in aged Sprague-Dawley rats. Exp Anim. 2001; 50(2):99-103. doi:10.1538/expanim.50.99
Collins BR. Common diseases and medical management of rodents and lagomorphs. In: Jacobson ER, Kollias GV, eds. Exotic Animals. Churchill Livingstone; 1988;261-316.
Doi T, Kanno T, Sato J. Histopathological and immunohistochemical features of proliferative lesions in the pituitary pars distalis of rats. J Toxicol Pathol. 2021; 34(1):1-9. doi:10.1293/tox.2020-0050
Mayer J, Sato A, Kiupel M, DeCubellis J, Donnelly T. Extralabel use of cabergoline in the treatment of a pituitary adenoma in a rat [published correction appears in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011 Oct 15;239(8):1089]. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011; 239(5):656-660. doi:10.2460/javma.239.5.656
Hocker SE, Eshar D, Wouda RM. Rodent oncology: diseases, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2017; 20(1):111-134. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2016.07.006
Kwan V, Quesenberry K, Le Roux AB. Mensuration of the rabbit pituitary gland from computed tomography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2020; 61(3):322-328. doi:10.1111/vru.12852
Hotchkiss CE. Effect of surgical removal of subcutaneous tumors on survival of rats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995; 206(10):1575-1579.
Vannevel JY. Clinical presentation of pituitary adenomas in rats. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2006; 9(3):673-676. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2006.05.017
van Nesselrooij JH, Bruijntjes JP, van Garderen-Hoetmer A, Tillapaugh-Fay GM, Feron VJ. Magnetic resonance imaging compared with hormonal effects and histopathology of estrogen-induced pituitary lesions in the rat. Carcinogenesis. 1991; 12(2):289-297. doi:10.1093/carcin/12.2.289
Rudin M, Briner U, Doepfner W. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of estradiol-induced pituitary hyperplasia in rats. Magn Reson Med. 1988; 7(3):285-291. doi:10.1002/mrm.1910070305
Nadimi S, Molazem M, Jarolmasjed S, Esmaili Nejad MR. Volumetric evaluation of pituitary gland in dog and cat using computed tomography. Vet Res Forum. 2018; 9(4):337-341. doi:10.30466/vrf.2018.33073
Theunissen E, Baeten K, Vanormelingen L, et al. Detailed visualization of the functional regions of the rat pituitary gland by high-resolution T2-weighted MRI. Anat Histol Embryol. 2010; 39(3):194-200. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.00995.x
Robertson J, Sippel K, Wall C, et al. Feasibility of ultrasonography for the assessment of the tympanic bullae and pituitary gland in cadaveric rats (Rattus norvegicus). In Proceedings ExoticsCon. Portland, OR, USA. 2016; Aug 27-Sep 1.
King AM, Hall J, Cranfield F, Sullivan M. Anatomy and ultrasonographic appearance of the tympanic bulla and associated structures in the rabbit. Vet J. 2007; 173(3):512-521. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.09.002
Marinković I, Tatlisumak T, Abo-Ramadan U, Brkić BG, Aksić M, Marinković S. A basic MRI anatomy of the rat brain in coronal sections for practical guidance to neuroscientists. Brain Res. 2020; 1747:147021. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147021
Molon-Noblot S, Laroque P, Coleman JB, Hoe CM, Keenan KP. The effects of ad libitum overfeeding and moderate and marked dietary restriction on age-related spontaneous pituitary gland pathology in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Pathol. 2003; 31(3):310-320. doi:10.1080/01926230390204351
Kato K, Saeki N, Yamaura A. Morphological changes on MR imaging of the normal pituitary gland related to age and sex: main emphasis on pubescent females. J Clin Neurosci. 2002; 9(1):53-56. doi:10.1054/jocn.2001.0973
Elster AD, Sanders TG, Vines FS, Chen MY. Size and shape of the pituitary gland during pregnancy and post partum: measurement with MR imaging. Radiology. 1991; 181(2):531-535. doi:10.1148/radiology.181.2.1924800
Çolaklar A, Fitoz ÖS. Pituitary gland volumes in children with normal endocrine function. Pediatr Radiol. 2023; 53(3):450-460. doi:10.1007/s00247-022-05505-5
Sari S, Sari E, Akgun V, et al. Measures of pituitary gland and stalk: from neonate to adolescence. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 27(11-12):1071-1076. doi:10.1515/jpem-2014-0054