Neuromodulation: Actions of Dopamine, Retinoic Acid, Nitric Oxide, and Other Substances on Retinal Horizontal Cells.

GABA receptors gap junctions glutamate receptors neural network adaptation synaptic modulation vision

Journal

Eye and brain
ISSN: 1179-2744
Titre abrégé: Eye Brain
Pays: New Zealand
ID NLM: 101587774

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
2023
Historique:
received: 05 05 2023
accepted: 18 08 2023
medline: 6 11 2023
pubmed: 6 11 2023
entrez: 6 11 2023
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Whereas excitation and inhibition of neurons are well understood, it is clear that neuromodulatory influences on neurons and their synapses play a major role in shaping neural activity in the brain. Memory and learning, emotional and other complex behaviors, as well as cognitive disorders have all been related to neuromodulatory mechanisms. A number of neuroactive substances including monoamines such as dopamine and neuropeptides have been shown to act as neuromodulators, but other substances thought to play very different roles in the body and brain act as neuromodulators, such as retinoic acid. We still understand little about how neuromodulatory substances exert their effects, and the present review focuses on how two such substances, dopamine and retinoic acid, exert their effects. The emphasis is on the underlying neuromodulatory mechanisms down to the molecular level that allow the second order bipolar cells and the output neurons of the retina, the ganglion cells, to respond to different environmental (ie lighting) conditions. The modulation described affects a simple circuit in the outer retina, involves several neuroactive substances and is surprisingly complex and not fully understood.

Identifiants

pubmed: 37928979
doi: 10.2147/EB.S420050
pii: 420050
pmc: PMC10625386
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Review

Langues

eng

Pagination

125-137

Informations de copyright

© 2023 McMahon and Dowling.

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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Auteurs

Douglas G McMahon (DG)

Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.

John E Dowling (JE)

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.

Classifications MeSH