The Collaborative Nature of Testimonial Learning.

Collaboration Direct address Epistemic harms Interpersonal trust Social groups

Journal

Topics in cognitive science
ISSN: 1756-8765
Titre abrégé: Top Cogn Sci
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101506764

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
13 Nov 2023
Historique:
revised: 27 10 2023
received: 06 06 2022
accepted: 27 10 2023
medline: 14 11 2023
pubmed: 14 11 2023
entrez: 14 11 2023
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

Children's testimonial learning often occurs in epistemic collaborations with others. In this paper, we will discuss ways in which cultural learning emerges in social and interpersonal contexts, and is intrinsically supported and guided by children's collaborative capacities. Much work in cultural learning has focused on children's examination of speaker and model characteristics, but more recent research has investigated the interactive aspects of testimonial exchanges. We will review evidence that children (1) participate in the interpersonal commitments that are shared in testimonial transactions by way of direct address and epistemic buck passing, (2) participate in social groups that affect their selective learning in nuanced ways, and (3) may detect epistemic harms by listeners who refuse to believe sincere and accurate speakers. Implications for conceptualizing children's testimonial learning as an interactive mechanism of collaboration will be discussed.

Identifiants

pubmed: 37961035
doi: 10.1111/tops.12707
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Informations de copyright

© 2023 The Authors. Topics in Cognitive Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Cognitive Science Society.

Références

Aboud, F. E. (2003). The formation of in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice in young children: Are they distinct attitudes? Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 48-60.
Akhtar, N. (2005). The robustness of learning through over-hearing. Developmental Science, 8, 199-209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00406.x
Akhtar, N., Jipson, J., & Callanan, M. A. (2001). Learning words through overhearing. Child Development, 72, 416-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00287
Baker, J., & Clark, P. (2018). Epistemic buck-passing and the interpersonal view of testimony. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 48, 178-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2017.1341781
Baron, A. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2006). The development of implicit attitudes: Evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychological Science, 17(1), 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01664
Birch, L. L., & Billman, J. (1986). Preschool children's food sharing with friends and acquaintances. Child Development, 57(2), 387-395. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130594
Brandom, R. (1983). Asserting. Noûs, 17, 637-650.
Brosseau-Liard, P. É. (2017). The roots of critical thinking: Selective learning strategies in childhood and their implications. Canadian Psychology/psychologie canadienne, 58(3), 263.
Chalik, L., & Rhodes, M. (2018). Learning about social category-based obligations. Cognitive Development, 48, 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.06.010
Chalik, L., Over, H., & Dunham, Y. (2022). Preschool children weigh accuracy against partisanship when seeking information. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 220, 105423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105423
Cohen, S. (2016). A brief history of sexual harassment in America before Anita Hill. Time. https://time.com/4286575/sexual-harassment-before-anita-hill/
Cooley, S., Elenbaas, L., & Killen, M. (2016). Social exclusion based on group membership is a form of prejudice. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 51, 103-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2016.04.004
Conder, E. B., & Lane, J. D. (2021). Overhearing brief negative messages has lasting effects on children's attitudes toward novel social groups. Child Development, 92(4), e674-e690. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13547
Darwall, S. L. (2006). The second-person standpoint: Respect, morality, and accountability. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Danovitch, J. H., & Lane, J. D. (2020). Children's belief in purported events: When claims reference hearsay, books, or the internet. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 193, 104808.
Diesendruck, G., & Menahem, R. (2015). Essentialism promotes children's inter-ethnic bias. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1180. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01180
Dotson, K. (2012). A cautionary tale: On limiting epistemic oppression. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 33(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.5250/fronjwomestud.33.1.0024
Dunfield, K. A., Kuhlmeier, V. A., & Murphy, L. (2013). Children's use of communicative intent in the selection of cooperative partners. PLoS One, 8(4), e61804.
Dunham, Y., Baron, A. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2006). From American city to Japanese village: A cross-cultural investigation of implicit race attitudes. Child Development, 77(5), 1268-1281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00933
Dunham, Y., Baron, A. S., & Carey, S. (2011). Consequences of “minimal” group affiliations in children. Child Development, 82(3), 793-811. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01577
Dunham, Y., & Emory, J. (2014). Of affect and ambiguity: The emergence of preference for arbitrary ingroups. Journal of Social Issues, 70(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12048
Elashi, F. B., & Mills, C. M. (2014). Do children trust based on group membership or prior accuracy? The role of novel group membership in children's trust decisions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 128, 88-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.07.003
Feinberg, J. (1970). Doing and deserving: Essays on a theory of responsibility. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Floor, P., & Akhtar, N. (2010). Can 18-month-old infants learn words by listening in on conversations? Infancy, 9, 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327078in0903_4
Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford Scholarship. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237907.001.0001
Fricker, M. (2013). Epistemic justice as a condition of political freedom? Synthese, 190(7), 1317-1332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-012-0227-3
Gelman, S. A. (2004). Psychological essentialism in children. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(9), 404-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.001
Gilbert, M. (1992). On social facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Girouard-Hallam, L. N., & Danovitch, J. H. (2022). Children’s trust in and learning from voice assistants. Developmental Psychology, 58(4), 646.
Goldberg, A. E. (2006). Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gonzalez, A. M., Steele, J. R., & Baron, A. S. (2017). Reducing children's implicit racial bias through exposure to positive out-group exemplars. Child Development, 88(1), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12582.
Grassmann, S. & Tomasello, M. (2010) Young children follow pointing over words in interpreting acts of reference. Developmental Science, 13, 252-263.
Halim, M. L. D., Ruble, D. N., Tamis-LeMonda, C., Shrout, P. E., & Amodio, D. M. (2017). Gender attitudes in early childhood: Behavioral consequences and cognitive antecedents. Child Development, 88(3), 882-899. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12642
Harris, P. L., Koenig, M. A., Corriveau, K. H., & Jaswal, V. K. (2018). Cognitive foundations of learning from testimony. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 251-273.
Heiphetz, L., Spelke, E. S., Harris, P. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2013). The development of reasoning about beliefs: Fact, preference, and ideology. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 559-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.09.005
Hetherington, C., Hendrickson, C., & Koenig, M. (2014). Reducing an in-group bias in preschool children: The impact of moral behavior. Developmental Science, 17(6), 1042-1049. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12192
Hirschfeld, L. A. (1998). Natural assumptions: Race, essence, and taxonomies of human kinds. Social Research, 65(2), 331-349. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971275
Hinchman, E. S. (2005). Telling as inviting to trust. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 70, 562-587.
Holton, R. (1994). Deciding to trust, coming to believe. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 72, 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048409412345881
Jaswal, V. K. (2004). Don't believe everything you hear: Preschoolers’ sensitivity to speaker intent in category induction. Child Development, 75, 1871-1885. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00822.x
Kinzler, K. D., Corriveau, K. H., & Harris, P. L. (2011). Children's selective trust in native-accented speakers. Developmental Science, 14(1), 106-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00965
Kinzler, K. D., & Dautel, J. B. (2012). Children's essentialist reasoning about language and race. Developmental Science, 15(1), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01101.x
Koenig, M. A., & Echols, C. H. (2003). Infants' understanding of false labeling events: The referential roles of words and the speakers who use them. Cognition, 87, 179-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(03)00002-7
Koenig, M. A., & Harris, P. L. (2005). Preschoolers mistrust ignorant and inaccurate speakers. Child Development, 76(6), 1261-1277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00849.x
Koenig, M. A., Li, P. H., & McMyler, B. (2022). Interpersonal trust in children's testimonial learning. Mind & Language, 37(5), 955-974.
Koenig, M. A., & McMyler, B. (2019). Testimonial knowledge: Understanding the evidential, uncovering the interpersonal. In M. Fricker, P. Graham, D. Henderson, N. Pederson, & J. Wyatt (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of social epistemology (pp. 103-114). New York: Routledge.
Koenig, M. A., Tiberius, V., & Hamlin, J. K. (2019). Children's judgments of epistemic and moral agents: From situations to intentions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 344-360.
Kuzyk, O., Grossman, S., & Poulin-Dubois, D. (2020). Knowing who knows: Metacognitive and causal learning abilities guide infants’ selective social learning. Developmental science, 23(3), e12904.
Lane, J. D., Conder, E. B., & Rottman, J. (2020). The influence of direct and overheard messages on children's attitudes toward novel social groups. Child Development, 91, 829-845. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13238
Lane, J. D., Ronfard, S., & El-Sherif, D. (2018). The influence of first-hand testimony and hearsay on children's belief in the improbable. Child Development, 89(4), 1133-1140.
Lee, K., Cameron, C. A., Doucette, J., & Talwar, V. (2002). Phantoms and fabrications: Young children's detection of implausible lies. Child Development, 73, 1688-1702. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00499
Li, P. H., & Koenig, M. A. (2020). Children's evaluations of informants and their surprising claims in direct and overheard contexts. Journal of Cognition and Development, 21(3), 425-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2020.1745208
Li, P. H., & Koenig, M. A. (2022). The roles of group membership and social exclusion in children's testimonial learning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 216, 105342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105342
Loyd, A. B., & Gaither, S. E. (2018). Racial/ethnic socialization for White youth: What we know and future directions. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 59, 54-64.
Mia, L., & Woolley, J. D. (2013). Young children's sensitivity to speaker gender when learning from others. Journal of Cognition and Development, 14(1), 100-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2011.638687
Mills, C. M. (2013). Knowing when to doubt: Developing a critical stance when learning from others. Developmental Psychology, 49, 404.
Mandalaywala, T. M., Amodio, D. M., & Rhodes, M. (2018). Essentialism promotes racial prejudice by increasing endorsement of social hierarchies. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 9(4), 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617707020
Mahr, J. B., & Csibra, G. (2021). The effect of source claims on statement believability and speaker accountability. Memory & Cognition, 49(8), 1505-1525.
Mahr, J. B., Mascaro, O., Mercier, H., & Csibra, G. (2021). The effect of disagreement on children's source memory performance. PLoS One, 16(4), e0249958.
Mascaro, O., & Sperber, D. (2009). The moral, epistemic, and mindreading components of children's vigilance towards deception. Cognition, 112(3), 367-380.
McMyler, B. (2007). Knowing at second hand. Inquiry, 50(5), 511-540. https://doi.org/10.1080/00201740701612390
McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, trust, and authority. New York: Oxford University Press.
McMyler, B. (2013). The epistemic significance of address. Synthese, 190, 1059-1078.
Montrey, M., & Shultz, T. R. (2022). Copy the in-group: Group membership trumps perceived reliability, warmth, and competence in a social-learning task. Psychological Science, 33(1), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976211032224
Moore, C. (2009). Fairness in children's resource allocation depends on the recipient. Psychological Science, 20(8), 944-948. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02378.x
Moran, R. (2005). Problems of sincerity. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 105, 341-361.
Moty, K., & Rhodes, M. (2021). The unintended consequences of the things we say: What generic statements communicate to children about unmentioned categories. Psychological Science, 32(2), 189-203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620953132
Mulvey, K. L. (2016). Children's reasoning about social exclusion: Balancing many factors. Child Development Perspectives, 10(1), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12157
Pesch, A., & Koenig, M. A. (2018). Varieties of trust in preschoolers’ learning and practical decisions. PLoS One, 13(8), e0202506. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202506
Pohlhaus, G. (2014). Discerning the primary epistemic harm in cases of testimonial injustice. Social Epistemology, 28(2), 99-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2013.782581
Rhodes, M., & Chalik, L. (2013). Social categories as markers of intrinsic interpersonal obligations. Psychological Science, 24(6), 999-1006. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612466267
Rhodes, M., Leslie, S. J., & Tworek, C. M. (2012). Cultural transmission of social essentialism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(34), 13526-13531. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208951109
Roberts, S. O. (2021). Descriptive-to-prescriptive (D2P) reasoning: An early emerging bias to maintain the status quo. European Review of Social Psychology, 33(2), 289-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2021.1963591
Ronfard, S., Nelson, L., Dunham, Y., & Blake, P. R. (2019). How children use accuracy information to infer informant intentions and to make reward decisions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 177, 100-118.
Rutland, A., & Killen, M. (2015). A developmental science approach to reducing prejudice and social exclusion: Intergroup processes, social-cognitive development, and moral reasoning. Social Issues and Policy Review, 9(1), 121-154.
Segall, G., Birnbaum, D., Deeb, I., & Diesendruck, G. (2015). The intergenerational transmission of ethnic essentialism: How parents talk counts the most. Developmental Science, 18(4), 543-555. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12235
Shafto, P., Goodman, N. D., & Griffiths, T. L. (2014). A rational account of pedagogical reasoning: Teaching by, and learning from, examples. Cognitive Psychology, 71, 55-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2013.12.004
Shneidman, L., & Woodward, A. L. (2016). Are child-directed interactions the cradle of social learning? Psychological Bulletin, 142, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000023
Smetana, J. (2006). Social-cognitive domain theory: Consistencies and variations in children's moral and social judgments. In M. Killen & J. G. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp. 119-154). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Sobel, D. M., & Finiasz, Z. (2020). How children learn from others: An analysis of selective word learning. Child Development, 91, e1134-e1161. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13415
Sobel, D. M., & Kushnir, T. (2013). Knowledge matters: How children evaluate the reliability of testimony as a process of rational inference. Psychological Review, 120, 779.
Sterelney, K. (2012). The evolved apprentice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Sullivan, S. (2017). On the harms of epistemic injustice. In I. J. Kidd, J. Medina, & G. Pohlhaus (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of epistemic injustice (1st ed., pp. 205-212). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315212043-20
Taylor, M. G., Rhodes, M., & Gelman, S. A. (2009). Boys will be boys; Cows will be cows: Children's essentialist reasoning about gender categories and animal species. Child Development, 80(2), 461-481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01272.x
Tomasello, M. (2019). Becoming human: A theory of ontogeny. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Tong, Y., Wang, F., & Danovitch, J. (2020). The role of epistemic and social characteristics in children’s selective trust: Three meta-analyses. Developmental Science, 23(2), e12895.
Vasilyeva, N., & Ayala-López, S. (2019). Structural thinking and epistemic injustice. In B. R. Sherman & S. Goguen (Eds.), Overcoming epistemic injustice: Social and psychological perspectives (pp. 63-85). Rowman & Littlefield.
Vredenburgh, C., Kushnir, T., & Casasola, M. (2015). Pedagogical cues encourage toddlers' transmission of recently demonstrated functions to unfamiliar adults. Developmental Science, 18, 645-654. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12233
Wellman, H. M., Song, J. H., & Peskin-Shepherd, H. (2017). Children's early awareness of comprehension as evident in their spontaneous corrections of speech errors. Child Development, 90, 196-209. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12862
Wilks, M., Kirby, J., & Nielsen, M. (2019). Developmental changes in young children's willingness to copy the antisocial actions of ingroup members in a minimal group context. Developmental Psychology, 55(4), 709-721. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000667

Auteurs

Pearl Han Li (PH)

Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University.

Erika R DeAngelis (ER)

Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota.

Norwood Glaspie (N)

Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota.

Melissa A Koenig (MA)

Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota.

Classifications MeSH