The economic benefit of herd genotyping and using sexed semen for pure and beef-on-dairy breeding in dairy herds.

The cost benefits of herd genotyping and the benefits of using sexed semen have been affected by recent improvements in sexing technologies, the incorporation of direct health traits in the German total merit index for Holstein cattle, the deteriorating prices for purebred heifer calves and bull calves, and the introduction of herd genotyping programs. Inseminating the genetically superior dams with female-sexed Holstein semen increases the mean breeding value of the heifer calves and can produce more Holstein heifer calves than are needed for replacement. This provides an opportunity to increase the selection response in health and production traits at the farm level. A deterministic model is introduced that predicts the increase or decrease in net profit when a farmer takes part in a herd genotyping program and follows a certain insemination strategy. The types of semen that are allocated to cows and heifers are sexed semen or unsexed semen and Holstein semen or beef breed semen. The genetically superior heifers and cows are inseminated with female-sexed Holstein semen, intermediate dams with unsexed Holstein semen, and genetically inferior dams with unsexed or male-sexed beef breed semen. In general, participating in a herd genotyping program is beneficial for German Holstein breeders. The optimum proportions of cows and heifers that should be inseminated with a certain type of semen are sensitive to farm-specific peculiarities. A small price difference between crossbred bull calves and crossbred heifer calves often makes the use of male-sexed beef breed semen uneconomic. Under the conditions considered, it was found to be advantageous to inseminate approximately 50% of the heifers and 10% of the cows with the highest genetic merit with female-sexed Holstein semen. The optimum proportion of cows that should be inseminated with unsexed beef breed semen was found to be approximately 40%. In a herd with a low replacement rate, the selected heifers can exhibit their genetic superiority over a longer period of time, and a larger proportion of cows can be inseminated with beef breed semen. Participation in a herd genotyping program is, therefore, particularly beneficial for herds with low replacement rates.

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© 2023, The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. and Fass Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).