Impact on hemodynamics in carotid arteries with carotid webs at different locations: A Numerical Study Integrating Thrombus Growth Model.

Carotid webs (CWs), lesions in the carotid arteries, are gaining research interest due to the unclear link to ischemic stroke. Similarity to atherosclerosis in lesion location adds the complexity. The main purpose of study is to investigate the hemodynamic effects of CWs at different locations in carotid arteries. Three types of models with CWs were reconstructed from the CTA dataset of 8 healthy carotid arteries (Models A: CWs at the common carotid artery; B: at the origin of internal carotid artery; C: at the carotid sinus). Wall shear stress (WSS)-based parameters, including time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), relative residence time (RRT), and endothelial cell activation potential (ECAP) were analyzed. A thrombus growth model was also incorporated to assess long-term thrombus formation across different carotid webs locations. Models A exhibited helical flow, whereas models B and C showed disturbed flow in the carotid sinus. Recirculation in Models A and B was mainly downstream of CWs, while Models C had both upstream and downstream recirculation. In addition, models A had higher overall TAWSS levels, with the smallest region of TAWSS < 0.4 pa (7.78 ± 8.35%). In contrast, Models C had larger areas with TAWSS < 0.4 pa, RRT > 100, and ECAP > 1.5, accounting for 14.18 ± 5.28%, 1.51 ± 1.17%, and 10.36 ± 4.10%, respectively. Noting that thrombus volume was highest in Models C (7.20 ± 3.95%). Numerical simulations indicate that: 1) CWs have less hemodynamic impact when located in the CCA, but may increase flow resistance leading to distal branch ischemia; 2) CWs contribute to thrombus formation, primarily downstream in the common carotid artery and internal carotid artery origin, and both upstream and downstream in the sinus; 3) CWs at the origin of the ICA are more likely to result in disturbed blood flow patterns and thrombus aggregation than the other two locations, which may increase the risk of ischemic stroke in distal cerebral arteries.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest for this paper.