A comprehensive review on modification of titanium dioxide-based catalysts in advanced oxidation processes for water treatment.

Developing effective strategies to combat water pollution, driven by an increasing presence of hazardous pollutants in water reservoirs, has become an urgent priority. New catalyst materials are required to boost the efficiency of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in wastewater treatment plants, ensuring the complete breakdown of trace organic contaminants. One promising approach involves combining sulfate radicals-based AOPs with photocatalysis or electrocatalysis, striving for the full elimination of refractory contaminants into water and carbon dioxide. Among these catalysts, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has gained significant attention due to its remarkable properties. TiO2 catalysts exhibit high photocatalytic activity under both UV and visible light, making them environmentally friendly by avoiding toxic byproducts. They are versatile, suitable for a range of AOPs, and durable for continuous treatment processes. Their cost-effectiveness is advantageous, and their chemical stability allows them to function under varying pH conditions. However, the large band gap energy and low electrical conductivity can limit their catalytic effectiveness. This review explores multiple approaches to enhance the catalytic performance of titanium dioxide, aiming to facilitate more efficient methods for water purification in response to the pressing issue of water pollution.

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