Acute stress symptoms in general population during the first wave of COVID lockdown in Italy: Results from the COMET trial.
ASD
COVID-19
PTSD
acute stress
acute stress symptoms
lockdown
post-traumatic stress symptoms
Journal
Brain and behavior
ISSN: 2162-3279
Titre abrégé: Brain Behav
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101570837
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
21 Nov 2023
21 Nov 2023
Historique:
revised:
27
09
2023
received:
28
07
2023
accepted:
25
10
2023
medline:
22
11
2023
pubmed:
22
11
2023
entrez:
22
11
2023
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented traumatic event that has severely impacted social, economic, and health well-being worldwide. The COvid Mental hEalth Trial was specifically designed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures on the mental health of the Italian general population in terms of COVID-19-related acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms. The present cross-sectional study is based on an online survey carried out in the period March-May 2020. Italian general adult population was invited to compile an anonymous survey, which included the severity of acute stress symptoms scale/National Stressful Events Survey Short Scale to investigate the occurrence and severity of ASD symptoms. The final sample consisted of 20,720 participants. During the lockdown, subjects with pre-existing mental health problems reported a statistically significant higher risk of acute post-traumatic symptoms compared to the general population (B: 2.57; 95% CI:2.04-3.09; p < .0001) and health care professionals (B: .37; 95% CI: .02-0.72; p < .05). According to multivariate regression models, the levels of acute post-traumatic symptoms (p < .0001) were higher in younger and female respondents. Social isolation and sleep disorder/insomnia represented positive predictors of acute stress (B = 3.32, 95% CI = 3.08-3.57). Concerns about the risk of infection as well as social isolation caused a higher incidence of acute post-traumatic stress symptoms that may predict the subsequent development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in the long term.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented traumatic event that has severely impacted social, economic, and health well-being worldwide. The COvid Mental hEalth Trial was specifically designed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures on the mental health of the Italian general population in terms of COVID-19-related acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms.
METHODS
METHODS
The present cross-sectional study is based on an online survey carried out in the period March-May 2020. Italian general adult population was invited to compile an anonymous survey, which included the severity of acute stress symptoms scale/National Stressful Events Survey Short Scale to investigate the occurrence and severity of ASD symptoms.
RESULTS
RESULTS
The final sample consisted of 20,720 participants. During the lockdown, subjects with pre-existing mental health problems reported a statistically significant higher risk of acute post-traumatic symptoms compared to the general population (B: 2.57; 95% CI:2.04-3.09; p < .0001) and health care professionals (B: .37; 95% CI: .02-0.72; p < .05). According to multivariate regression models, the levels of acute post-traumatic symptoms (p < .0001) were higher in younger and female respondents. Social isolation and sleep disorder/insomnia represented positive predictors of acute stress (B = 3.32, 95% CI = 3.08-3.57).
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Concerns about the risk of infection as well as social isolation caused a higher incidence of acute post-traumatic stress symptoms that may predict the subsequent development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in the long term.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e3314Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Ahrens, K. F., Neumann, R. J., Kollmann, B., Plichta, M. M., Lieb, K., Tüscher, O., & Reif, A. (2021). Differential impact of COVID-related lockdown on mental health in Germany. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 140. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20830
Alberque, B., Laporte, C., Mondillon, L., Baker, J. S., Mermillod, M., Brousse, G., Ugbolube, U. C., Bagheri, R., Bouillon-Minois, J. B., & Dutheil, F. (2022). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in healthcare workers following the first SARS-CoV epidemic of 2003: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013069
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). The American Psychiatric Association.
Andhavarapu, S., Yardi, I., Bzhilyanskaya, V., Lurie, T., Bhinder, M., Patel, P., Pourmand, A., & Tran, Q. K. (2022). Post-traumatic stress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 317, 114890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114890
Asarnow, J., Glynn, S., Pynoos, R. S., Nahum, J., Guthrie, D., Cantwell, D. P., & Franklin, B. (1999). When the earth stops shaking: Earthquake sequelae among children diagnosed for pre-earthquake psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(8), 1016-1023. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199908000-00018
Austin, P. C., Jembere, N., & Chiu, M. (2018). Propensity score matching and complex surveys. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 27(4), 1240-1257. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280216658920. Epub 2016 Jul 26. PMID: 27460539; PMCID: PMC5843030
Baker, L. D., Stroman, J. C., Kalantar, E. A., Bock, R. C., & Berghoff, C. R. (2022). Indirect associations between posttraumatic stress symptoms and other psychiatric symptoms, alcohol use, and well-being via psychological flexibility among police officers. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 35(1), 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22677
Bayazit, H., Ozel, M., Arac, S., Dulgeroglu-Bayazit, D., & Joshi, A. (2022). Posttraumatic stress disorder among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 28(5), 354. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRA.0000000000000661
Berry, H. L. (2021). Enabling a youth-and mental health-sensitive greener post-pandemic recovery. World Psychiatry, 20(2), 152. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20843
Bloomfield, M. A., Chang, T., Woodl, M. J., Lyons, L. M., Cheng, Z., Bauer-Staeb, C., Hobbs, C., Bracke, S., Kennerley, H., Isham, L., Brewin, C., Billings, J., Greene, T., & Lewis, G. (2021). Psychological processes mediating the association between developmental trauma and specific psychotic symptoms in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20841
Breslau, N. (2001). The epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: What is the extent of the problem? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 16-22.
Bryant, R. A. (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder as moderator of other mental health conditions. World Psychiatry, 21(2), 310. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20975
Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Dang, S. T., Sackville, T., & Basten, C. (1998). Treatment of acute stress disorder: A comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(5), 862. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.66.5.862
Canal-Rivero, M., Armesto-Luque, L., Rubio-García, A., Rodriguez-Menéndez, G., Garrido-Torres, N., Capitán, L., Luque, A., Crespo-Facorro, B., & Ruiz-Veguilla, M. (2022). Trauma and stressor-related disorders among health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic and the role of the gender: A prospective longitudinal survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 302, 110-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.021
Candel, I., & Merckelbach, H. (2004). Peritraumatic dissociation as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder: A critical review. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45(1), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2003.09.012
Carmassi, C., Stratta, P., Massimetti, G., Bertelloni, C. A., Conversano, C., Cremone, I. M., Miccoli, M., Baggiani, A., Rossi, A., & Dell'Osso, L. (2014). New DSM-5 maladaptive symptoms in PTSD: gender differences and correlations with mood spectrum symptoms in a sample of high school students following survival of an earthquake. Ann Gen Psychiatry, 13:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-014-0028-9 eCollection 2014. PMID: 25670961
Carmassi, C., Bertelloni, C., Massimetti, G., Miniati, M., Stratta, P., Rossi, A., & Dell'Osso, L. (2015). Impact of DSM-5 PTSD and gender on impaired eating behaviors in 512 Italian earthquake survivors. Psychiatry Res, 225(1-2), 64-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.10.008 PMID: 25454114
Carr, V. J., Lewin, T. J., Webster, R. A., Kenardy, J. A., Hazell, P. L., & Carter, G. L. (1997). Psychosocial sequelae of the 1989 Newcastle earthquake: II. Exposure and morbidity profiles during the first 2 years post-disaster. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004278
Chau, S. W., Wong, O. W., Ramakrishnan, R., Chan, S. S., Wong, E. K., Li, P. Y., Raymont, V., Elliot, K., Rathod, S., Delanerolle, G., & Phiri, P. (2021). History for some or lesson for all? A systematic review and meta-analysis on the immediate and long-term mental health impact of the 2002-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10701-3
Cleper, R., Hertz-Palmor, N., Mosheva, M., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Kaplan, R., Kreiss, Y., Afek, A., Pessach, I. M., Gothelf, D., & Gross, R. (2022). Sleep difficulties among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 838825. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.838825
Coleman, B., Casiraghi, E., Blau, H., Chan, L., Haendel, M. A., Laraway, B., Callahan, T. J., Deer, R. R., Wilkins, K. J., Reese, J., & Robinson, P. N. (2022). Risk of new-onset psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 in the early and late post-acute phase. World Psychiatry, 21(2), 319. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20992
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Delanerolle, G., Zeng, Y., Shi, J. Q., Yeng, X., Goodison, W., Shetty, A., Shetty, S., Haque, N., Elliot, K., Ranaweera, S., Ramakrishnan, R., Raymont, V., Rathod, S., & Phiri, P. (2022). Mental health impact of the Middle East respiratory syndrome, SARS, and COVID-19: A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Psychiatry, 12(5), 739. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v12.i5.739
Dell'Osso, B., Viganò, C., Conti, D., Scarpa, C., Casati, L., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Nanni, M. G., Pompili, M., Sampogna, G., Sani, G., Tortorella, A., Volpe, U., & Fiorillo, A. (2022). Insomnia and related factors in patients with pre-existing psychiatric disorders compared to the general population during the COVID-19 lockdown: Findings from the multicentric COMET study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 118, 152345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152345
Dell'Osso, L., Carmassi, C., Massimetti, G., Conversano, C., Daneluzzo, E., Riccardi, I., Stratta, P., & Rossi, A. (2011). Impact of traumatic loss on post-traumatic spectrum symptoms in high school students after the L'Aquila 2009 earthquake in Italy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 134(1-3), 59-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.025
Dell'osso, L., Carmassi, C., Massimetti, G., Stratta, P., Riccardi, I., Capanna, C., Akiskal, K. K., Akiskal, H. S., & Rossi, A. (2013). Age, gender and epicenter proximity effects on post-traumatic stress symptoms in L'Aquila 2009 earthquake survivors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 146(2), 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.048
De Natale, G., Ricciardi, V., De Luca, G., De Natale, D., Di Meglio, G., Ferragamo, A., Marchitelli, V., Piccolo, A., Scala, A., Somma, R., Spina, E., & Troise, C. (2020). The COVID-19 infection in Italy: A statistical study of an abnormally severe disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(5), 1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051564
Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Silver, Z., Wong, C. Y., Chang, O., Huang, E., & Zuo, Q. K. (2021). The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1486(1), 90-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14506
Desforges, M., Le Coupanec, A., Dubeau, P., Bourgouin, A., Lajoie, L., Dubé, M., & Talbot, P. J. (2019). Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: Underestimated opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system? Viruses, 12(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010014
Di Girolamo, C., Bartolini, L., Allotta, A. V., Cacciani, L., Cernigliaro, A., Di Napoli, A., Gennaro, N., Leoni, O., Maifredi, G., Rusciani, R., Profili, F., Spadea, T., Vairo, F., Zorzi, M., Ventura, M., Caranci, N., & Gruppo di lavoro INMP Covid19 e immigrati. (2022). Mortalità per COVID-19 nella popolazione immigrata in sette Regioni italiane da inizio pandemia a metà luglio 2021 [Mortality and impact of COVID-19 by citizenship in seven Italian regions from the beginning of the pandemic to mid-July 2021]. Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, 46(4), 59-69. [Italian]. https://doi.org/10.19191/EP22.4S1.057 PMID: 35862561
European Commission. 2013. https://ec.europa.eu/eusurvey/home/welcome
Eurosurveillance Editorial Team. (2020). Updated rapid risk assessment from ECDC on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in the EU/EEA and the UK: Resurgence of cases. Eurosurveillance, 25(32), 2008131. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.32.2008131
Fiorillo, A., & Gorwood, P. (2020). The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. European Psychiatry, 63(1), e32. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.35
Fiorillo, A., Sampogna, G., Giallonardo, V., Del Vecchio, V., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell'osso, B., Nanni, M. G., Pompili, M., Sani, G., Tortorella, A., & Volpe, U. (2020). Effects of the lockdown on the mental health of the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Results from the COMET collaborative network. European Psychiatry, 63(1), e87. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.89
Geddes, J. R. (2021). Learning from the global response to COVID-19 to accelerate innovation in mental health trials. World Psychiatry, 20(3), 358. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20918
Giallonardo, V., Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell'Osso, B., Nanni, M. G., Pompili, M., Sani, G., Tortorella, A., Volpe, U., & Fiorillo, A. (2020). The impact of quarantine and physical distancing following COVID-19 on mental health: Study protocol of a multicentric Italian population trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00533
Giannopoulou, I., Galinaki, S., Kollintza, E., Adamaki, M., Kympouropoulos, S., Alevyzakis, E., Tsamakis, K., Tsangaris, I., Spandidos, D. A., Siafakas, N., Zoumpourlis, V., & Rizos, E. (2021). COVID19 and posttraumatic stress disorder: The perfect ‘storm’ for mental health. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10596
Goldberg, D. P., Gater, R., Sartorius, N., Ustun, T. B., Piccinelli, M., Gureje, O., & Rutter, C. (1997). The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004242
Gorwood, P., & Fiorillo, A. (2021). One year after the COVID-19: What have we learnt, what shall we do next? European Psychiatry, 64(1), e15. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.9
Greenberg, N., & Rafferty, L. (2021). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20838
Hassan, L., Sawyer, C., Peek, N., Lovell, K., Carvalho, A. F., Solmi, M., Tilston, G., Sperrin, M., & Firth, J. (2022). COVID-19 vaccination uptake in people with severe mental illness: a UK-based cohort study. World Psychiatry, 21(1), 153-154.
Hays, R. D., & DiMatteo, M. R. (1987). A short-form measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 51(1), 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5101_6
Health Emergency Dashboard. 24 October 2022, 7.02 PM.
Holt-Lunstad, J. (2021). A pandemic of social isolation? World Psychiatry, 20(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20839
Howard, L. M., Wilson, C. A., & Chandra, P. S. (2022). Intimate partner violence and mental health: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. World Psychiatry, 21(2), 311-313.
Kang, B., Xu, H., & McConnell, E. S. (2019). Neurocognitive and psychiatric comorbidities of posttraumatic stress disorder among older veterans: A systematic review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 34(4), 522-538. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5055
Kestel, D. (2022). Transforming mental health for all: A critical role for specialists. World Psychiatry, 21(3), 333. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21030
Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Friedman, M. J., & American Psychiatric Association Publishing. (2013). Severity of acute stress symptoms-adult (national stressful events survey acute stress disorder short scale [NSESSS]). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
Lau, J. T., Wang, Z., Kim, Y., Gu, J., Wu, A. M., Zhou, Q., Hao, C., Cheng, P., & Hao, Y. (2016). Anticipated negative responses by students to possible Ebola virus outbreak, Guangzhou, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 154. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2201.150898
Lebeau, R., Mischel, E., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Friedman, M., & Craske, M. (2014). Dimensional assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5. Psychiatry Research, 218(1-2), 143-147. Epub 2014 Apr 5. PMID: 24746390 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.032
Lee, S. M., Kang, W. S., Cho, A. R., Kim, T., & Park, J. K. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003
Li, X., Sun, L., Li, Q., & Wang, L. (2021). Prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder by acute stress disorder in traffic accident survivors. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 51(5), 2502-2509. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-2008-282
Li, Y., Qin, Q., Sun, Q., Sanford, L. D., Vgontzas, A. N., & Tang, X. (2020). Insomnia and psychological reactions during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 16(8), 1417-1418. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8524
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS--21, DASS--42) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01004-000
Mao, J., Wang, C., Teng, C., Wang, M., Zhou, S., Zhao, K., Ye, X., & Wang, Y. (2022). Prevalence and associated factors of PTSD symptoms after the COVID-19 epidemic outbreak in an online survey in China: The age and gender differences matter. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 18, 761. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S351042
Mazza, M. G., De Lorenzo, R., Conte, C., Poletti, S., Vai, B., Bollettini, I., Melloni, E. M. T., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Rovere-Querini, P., COVID-19 BioB Outpatient Clinic Study group. & Benedetti, F.. (2020). Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 594-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037
Megalakaki, O., Kokou-Kpolou, C. K., Vaudé, J., Park, S., Iorfa, S. K., Cénat, J. M., & Derivois, D. (2021). Does peritraumatic distress predict PTSD, depression and anxiety symptoms during and after COVID-19 lockdown in France? A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 137, 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.035
Mei, Q., Wang, F., Bryant, A., Wei, L., Yuan, X., & Li, J. (2021). Mental health problems among COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20829
Menculini, G., Tortorella, A., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell'Osso, B., Luciano, M., Nanni, M. G., Pompili, M., Sani, G., Volpe, U., Fiorillo, A., & Sampogna, G. (2021). Access to mental health care during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Results from the COMET multicentric study. Brain Sciences, 11(11), 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111413
Menninger, K. A. (1920). Influenza psychoses in successive epidemics. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 3(1), 57-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1920.02180130060005
Morin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011). The insomnia severity index: Psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep, 34(5), 601-608. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/34.5.601
Morin, C. M., Bjorvatn, B., Chung, F., Holzinger, B., Partinen, M., Penzel, T., Ivers, H., Wing, Y. K., Chan, N. Y., Merikanto, I., Mota-Rolim, S., Macêdo, T., De Gennaro, L., Léger, D., Dauvilliers, Y., Plazzi, G., Nadorff, M. R., Bolstad, C. J., Sieminski, M., … Espie, C. A. (2021). Insomnia, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international collaborative study. Sleep Medicine, 87, 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.035
Norrholm, S. D., Zalta, A., Zoellner, L., Powers, A., Tull, M. T., Reist, C., Schnurr, P. P., Weathers, F., & Friedman, M. J. (2021). Does COVID-19 count?: Defining criterion a trauma for diagnosing PTSD during a global crisis. Depression and Anxiety, 38(9), 882-885. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23209 PMID: 34469042; PMCID: PMC8652625
Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 901-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026. Erratum in: (2021) Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 92, 247
Patton, G. C., Raniti, M., & Reavley, N. (2021). Rediscovering the mental health of populations. World Psychiatry, 20(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20842
Pierce, M., Hope, H., Ford, T., Hatch, S., Hotopf, M., John, A., Kontopantelis, E., Webb, R., Wessely, S., McManus, S., & Abel, K. M. (2020). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(10), 883-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30308-4
Pluchino, A., Biondo, A. E., Giuffrida, N., Inturri, G., Latora, V., Le Moli, R., Rapisarda, A., Russo, G., & Zappalà, C. (2021). A novel methodology for epidemic risk assessment of COVID-19 outbreak. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 5304. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82310-4. Erratum in: (2021). Scientific Reports,1,15719
Pollice, R., Bianchini, V., Roncone, R., & Casacchia, M. (2012). Distress psicologico e disturbo post-traumatico da stress (DPTS) in una popolazione di giovani sopravvissuti al terremoto dell'Aquila [Psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in young survivors of L'Aquila earthquake]. Rivista di Psichiatria, 47(1), 59-64. Italian. https://doi.org/10.1708/1034.11292
Pompili, M., Innamorati, M., Sampogna, G., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Erbuto, D., Luciano, M., Nanni, M. G., Sani, G., Tortorella, A., Viganò, C., Volpe, U., & Fiorillo, A. (2022). The impact of Covid-19 on unemployment across Italy: Consequences for those affected by psychiatric conditions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 296, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.035
Qattan, A. M. (2022). Symptoms of psychological distress amongst women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One, 17(5), e0268642. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268642
Reed, G. M., First, M. B., Billieux, J., Cloitre, M., Briken, P., Achab, S., Brewin, C. R., King, D. L., Kraus, S. W., & Bryant, R. A. (2022). Emerging experience with selected new categories in the ICD-11: Complex PTSD, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder. World Psychiatry, 21(2), 189-213. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20960
Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., Giallonardo, V., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Brewin, C. R., King, D. L., Kraus, S. W., & Fiorillo, A. (2021). What is the role of resilience and coping strategies on the mental health of the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic? Results from the Italian multicentric comet study. Brain Sciences, 11(9), 1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091231
Sampogna, G., Giallonardo, V., Del Vecchio, V., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell'Osso, B., Menculini, G., Belvederi Murri, M., Pompili, M., Sani, G., Volpe, U., Bianchini, V., & Fiorillo, A. (2021). Loneliness in young adults during the first wave of COVID-19 lockdown: Results from the multicentric COMET study. Front Psychiatry, 12, 788139. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.788139
Sampogna, G., Pompili, M., & Fiorillo, A. (2022). The short-term consequences of COVID-19 on mental health: State of the art from available studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315860
Schomerus, G., Baumann, E., Sander, C., Speerforck, S., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2021). Some good news for psychiatry: Resource allocation preferences of the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. World Psychiatry, 20(2), 301. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20875
Schou-Bredal, I., Bonsaksen, T., Ekeberg, Ø., Skogstad, L., Grimholt, T. K., & Heir, T. (2022). A comparison between healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers’ anxiety, depression and PTSD during the initial COVID-19 lockdown. Public Health in Practice, 3, 100267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2022.100267
Shahrour, G., & Dardas, L. A. (2020). Acute stress disorder, coping self-efficacy and subsequent psychological distress among nurses amid COVID-19. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(7), 1686-1695. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13124
Shevlin, M., Butter, S., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Gibson-Miller, J., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., Mason, L., Martinez, A. P., McKay, R., Stocks, T. V. A., Bennett, K., Hyland, P., & Bentall, R. P. (2023). Refuting the myth of a ‘tsunami’ of mental ill-health in populations affected by COVID-19: Evidence that response to the pandemic is heterogeneous, not homogeneous. Psychological Medicine, 53(2), 429-437. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721001665
Solomonov, N., Kanellopoulos, D., Grosenick, L., Wilkins, V., Goldman, R., Ritholtz, S., Falk, A., & Gunning, F. M. (2022). CopeNYP: a brief remote psychological intervention reduces health care workers' depression and anxiety symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic. World Psychiatry, 21(1), 155-156. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20946
Steger, M. F. (2022). Meaning in life is a fundamental protective factor in the context of psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 21(3), 389. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20916
Taylor, E. N., Timko, C., Nash, A., Owens, M. D., Harris, A. H., & Finlay, A. K. (2020). Posttraumatic stress disorder and justice involvement among military veterans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(5), 804-812. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22526
Thoresen, S., Tambs, K., Hussain, A., Heir, T., Johansen, V. A., & Bisson, J. I. (2010). Brief measure of posttraumatic stress reactions: Impact of event scale-6. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45, 405-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0073-x
Tsur, A., Furer, A., Avramovich, E., Karp, E., Twig, G., Bader, T., Almakias, M., & Fink, N. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic in the Israeli Defense Force-Lessons Learned From Our rt-PCR Screening Policy. Mil Med. 2023 Jan 4; 188(1-2), e65-e68. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab215
Turner, B. J. (2022). Detecting and managing non-suicidal self-damaging behaviors. World Psychiatry, 21(3), 461. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21022
Tzur Bitan, D., Givon-Lavi, N., Kridin, K., Kaliner, E., Krieger, I., Dov Cohen, A., & Weinstein, O. (2022). Severe breakthrough COVID-19 infections in vaccinated patients with schizophrenia in Israel. World Psychiatry, 21(3), 471-472.
Van Spijker, B. A., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., Farrer, L., Christensen, H., Reynolds, J., & Kerkhof, A. J. (2014). The suicidal ideation attributes scale (SIDAS): Community-based validation study of a new scale for the measurement of suicidal ideation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(4), 408-419. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12084
Volkow, N. D., Maua, S., Campello, G., Poznyak, V., Krupchanka, D., Kashino, W., & Busse, A. (2022). Prevention, treatment and care of substance use disorders in times of COVID-19. World Psychiatry, 21(2), 323-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20995
Volpe, U., Orsolini, L., Salvi, V., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell'Osso, B., Luciano, M., Menculini, G., Nanni, M. G., Pompili, M., Sani, G., Sampogna, G., Group, W., & Fiorillo, A. (2022). COVID-19-Related Social Isolation Predispose to Problematic Internet and Online Video Gaming Use in Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(3), 1539.
Wang, Q., Xu, R., & Volkow, N. D. (2021). Increased risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality in people with mental disorders: Analysis from electronic health records in the United States. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20806
Westreich, D., & Greenland, S. (2013). The table 2 fallacy: Presenting and interpreting confounder and modifier coefficients. American Journal of Epidemiology, 177(4), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws412
Ye, Z., Yang, X., Zeng, C., Wang, Y., Shen, Z., Li, X., & Lin, D. (2020). Resilience, social support, and coping as mediators between COVID-19-related stressful experiences and acute stress disorder among college students in China. Applied Psychology: Health and Well Being, 12(4), 1074-1094. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12211 Erratum in: (2023). Applied Psychology: Health and Well Being, 15(1), 447.
Zheng, G., Jimba, M., & Wakai, S. (2005). Exploratory study on psychosocial impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak on Chinese students living in Japan. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 17(2), 124-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/101053950501700211
Zhou, Z., Zhong, X., Zheng, Y., & Liu, W. (2015). A systematic review of the relationship between ASD and PTSD. Journal of International Psychiatry, 42(1), 18-22.