Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: Review and Considerations for Older Populations.


Journal

Drugs & aging
ISSN: 1179-1969
Titre abrégé: Drugs Aging
Pays: New Zealand
ID NLM: 9102074

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
22 Nov 2023
Historique:
accepted: 09 10 2023
medline: 22 11 2023
pubmed: 22 11 2023
entrez: 22 11 2023
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

Though more common earlier in life, increasing attention is being focused on the development of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) in patients with advancing age. Studies show that CLE is more common in older populations than previously thought, and all CLE subtypes are possible in this group. Just like patients in the third or fourth decade of life, CLE may appear alongside or independent of systemic lupus erythematosus. Older populations manifesting CLE for the first time seem to have a lower risk of progression to systemic disease than younger peers, and are more commonly White. CLE must be carefully distinguished from other skin conditions that have a predilection for presentation in older populations, including rosacea, lichen planus, and other autoimmune conditions such as dermatomyositis or pemphigus/pemphigoid. It is thought that most CLE in older populations is drug-induced, with drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus being the most common subtype. Management of CLE in older patients focuses on eliminating unnecessary medications known to induce CLE, and otherwise treatment proceeds similarly to that in younger patients, with a few special considerations.

Identifiants

pubmed: 37991658
doi: 10.1007/s40266-023-01079-5
pii: 10.1007/s40266-023-01079-5
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Review

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Informations de copyright

© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Références

Lu Q, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis, treatment and long-term management of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun. 2021;123: 102707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102707 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102707 pubmed: 34364171
Filotico R, Mastrandrea V. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: clinico-pathologic correlation. Ital J Dermatol Venereol. 2018;153(2):Art. No. 2. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-0488.18.05929-1 .
doi: 10.23736/S0392-0488.18.05929-1
Chang AY, Werth VP. Treatment of cutaneous lupus. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2011;13(4):300–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-011-0180-z .
doi: 10.1007/s11926-011-0180-z pubmed: 21503694 pmcid: 3245840
Okon LG, Werth VP. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Diagnosis and treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013;27(3):391–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2013.07.008 .
doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2013.07.008 pubmed: 24238695 pmcid: 3927537
Renner R, Sticherling M. The different faces of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. G Ital Dermatol E Venereol Organo Uff Soc Ital Dermatol E Sifilogr. 2009;144(2):135–47.
Cohen MR, Crosby D. Systemic disease in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a controlled comparison with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(9):1665–9.
pubmed: 7799346
Sassi RH, et al. Age of onset influences on clinical and laboratory profile of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(1):89–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-016-3478-4 .
doi: 10.1007/s10067-016-3478-4 pubmed: 27858177
Jarukitsopa S, et al. Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus in a Predominantly White Population in the United States: Incidence and Prevalence of SLE and CLE in a US Population. Arthritis Care Res. 2015;67(6):817–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22502 .
doi: 10.1002/acr.22502
Pons-Estel GJ, Ugarte-Gil MF, Alarcón GS. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13(8):799–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2017.1327352 .
doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2017.1327352 pubmed: 28471259
Chakravarty EF, Bush TM, Manzi S, Clarke AE, Ward MM. Prevalence of adult systemic lupus erythematosus in California and Pennsylvania in 2000: estimates obtained using hospitalization data. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(6):2092–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22641 .
doi: 10.1002/art.22641 pubmed: 17530651 pmcid: 2530907
Lahita RG. The role of sex hormones in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1999;11(5):352–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002281-199909000-00005 .
doi: 10.1097/00002281-199909000-00005 pubmed: 10503654
Simard JF, Costenbader KH. What can epidemiology tell us about systemic lupus erythematosus? Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(7):1170–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01434.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01434.x pubmed: 17577298
Cozier YC, Barbhaiya M, Castro-Webb N, Costenbader KH, Rosenberg L. A prospective study of reproductive factors in relation to risk of systemic lupus erythematosus among black women. Lupus. 2021;30(2):204–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203320973074 .
doi: 10.1177/0961203320973074 pubmed: 33231506
Avilés Izquierdo JA, Cano Martínez N, Lázaro Ochaita P. Epidemiological characteristics of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014;105(1):69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ad.2013.09.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2013.09.005 pubmed: 24268922
Jarrett P, Werth VP. A review of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: improving outcomes with a multidisciplinary approach. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2019;12:419–28. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S179623 .
doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S179623 pubmed: 31213824 pmcid: 6549666
Grönhagen CM, Fored CM, Linder M, Granath F, Nyberg F. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and its association with drugs: a population-based matched case-control study of 234 patients in Sweden. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167(2):296–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10969.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10969.x pubmed: 22458771
Chanprapaph K, Tubtieng I, Pratumchat N, Thadanipon K, Rattanakaemakorn P, Suchonwanit P. Cutaneous, systemic features and laboratory characteristics of late- versus adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus in 1006 Thai patients. Lupus. 2021;30(5):785–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203321991920 .
doi: 10.1177/0961203321991920 pubmed: 33554715
Tomic-Lucic A, et al. Late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical features, course, and prognosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2013;32(7):1053–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-013-2238-y .
doi: 10.1007/s10067-013-2238-y pubmed: 23515605
Anderson SR, Hynan LS, Chong BF. Late-onset cutaneous lupus erythematosus patients have distinctive clinical features and demographics versus early-onset patients. Lupus. 2022;31(12):1523–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/09612033221122254 .
doi: 10.1177/09612033221122254 pubmed: 35995793 pmcid: 9588559
Cooper EE, Pisano CE, Shapiro SC. Cutaneous manifestations of ‘Lupus’: systemic lupus erythematosus and beyond. Int J Rheumatol. 2021;2021:6610509. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6610509 .
doi: 10.1155/2021/6610509 pubmed: 34113383 pmcid: 8154312
Litt JZ. Rosacea: how to recognize and treat an age-related skin disease. Geriatrics. 1997;52(11):39–40 (42, 45–47).
pubmed: 9371102
Wollina U. Rosacea and rhinophyma in the elderly. Clin Dermatol. 2011;29(1):61–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.07.009 .
doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.07.009 pubmed: 21146734
Van Onselen J. Rosacea: symptoms and support. Br J Nurs Mark Allen Publ. 2012;21(21):1252–5. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2012.21.21.1252 .
doi: 10.12968/bjon.2012.21.21.1252
Sowell J, Pena SM, Elewski BE. Seborrheic dermatitis in older adults: pathogenesis and treatment options. Drugs Aging. 2022;39(5):315–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-022-00930-5 .
doi: 10.1007/s40266-022-00930-5 pubmed: 35394260
Sanders MGH, Pardo LM, Franco OH, Ginger RS, Nijsten T. Prevalence and determinants of seborrhoeic dermatitis in a middle-aged and elderly population: the Rotterdam Study. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(1):148–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15908 .
doi: 10.1111/bjd.15908 pubmed: 28856679
Rothfield N, Sontheimer RD, Bernstein M. Lupus erythematosus: systemic and cutaneous manifestations. Clin Dermatol. 2006;24(5):348–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.014 .
doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.014 pubmed: 16966017
Magro CM, Crowson AN. The immunofluorescent profile of dermatomyositis: a comparative study with lupus erythematosus. J Cutan Pathol. 1997;24(9):543–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0560.1997.tb01458.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1997.tb01458.x pubmed: 9404851
Dressler F, Maurer B. Dermatomyositis and juvenile dermatomyositis. Z Rheumatol. 2023;82(3):233–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-022-01205-5 .
doi: 10.1007/s00393-022-01205-5 pubmed: 35486206
Walling HW, Sontheimer RD. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: issues in diagnosis and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10(6):365–81. https://doi.org/10.2165/11310780-000000000-00000 .
doi: 10.2165/11310780-000000000-00000 pubmed: 19824738
Chi AC, Neville BW, Krayer JW, Gonsalves WC. Oral manifestations of systemic disease. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(11):1381–8.
pubmed: 21121523
Fabbri P, Cardinali C, Giomi B, Caproni M. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: diagnosis and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(7):449–65. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200304070-00002 .
doi: 10.2165/00128071-200304070-00002 pubmed: 12814335
Furukawa F, Muto M. Ethnic differences in immunogenetic features and photosensitivity of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol Res. 2009;301(1):111–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-008-0897-3 .
doi: 10.1007/s00403-008-0897-3 pubmed: 18797890
Jore S, Gran JT. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Tidsskr Den Nor Laegeforening Tidsskr Prakt Med Ny Raekke. 1997;117(14):2040–2.
Laurinaviciene R, Sandholdt LH, Bygum A. Drug-induced cutaneous lupus erythematosus: 88 new cases. Eur J Dermatol. 2017;27(1):28–33. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2016.2912 .
doi: 10.1684/ejd.2016.2912 pubmed: 27799135
Werth VP. Clinical manifestations of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2005;4(5):296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2005.01.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2005.01.003 pubmed: 15990077
Stull C, Sprow G, Werth VP. Cutaneous involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review for the rheumatologist. J Rheumatol. 2023;50(1):27–35. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.220089 .
doi: 10.3899/jrheum.220089 pubmed: 36109075
Yell JA, Mbuagbaw J, Burge SM. Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135(3):355–62.
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-1004.x pubmed: 8949425
Chlebus E, Wolska H, Blaszczyk M, Jablonska S. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus versus systemic lupus erythematosus: diagnostic criteria and therapeutic implications. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(3):405–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70497-9 .
doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70497-9 pubmed: 9520021
de Berker D, Dissaneyeka M, Burge S. The sequelae of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1992;1(3):181–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/096120339200100310 .
doi: 10.1177/096120339200100310 pubmed: 1301979
D. Saleh, H. Grubbs, T. Koritala, and J. S. Crane, “Tumid Lupus Erythematosus,” in StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2023. Accessed 21 May 2023. [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482515/
Joseph AK, Windsor B, Hynan LS, Chong BF. Discoid lupus erythematosus skin lesion distribution and characteristics in Black patients: a retrospective cohort study. Lupus Sci Med. 2021;8(1): e000514. https://doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2021-000514 .
doi: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000514 pubmed: 34853149 pmcid: 8638450
McDaniel B, Sukumaran S, Koritala T, Tanner LS. Discoid Lupus Erythematosus. In: StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2023. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493145/ . Accessed 21 May 2023.
Chong BF, Song J, Olsen NJ. Determining risk factors for developing systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(1):29–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10610.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10610.x pubmed: 21910708
Bertoli AM, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort. XXXIII. Clinical [corrected] features, course, and outcome in patients with late-onset disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(5):1580–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.21765 .
doi: 10.1002/art.21765 pubmed: 16645994
Medlin JL, Hansen KE, Fitz SR, Bartels CM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cutaneous manifestations in late- versus early-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;45(6):691–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.01.004 .
doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.01.004 pubmed: 26972993 pmcid: 4879060
Izmirly P, et al. Population-based prevalence and incidence estimates of primary discoid lupus erythematosus from the Manhattan Lupus Surveillance Program. Lupus Sci Med. 2019;6(1): e000344. https://doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2019-000344 .
doi: 10.1136/lupus-2019-000344 pubmed: 31798917 pmcid: 6827754
Deligny C, Marie DS, Clyti E, Arfi S, Couppié P. Pure cutaneous lupus erythematosus in a population of African descent in French Guiana: a retrospective population-based description. Lupus. 2012;21(13):1467–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203312458167 .
doi: 10.1177/0961203312458167 pubmed: 22930206
He Y, Sawalha AH. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus: an update on drugs and mechanisms. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2018;30(5):490–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000522 .
doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000522 pubmed: 29870500 pmcid: 7299070
Pretel M, Marquès L, España A. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014;105(1):18–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ad.2012.09.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2012.09.007 pubmed: 23164669
Borchers AT, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Drug-induced lupus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1108:166–82. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1422.019 .
doi: 10.1196/annals.1422.019 pubmed: 17893983
Vedove CD, Del Giglio M, Schena D, Girolomoni G. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol Res. 2009;301(1):99–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-008-0895-5 .
doi: 10.1007/s00403-008-0895-5 pubmed: 18797892
Szczęch J, Samotij D, Werth VP, Reich A. Trigger factors of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a review of current literature. Lupus. 2017;26(8):791–807. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203317691369 .
doi: 10.1177/0961203317691369 pubmed: 28173739
Noël B. Lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases related to statin therapy: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV. 2007;21(1):17–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01838.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01838.x pubmed: 17207162
Noël B, Panizzon RG. Lupus-like syndrome associated with statin therapy. Dermatol Basel Switz. 2004;208(3):276–7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000077320 .
doi: 10.1159/000077320
Deng Z, Guo A, Wu C, Wang C. Proton pump inhibitors-related subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: clinical characteristics, management, and outcome. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(12):7202–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15450 .
doi: 10.1111/jocd.15450 pubmed: 36214602
Lowe GC, Henderson CL, Grau RH, Hansen CB, Sontheimer RD. A systematic review of drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(3):465–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10110.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10110.x pubmed: 21039412
Marzano AV, Lazzari R, Polloni I, Crosti C, Fabbri P, Cugno M. Drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: evidence for differences from its idiopathic counterpart. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(2):335–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10397.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10397.x pubmed: 21564069
Mirali S, Mufti A, Lansang RP, Sachdeva M, Yeung J. Development of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus during biologic therapy: A systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(3):835–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.09.087 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.09.087 pubmed: 33022308
Brehon A, et al. Discoid drug-induced lupus erythematosus induced by antitumor necrosis factor agents is a very rare subtype of cutaneous lupus: three cases and literature review. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(3): e13364. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13364 .
doi: 10.1111/dth.13364 pubmed: 32239589
Bataille P, et al. Cutaneous drug-induced lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunological characteristics and update on new associated drugs. Ann Dermatol Vénéréologie. 2021;148(4):211–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2021.02.006 .
doi: 10.1016/j.annder.2021.02.006
Subramanian S, Yajnik V, Sands BE, Cullen G, Korzenik JR. Characterization of patients with infliximab-induced lupus erythematosus and outcomes after retreatment with a second anti-TNF agent. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17(1):99–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.21370 .
doi: 10.1002/ibd.21370 pubmed: 20629183
Antonov D, Kazandjieva J, Etugov D, Gospodinov D, Tsankov N. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus. Clin Dermatol. 2004;22(2):157–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2003.12.023 .
doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2003.12.023 pubmed: 15234017
Stratton MA. Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Pharm. 1985;4(6):657–63.
pubmed: 2866863
Goldman AL, Braman SS. Isoniazid: a review with emphasis on adverse effects. Chest. 1972;62(1):71–7. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.62.1.71 .
doi: 10.1378/chest.62.1.71 pubmed: 4339326
West SG, McMahon M, Portanova JP. Quinidine-induced lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100(6):840–2. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-100-6-840 .
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-100-6-840 pubmed: 6372564
Drory VE, Korczyn AD. Hypersensitivity vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus induced by anticonvulsants. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1993;16(1):19–29. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199302000-00002 .
doi: 10.1097/00002826-199302000-00002 pubmed: 8422654
Sandholdt LH, Laurinaviciene R, Bygum A. Proton pump inhibitor-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170(2):342–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12699 .
doi: 10.1111/bjd.12699 pubmed: 24547721 pmcid: 4232902
Zitouni NB, Arnault J-P, Dadban A, Attencourt C, Lok CC, Chaby G. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus induced by nivolumab: two case reports and a literature review. Melanoma Res. 2019;29(2):212–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/CMR.0000000000000536 .
doi: 10.1097/CMR.0000000000000536 pubmed: 30489484
Pinard J, Patel M, Granter SR, Vleugels RA, Merola JF. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus induced by palbociclib. J Cutan Med Surg. 2018;22(3):341–3. https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475417752369 .
doi: 10.1177/1203475417752369 pubmed: 29307217
Fumal I, Danchin A, Cosserat F, Barbaud A, Schmutz JL. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus associated with tamoxifen therapy: two cases. Dermatology. 2005;210(3):251–2. https://doi.org/10.1159/000083798 .
doi: 10.1159/000083798 pubmed: 15785062
Andric M, Dixit S, Robaei D, Watchorn R, Verma N. A case of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus as a result of ranibizumab (Lucentis) treatment. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2013;61(12):752–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.121133 .
doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.121133 pubmed: 24212210 pmcid: 3917396
Casado-Verrier B, Pérez-Santos S, Delgado-Mucientes C, Beato-Merino M. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus induced by the new multikinase inhibitor pazopanib. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(6):1559–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13175 .
doi: 10.1111/bjd.13175 pubmed: 24909204
Eriksson C, Engstrand S, Sundqvist K-G, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S. Autoantibody formation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF alpha. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(3):403–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2004.024182 .
doi: 10.1136/ard.2004.024182 pubmed: 15297281
Klein R, Rosenbach M, Kim EJ, Kim B, Werth VP, Dunham J. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor-associated dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(7):780–4. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2010.142 .
doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.142 pubmed: 20644041 pmcid: 2909024
Ramos-Casals M, et al. Autoimmune diseases induced by TNF-targeted therapies: analysis of 233 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2007;86(4):242–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0b013e3181441a68 .
doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3181441a68 pubmed: 17632266
Zattra E, Stan R, Russo I, Lo Nigro A, Peserico A, Alaibac M. TNF blockade and cutaneous lupus erythematosus: where do we stand and where are we going? Immunotherapy. 2013;5(8):791–4. https://doi.org/10.2217/imt.13.82 .
doi: 10.2217/imt.13.82 pubmed: 23902545
Jean G, Souberbielle JC, Chazot C. Vitamin D in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):328. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040328 .
doi: 10.3390/nu9040328 pubmed: 28346348 pmcid: 5409667
Aguado P, et al. Low vitamin D levels in outpatient postmenopausal women from a rheumatology clinic in Madrid, Spain: their relationship with bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA. 2000;11(9):739–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001980070052 .
doi: 10.1007/s001980070052
Yao P, et al. Vitamin D and calcium for the prevention of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12): e1917789. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17789 .
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17789 pubmed: 31860103 pmcid: 6991219
Feng Y, Cheng G, Wang H, Chen B. The associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and the risk of total fracture and hip fracture. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA. 2017;28(5):1641–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-3955-x .
doi: 10.1007/s00198-017-3955-x
Cutillas-Marco E, Marquina-Vila A, Grant WB, Vilata-Corell JJ, Morales-Suárez-Varela MM. Vitamin D and cutaneous lupus erythematosus: effect of vitamin D replacement on disease severity. Lupus. 2014;23(7):615–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203314522338 .
doi: 10.1177/0961203314522338 pubmed: 24503020
Yosipovitch G, Tang MBY. Practical management of psoriasis in the elderly: epidemiology, clinical aspects, quality of life, patient education and treatment options. Drugs Aging. 2002;19(11):847–63. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200219110-00003 .
doi: 10.2165/00002512-200219110-00003 pubmed: 12428994
Howell AN, Ghamrawi RI, Strowd LC, Feldman SR. Pharmacological management of atopic dermatitis in the elderly. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020;21(7):761–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2020.1729738 .
doi: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1729738 pubmed: 32100586
Pariser DM. Topical steroids: a guide for use in the elderly patient. Geriatrics. 1991;46(10):51–4 (57–60, 63).
pubmed: 1916302
Sárdy M, Ruzicka T, Kuhn A. Topical calcineurin inhibitors in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol Res. 2009;301(1):93–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-008-0894-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s00403-008-0894-6 pubmed: 18797893
Barikbin B, Givrad S, Yousefi M, Eskandari F. Pimecrolimus 1% cream versus betamethasone 17-valerate 0.1% cream in the treatment of facial discoid lupus erythematosus: a double-blind, randomized pilot study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(7):776–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.03138.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.03138.x pubmed: 19456797
Madan V, August PJ, Chalmers RJG. Efficacy of topical tacrolimus 0.3% in clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment in therapy-resistant cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a cohort study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35(1):27–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03351.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03351.x pubmed: 19549244
Wahie S, et al. Clinical and pharmacogenetic influences on response to hydroxychloroquine in discoid lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(10):1981–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2011.167 .
doi: 10.1038/jid.2011.167 pubmed: 21734714
Chasset F, Arnaud L, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Zahr N, Bessis D, Francès C. The effect of increasing the dose of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in patients with refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE): an open-label prospective pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74(4):693-699.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.09.064 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.09.064 pubmed: 26850655
Chang AY. Response to antimalarial agents in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a prospective analysis. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(11):1261. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2011.191 .
doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2011.191 pubmed: 21768444 pmcid: 3282057
Cavazzana I, et al. Treatment of lupus skin involvement with quinacrine and hydroxychloroquine. Lupus. 2009;18(8):735–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203308101714 .
doi: 10.1177/0961203308101714 pubmed: 19502270
Yokogawa N, et al. Effects of hydroxychloroquine in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(4):791–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.40018 .
doi: 10.1002/art.40018 pubmed: 27992698
Finbloom DS, Silver K, Newsome DA, Gunkel R. Comparison of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine use and the development of retinal toxicity. J Rheumatol. 1985;12(4):692–4.
pubmed: 4057189
Levy GD, Munz SJ, Paschal J, Cohen HB, Pince KJ, Peterson T. Incidence of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in 1,207 patients in a large multicenter outpatient practice. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(8):1482–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780400817 .
doi: 10.1002/art.1780400817 pubmed: 9259429
Petri M, Elkhalifa M, Li J, Magder LS, Goldman DW. Hydroxychloroquine blood levels predict hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(3):448–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.41121 .
doi: 10.1002/art.41121 pubmed: 31532077 pmcid: 7050401
Melles RB, Marmor MF. The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(12):1453–60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459 .
doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459 pubmed: 25275721
Yusuf IH, Sharma S, Luqmani R, Downes SM. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Eye Lond Engl. 2017;31(6):828–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2016.298 .
doi: 10.1038/eye.2016.298
Mittal L, Werth VP. The quinacrine experience in a population of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(2):374–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.027 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.027 pubmed: 28711090 pmcid: 5843483
Yan D, Borucki R, Sontheimer RD, Werth VP. Candidate drug replacements for quinacrine in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2020;7(1): e000430. https://doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2020-000430 .
doi: 10.1136/lupus-2020-000430 pubmed: 33082164 pmcid: 7577055
Blum FR, Sampath AJ, Foulke GT. Anifrolumab for treatment of refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2022;47(11):1998–2001. https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.15335 .
doi: 10.1111/ced.15335 pubmed: 35844070
Shaw K, et al. Assessment of clinical response to anifrolumab in patients with refractory discoid lupus erythematosus. JAMA Dermatol. 2023;159(5):560–3. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2023.0175 .
doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2023.0175 pubmed: 36920401
Loncharich MF, Anderson CW. Interferon inhibition for lupus with anifrolumab: critical appraisal of the evidence leading to FDA approval. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2022;4(6):486–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr2.11414 .
doi: 10.1002/acr2.11414 pubmed: 35157371 pmcid: 9190216
Werth VP, et al. Trial of anti-BDCA2 antibody litifilimab for cutaneous lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(4):321–31. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2118024 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2118024 pubmed: 35939578
Fairley JL, Oon S, Saracino AM, Nikpour M. Management of cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(1):95–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.07.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.07.010 pubmed: 31526594
Frankel HC, Sharon VR, Vleugels RA, Merola JF, Qureshi AA. Lower-dose thalidomide therapy effectively treats cutaneous lupus erythematosus but is limited by neuropathic toxicity. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52(11):1407–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05200.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05200.x pubmed: 24164159
Luo J, Gagne JJ, Landon J, Avorn J, Kesselheim AS. Comparative effectiveness and safety of thalidomide and lenalidomide in patients with multiple myeloma in the United States of America: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl 1990. 2017;70:22–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.10.018 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.10.018
Pelle MT, Werth VP. Thalidomide in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(6):379–87. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200304060-00002 .
doi: 10.2165/00128071-200304060-00002 pubmed: 12762830
Chasset F, Tounsi T, Cesbron E, Barbaud A, Francès C, Arnaud L. Efficacy and tolerance profile of thalidomide in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(2):Art. No. 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.09.059 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.09.059
Klebes M, Wutte N, Aberer E. Dapsone as Second-Line Treatment for Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus? A Retrospective Analysis of 34 Patients and a Review of the Literature. Dermatol Basel Switz. 2016;232(1):91–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441054 .
doi: 10.1159/000441054
Youngster I, et al. Medications and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: an evidence-based review. Drug Saf. 2010;33(9):713–26. https://doi.org/10.2165/11536520-000000000-00000 .
doi: 10.2165/11536520-000000000-00000 pubmed: 20701405
Coleman MD. Dapsone-mediated agranulocytosis: risks, possible mechanisms and prevention. Toxicology. 2001;162(1):53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00360-2 .
doi: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00360-2 pubmed: 11311458
Andersohn F, Konzen C, Garbe E. Systematic review: agranulocytosis induced by nonchemotherapy drugs. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(9):657–65. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-9-200705010-00009 .
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-146-9-200705010-00009 pubmed: 17470834
Chang J, Werth VP. Therapeutic options for cutaneous lupus erythematosus: recent advances and future prospects. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2016;12(10):Art. No. 10. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2016.1188006 .
doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2016.1188006
Wenzel J, Brähler S, Bauer R, Bieber T, Tüting T. Efficacy and safety of methotrexate in recalcitrant cutaneous lupus erythematosus: results of a retrospective study in 43 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153(1):157–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06552.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06552.x pubmed: 16029342
Boehm IB, Boehm GA, Bauer R. Management of cutaneous lupus erythematosus with low-dose methotrexate: indication for modulation of inflammatory mechanisms. Rheumatol Int. 1998;18(2):59–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002960050058 .
doi: 10.1007/s002960050058 pubmed: 9782534
Kreuter A, Tomi NS, Weiner SM, Huger M, Altmeyer P, Gambichler T. Mycophenolate sodium for subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus resistant to standard therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156(6):1321–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07826.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07826.x pubmed: 17408395
Pisoni CN, et al. Skin manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus refractory to multiple treatment modalities: poor results with mycophenolate mofetil. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005;23(3):393–6.
pubmed: 15971430
Gammon B, Hansen C, Costner MI. Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in antimalarial-resistant cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(4):717-721.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.08.011 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.08.011 pubmed: 21641078
Callen JP, Spencer LV, Burruss JB, Holtman J. Azathioprine. An effective, corticosteroid-sparing therapy for patients with recalcitrant cutaneous lupus erythematosus or with recalcitrant cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Arch Dermatol. 1991;127(4):515–22. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.127.4.515 .
doi: 10.1001/archderm.127.4.515 pubmed: 2006876
Raptopoulou A, Linardakis C, Sidiropoulos P, Kritikos HD, Boumpas DT. Pulse cyclophosphamide treatment for severe refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2010;19(6):744–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203309358601 .
doi: 10.1177/0961203309358601 pubmed: 20179172
Finelli PF, Naik K, DiGiuseppe JA, Prasad A. Primary lymphoma of CNS, mycophenolate mofetil and lupus. Lupus. 2006;15(12):886–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203306071431 .
doi: 10.1177/0961203306071431 pubmed: 17211996
Sakairi T, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma in a patient with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus receiving mycophenolate mofetil: a case report and literature review. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep. 2022;6(1):36–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/mrcr/rxab012 .
doi: 10.1093/mrcr/rxab012 pubmed: 34505624
Maddox JS, Soltani K. Risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer with azathioprine use. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(10):1425–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.20444 .
doi: 10.1002/ibd.20444 pubmed: 18383175
Rollan MP, Cabrera R, Schwartz RA. Current knowledge of immunosuppression as a risk factor for skin cancer development. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2022;177: 103754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103754 .
doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103754 pubmed: 35803453
Godeau B, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the course of connective tissue disease: report of 34 cases. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(2):246–51.
pubmed: 8182632
Li J, Huang X-M, Fang W-G, Zeng X-J. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with connective tissue disease. J Clin Rheumatol Pract Rep Rheum Musculoskelet Dis. 2006;12(3):114–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.rhu.0000221794.24431.36 .
doi: 10.1097/01.rhu.0000221794.24431.36
Danza A, Ruiz-Irastorza G. Infection risk in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: susceptibility factors and preventive strategies. Lupus. 2013;22(12):1286–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203313493032 .
doi: 10.1177/0961203313493032 pubmed: 24098001
Rackoff PJ, Rosen CJ. Pathogenesis and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Drugs Aging. 1998;12(6):477–84. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199812060-00005 .
doi: 10.2165/00002512-199812060-00005 pubmed: 9638395
Laugesen K, Jørgensen JOL, Sørensen HT, Petersen I. Systemic glucocorticoid use in Denmark: a population-based prevalence study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(5): e015237. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015237 .
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015237 pubmed: 28554927 pmcid: 5729989
Grennan D, Wang S. Steroid side effects. JAMA. 2019;322(3):282. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.8506 .
doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.8506 pubmed: 31310300
Ruzicka T, Meurer M, Bieber T. Efficiency of acitretin in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol. 1988;124(6):897–902.
doi: 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670060043013 pubmed: 2967674
Shornick JK, Formica N, Parke AL. Isotretinoin for refractory lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24(1):49–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(91)70008-P .
doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(91)70008-P pubmed: 1999529
Tett SE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of slow-acting antirheumatic drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1993;25(5):392–407. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199325050-00005 .
doi: 10.2165/00003088-199325050-00005 pubmed: 7904547
Jallouli M, et al. The association of systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis: a series of 17 cases, with a special focus on hydroxychloroquine use and a review of the literature. J Neurol. 2012;259(7):1290–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-011-6335-z .
doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-6335-z pubmed: 22160434
Krishna S, White NJ. Pharmacokinetics of quinine, chloroquine and amodiaquine. Clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1996;30(4):263–99. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199630040-00002 .
doi: 10.2165/00003088-199630040-00002 pubmed: 8983859
Salako LA, Walker O, Iyun AO. Pharmacokinetics of chloroquine in renal insufficiency. Afr J Med Med Sci. 1984;13(3–4):177–82.
pubmed: 6099980
Chen N, et al. Pharmacokinetics of lenalidomide in subjects with various degrees of renal impairment and in subjects on hemodialysis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47(12):1466–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270007309563 .
doi: 10.1177/0091270007309563 pubmed: 17954615
Kintzel PE, Dorr RT. Anticancer drug renal toxicity and elimination: dosing guidelines for altered renal function. Cancer Treat Rev. 1995;21(1):33–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-7372(95)90010-1 .
doi: 10.1016/0305-7372(95)90010-1 pubmed: 7859226
Al-Hasani H, Roussou E. Methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis patients who are on hemodialysis. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31(12):1545–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-011-2041-5 .
doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-2041-5 pubmed: 21833520
Bergan S, et al. Personalized Therapy for Mycophenolate: Consensus Report by the International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology. Ther Drug Monit. 2021;43(2):150–200. https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000871 .
doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000871 pubmed: 33711005
Bach JF, Dardenne M. The metabolism of azathioprine in renal failure. Transplantation. 1971;12(4):253–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-197110000-00003 .
doi: 10.1097/00007890-197110000-00003 pubmed: 4939818
Schusziarra V, Ziekursch V, Schlamp R, Siemensen HC. Pharmacokinetics of azathioprine under haemodialysis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm. 1976;14(4):298–302.
pubmed: 1002367
Krens SD, et al. Dose recommendations for anticancer drugs in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(4):e200–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30145-7 .
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30145-7 pubmed: 30942181
Abouraya M, Sacco JC, Hayes K, Thomas S, Kitchens CS, Trepanier LA. Dapsone-associated methemoglobinemia in a patient with slow NAT2*5B haplotype and impaired cytochrome b5 reductase activity. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;52(2):272–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270010393343 .
doi: 10.1177/0091270010393343 pubmed: 21422237 pmcid: 3153586
Lee SM, Geetha D. Dapsone induced hemolysis in a patient with ANCA associated glomerulonephritis and normal G6PD level and implications for clinical practice: case report and review of the literature. Springerplus. 2015;4:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0816-y .
doi: 10.1186/s40064-015-0816-y pubmed: 25628986 pmcid: 4305048
Mannemuddhu SS, Ali R, Kadhem S, Ruchi R. Unusual cause of persistent dyspnea in a patient with nephrotic syndrome: dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia. CEN Case Rep. 2021;10(3):336–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13730-020-00565-8 .
doi: 10.1007/s13730-020-00565-8 pubmed: 33417185 pmcid: 8271034
Floyd J, Mirza I, Sachs B, Perry MC. Hepatotoxicity of chemotherapy. Semin Oncol. 2006;33(1):50–67. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.11.002 .
doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.11.002 pubmed: 16473644
Gildea DT, Roswarski JL. Severe Lenalidomide-Associated Hyperbilirubinemia. Cureus. 2023. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.34408 .
doi: 10.7759/cureus.34408 pubmed: 36874759 pmcid: 9977541
Zanella M-C, Rubbia-Brandt L, Giostra E, Chalandon Y, Hadengue A, Spahr L. A case of drug-induced hepatitis due to lenalidomide. Case Rep Gastroenterol. 2011;5(1):217–22. https://doi.org/10.1159/000326935 .
doi: 10.1159/000326935 pubmed: 21552449 pmcid: 3088752
Legendre DP, Muzny CA, Swiatlo E. Hansen’s disease (Leprosy): current and future pharmacotherapy and treatment of disease-related immunologic reactions. Pharmacotherapy. 2012;32(1):27–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/PHAR.1009 .
doi: 10.1002/PHAR.1009 pubmed: 22392826
Liu D, et al. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2018;12:1685–95. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S166893 .
doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S166893
McAllister HA, Ferrans VJ, Hall RJ, Strickman NE, Bossart MI. Chloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1987;111(10):953–6.
pubmed: 2957973
Nadeem U, et al. Chloroquine- and hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy: a case report and brief literature review. Am J Clin Pathol. 2021;155(6):793–801. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa253 .
doi: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa253 pubmed: 33316045
Doyno C, Sobieraj DM, Baker WL. Toxicity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine following therapeutic use or overdose. Clin Toxicol Phila Pa. 2021;59(1):12–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2020.1817479 .
doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1817479
Rabkin SW. Aging effects on QT interval: implications for cardiac safety of antipsychotic drugs. J Geriatr Cardiol JGC. 2014;11(1):20–5. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2014.01.005 .
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2014.01.005 pubmed: 24748877
Rizvi SK, Chong BF. Cost minimization analysis of mainstay treatments in cutaneous lupus erythematous. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(1): e15190. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15190 .
doi: 10.1111/dth.15190 pubmed: 34734663
Liu SW, et al. Willingness-to-pay stated preferences in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a pilot study. Arch Dermatol Res. 2020;312(7):527–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-019-02006-8 .
doi: 10.1007/s00403-019-02006-8 pubmed: 31773259
Chen CL, Kuppermann M, Caughey AB, Zane LT. A community-based study of acne-related health preferences in adolescents. Arch Dermatol. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.144.8.988 .
doi: 10.1001/archderm.144.8.988 pubmed: 19075139 pmcid: 7382893
Delfino M, Holt EW, Taylor CR, Wittenberg E, Qureshi AA. Willingness-to-pay stated preferences for 8 health-related quality-of-life domains in psoriasis: a pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(3):439–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.032 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.032 pubmed: 18639364

Auteurs

Briana Heinly (B)

Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.

Astia Allenzara (A)

Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology and Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Matthew Helm (M)

Department of Dermatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.

Galen T Foulke (GT)

Department of Dermatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA. gfoulke@pennstatehealth.psu.edu.
Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA. gfoulke@pennstatehealth.psu.edu.

Classifications MeSH