Has Regulatory Action Reduced Human Exposure to Flame Retardants?
biomonitoring
breast milk
effectiveness evaluation
flame retardant
hexabromocyclododecane
polybrominated diphenyl ether
temporal trends
Journal
Environmental science & technology
ISSN: 1520-5851
Titre abrégé: Environ Sci Technol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0213155
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
05 Dec 2023
05 Dec 2023
Historique:
medline:
7
12
2023
pubmed:
22
11
2023
entrez:
22
11
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Flame retardant (FR) exposure has been linked to several environmental and human health effects. Because of this, the production and use of several FRs are regulated globally. We reviewed the available records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in human breast milk from literature to evaluate the efficacy of regulation to reduce the exposure of FRs to humans. Two-hundred and seven studies were used for analyses to determine the spatial and temporal trends of FR exposure. North America consistently had the highest concentrations of PBDEs, while Asia and Oceania dominated HBCDD exposure. BDE-49 and -99 indicated decreasing temporal trends in most regions. BDE-153, with a longer half-life than the aforementioned isomers, typically exhibited a plateau in breast milk levels. No conclusive trend could be established for HBCDD, and insufficient information was available to determine a temporal trend for BDE-209. Breakpoint analyses indicated a significant decrease in BDE-47 and -99 in Europe around the time that regulation has been implemented, suggesting a positive effect of regulation on FR exposure. However, very few studies have been conducted globally (specifically in North America) after 2013, during the time when the most recent regulations have been implemented. This meta-analysis provides insight into global trends in human exposure to PBDEs and HBCDD, but the remaining uncertainty highlights the need for ongoing evaluation and monitoring, even after a compound group is regulated.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37992205
doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02896
pmc: PMC10702444
doi:
Substances chimiques
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers
0
Flame Retardants
0
Types de publication
Meta-Analysis
Review
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
19106-19124Références
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