COVID-19 Case, Death, and Vaccination Rate Disparities by Race and Ethnicity in Virginia.
COVID-19
Health disparities
Public policy
Virginia
Journal
Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities
ISSN: 2196-8837
Titre abrégé: J Racial Ethn Health Disparities
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101628476
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
27 Nov 2023
27 Nov 2023
Historique:
received:
03
08
2023
accepted:
29
10
2023
revised:
18
10
2023
medline:
28
11
2023
pubmed:
28
11
2023
entrez:
27
11
2023
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
This paper tracks trends in COVID-19 case, death, and vaccination rate disparities by race and ethnicity in Virginia during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 case, death, and vaccination rates were obtained from electronic state health department records from March 2020 to February 2022. Rate ratios were then utilized to quantify racial and ethnic disparities for several time periods during the pandemic. The Hispanic population had the highest COVID-19 case and age-adjusted death rates, and the lowest vaccination rates at the beginning of the pandemic in Virginia. These disparities resolved later in the pandemic. COVID-19 case and death rates among the Black population were also higher than those of the White population and these disparities remained throughout the pandemic. Racial and ethnic disparities changed over time in Virginia as vaccination coverage and public health policies evolved. Year 2 of the analysis saw lower case and death rates, and higher vaccination rates for non-White populations in Virginia. Public health strategies need to be addressed during the pandemic and developed before the next pandemic to ensure that large racial and ethnic disparities are not again present at the outset.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38012433
doi: 10.1007/s40615-023-01856-3
pii: 10.1007/s40615-023-01856-3
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : CDC HHS
ID : ELC EDX
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2023. W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute.
Références
Chowkwanyun M, Reed AL. Racial health disparities and COVID-19 — caution and context. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:201–3. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp2012910
Carethers JM. Insights into disparities observed with COVID‐19. J Intern Med. 2021;289:463–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13199
Bibbins-Domingo K. This time must be different: disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:233–4. https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-2247
Millett GA, Jones AT, Benkeser D, Baral S, Mercer L, Beyrer C, et al. Assessing differential impacts of COVID-19 on black communities. Ann Epidemiol. 2020;47:37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.05.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.05.003
pubmed: 32419766
pmcid: 7224670
Rushovich T, Boulicault M, Chen JT, Danielsen AC, Tarrant A, Richardson SS, et al. Sex disparities in COVID-19 mortality vary across US racial groups. J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36:1696–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06699-4 .
doi: 10.1007/s11606-021-06699-4
pubmed: 33818679
pmcid: 8020825
Bassett MT, Chen JT, Krieger N. Variation in racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality by age in the United States: a cross-sectional study. PLOS Med. 2020;17:14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003402 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003402
The Virginia Department of Health. COVID-19 vaccination disparities and social determinants. COVID-19. 2021. https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/coronavirus/2021/09/20/covid-19-vaccination-disparities-and-social-determinants/
Rogawski McQuade ET, Guertin KA, Becker L, Operario D, Gratz J, Guan D, et al. Assessment of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection among outpatients in Virginia. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2035234. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2776019
Rogers TN, Rogers CR, VanSant‐Webb E, Gu LY, Yan B, Qeadan F. Racial disparities in COVID‐19 mortality among essential workers in the United States. World Med Health Policy. 2020;12:311–27. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wmh3.358
Irwin M, Amanuel Y, Bickers B, Nguyen MA, Russell OW. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on preexisting racial and ethnic disparities, and results of an integrated safety net response in Arlington County, Virginia. Health Secur. 2021;19:S-62-S-71. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/hs.2021.0041
CDC. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 2021 case definition. Natl Notif Dis Surveill Syst (NNDSS). 2021. https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/case-definitions/coronavirus-disease-2019-2021/
Johnson AG, Linde L, Ali AR, DeSantis A, Shi M, Adam C, et al. COVID-19 incidence and mortality among unvaccinated and vaccinated persons aged ≥12 years by receipt of bivalent booster doses and time since vaccination — 24 U.S. jurisdictions, October 3, 2021–December 24, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:145–52. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7206a3.htm?s_cid=mm7206a3_w
Moreno S. Essential and overlooked: federal relief changed Virginia’s COVID response. For some Latinos, help came too late. Richmond Times-Dispatch. 2022 Apr 25. https://richmond.com/news/local/essential-and-overlooked-federal-relief-changed-virginias-covid-response-for-some-latinos-help-came-too/article_700ad6cc-17d9-5b01-85c7-750d70fdff66.html
Moreno S. Essential and overlooked: how decades of inaction failed Virginia’s Latinos during COVID. Richmond Times-Dispatch. 2022 Mar 6. https://richmond.com/news/local/essential-and-overlooked-how-decades-of-inaction-failed-virginias-latinos-during-covid/article_e7094fde-2f72-58e4-b037-9347d768b5ed.html
Cheslow D. Coronavirus flourishes among Latinos in wealthy areas of northern Virginia. WAMU. 2020 May 12. https://wamu.org/story/20/05/12/coronavirus-flourishes-among-latinos-in-wealthy-areas-of-northern-virginia/
Nicholas W, Sood N, Lam CN, Kotha R, Hu H, Simon P. Did prioritizing essential workers help to achieve racial/ethnic equity in early COVID‐19 vaccine distribution? The LA pandemic surveillance cohort study. Am J Ind Med. 2022;65:231–41. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajim.23335
Nguyen LH, Joshi AD, Drew DA, Merino J, Ma W, Lo C-H, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake. Epidemiology. 2022;13(1):636. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.25.21252402 .
doi: 10.1101/2021.02.25.21252402
Closser S, Rosenthal A, Maes K, Justice J, Cox K, Omidian PA, et al. The global context of vaccine refusal: insights from a systematic comparative ethnography of the global polio eradication initiative. Med Anthropol Q. 2016;30:321–341. http://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/maq.12254
Polubriaginof FCG, Ryan P, Salmasian H, Shapiro AW, Perotte A, Safford MM, et al. Challenges with quality of race and ethnicity data in observational databases. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2019;26:730–736. https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article/26/8-9/730/5542028
Alcendor DJ. Racial disparities-associated COVID-19 mortality among minority populations in the US. J Clin Med. 2020;9:2442. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/8/2442
The Virginia Department of Health. Tracking COVID-19 disparities. COVID-19. 2021. https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/coronavirus/2021/11/15/tracking-covid-19-disparities/
Mehrab Z, Wilson ML, Chang S, Harrison G, Lewis B, Telionis A, et al. Data-driven real-time strategic placement of mobile vaccine distribution sites. Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell. 2022;36:12573–12579. https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/21529
CDC. All-Latino team builds connections in Virginia outbreak. 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/communication/responder-stories/all-latino-team-virginia.html
Mobile vaccination clinics coming to southeastern Virginia. 2021. https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/news/2020-regional-news-releases/mobile-vaccination-clinics-coming-to-southeastern-virginia/
Daniel E. Advocates applaud VDH vaccination call center for focus on Spanish-speaking communities. 13 News Now. 2021 Feb 20. https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/vaccine/vdh-vaccination-call-center-focuses-on-spanish-speaking-communities/291-af2923af-c389-4d56-b4c7-4e4826dea51b