A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Stable Angina.


Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
21 Dec 2023
Historique:
medline: 22 12 2023
pubmed: 28 11 2023
entrez: 28 11 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is frequently performed to reduce the symptoms of stable angina. Whether PCI relieves angina more than a placebo procedure in patients who are not receiving antianginal medication remains unknown. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of PCI in patients with stable angina. Patients stopped all antianginal medications and underwent a 2-week symptom assessment phase before randomization. Patients were then randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to undergo PCI or a placebo procedure and were followed for 12 weeks. The primary end point was the angina symptom score, which was calculated daily on the basis of the number of angina episodes that occurred on a given day, the number of antianginal medications prescribed on that day, and clinical events, including the occurrence of unblinding owing to unacceptable angina or acute coronary syndrome or death. Scores range from 0 to 79, with higher scores indicating worse health status with respect to angina. A total of 301 patients underwent randomization: 151 to the PCI group and 150 to the placebo group. The mean (±SD) age was 64±9 years, and 79% were men. Ischemia was present in one cardiac territory in 242 patients (80%), in two territories in 52 patients (17%), and in three territories in 7 patients (2%). In the target vessels, the median fractional flow reserve was 0.63 (interquartile range, 0.49 to 0.75), and the median instantaneous wave-free ratio was 0.78 (interquartile range, 0.55 to 0.87). At the 12-week follow-up, the mean angina symptom score was 2.9 in the PCI group and 5.6 in the placebo group (odds ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.41 to 3.47; P<0.001). One patient in the placebo group had unacceptable angina leading to unblinding. Acute coronary syndromes occurred in 4 patients in the PCI group and in 6 patients in the placebo group. Among patients with stable angina who were receiving little or no antianginal medication and had objective evidence of ischemia, PCI resulted in a lower angina symptom score than a placebo procedure, indicating a better health status with respect to angina. (Funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre and others; ORBITA-2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03742050.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is frequently performed to reduce the symptoms of stable angina. Whether PCI relieves angina more than a placebo procedure in patients who are not receiving antianginal medication remains unknown.
METHODS METHODS
We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of PCI in patients with stable angina. Patients stopped all antianginal medications and underwent a 2-week symptom assessment phase before randomization. Patients were then randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to undergo PCI or a placebo procedure and were followed for 12 weeks. The primary end point was the angina symptom score, which was calculated daily on the basis of the number of angina episodes that occurred on a given day, the number of antianginal medications prescribed on that day, and clinical events, including the occurrence of unblinding owing to unacceptable angina or acute coronary syndrome or death. Scores range from 0 to 79, with higher scores indicating worse health status with respect to angina.
RESULTS RESULTS
A total of 301 patients underwent randomization: 151 to the PCI group and 150 to the placebo group. The mean (±SD) age was 64±9 years, and 79% were men. Ischemia was present in one cardiac territory in 242 patients (80%), in two territories in 52 patients (17%), and in three territories in 7 patients (2%). In the target vessels, the median fractional flow reserve was 0.63 (interquartile range, 0.49 to 0.75), and the median instantaneous wave-free ratio was 0.78 (interquartile range, 0.55 to 0.87). At the 12-week follow-up, the mean angina symptom score was 2.9 in the PCI group and 5.6 in the placebo group (odds ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.41 to 3.47; P<0.001). One patient in the placebo group had unacceptable angina leading to unblinding. Acute coronary syndromes occurred in 4 patients in the PCI group and in 6 patients in the placebo group.
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
Among patients with stable angina who were receiving little or no antianginal medication and had objective evidence of ischemia, PCI resulted in a lower angina symptom score than a placebo procedure, indicating a better health status with respect to angina. (Funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre and others; ORBITA-2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03742050.).

Identifiants

pubmed: 38015442
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2310610
pmc: PMC7615400
mid: EMS190971
doi:

Substances chimiques

Cardiovascular Agents 0

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT03742050']

Types de publication

Comparative Study Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

2319-2330

Subventions

Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/V001620/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : British Heart Foundation
ID : FS/ICRF/22/26039
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/S021108/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : British Heart Foundation
ID : FS/17/16/32560
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : British Heart Foundation
ID : FS/ICRF/22/26051
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/W000520/1
Pays : United Kingdom

Investigateurs

Christopher Rajkumar (C)
Michael Foley (M)
Fiyyaz Ahmed-Jushuf (F)
Florentina Simader (F)
Sashiananthan Ganesananthan (S)
Danqi Wang (D)
Muhammad Mohsin (M)
Rachel Pathimagaraj (R)
Krzysztof Macierzanka (K)
Ricardo Petraco (R)
Ramzi Khamis (R)
Graham Cole (G)
James Howard (J)
Jamil Mayet (J)
Darrel Francis (D)
Rasha Al-Lamee (R)
Arif Kokhar (A)
Aisha Gohar (A)
Ioannis Lampadakis (I)
Henry Seligman (H)
Amit Kaura (A)
Sukhjinder Njjer (S)
Sayan Sen (S)
Punit Ramrakha (P)
Raffi Kaprielian (R)
Iqbal Malik (I)
Masood Khan (M)
Amarjit Sethi (A)
Rodney Foale (R)
Thomas Keeble (T)
Kare Tang (K)
John Davies (J)
Reto Gamma (R)
Gerald Clesham (G)
Jason Dungu (J)
Alamgir Kabir (A)
Shah Mohd Nazri (S)
Peter O'Kane (P)
Jonathan Hinton (J)
Jehangir Din (J)
Alexandra Nowbar (A)
Tushar Kotecha (T)
Peter Haworth (P)
James Spratt (J)
Rupert Williams (R)
Claudia Cosgrove (C)
Pitt Lim (P)
Helen Routledge (H)
Lal Mughal (L)
Jasper Trevelyan (J)
Manas Sinha (M)
Nick Curzen (N)
James Wilkinson (J)
Rohit Sirohi (R)
Alison Calver (A)
John Rawlins (J)
Richard Jabbour (R)
Neil Ruparelia (N)
Joban Sehmi (J)
Tim Kinnaird (T)
Fairoz Abdul (F)
Vasileios Panoulas (V)
David Collier (D)
George Thornton (G)
Afzal Sohaib (A)
Patrick McVeigh (P)
Neil Chapman (N)
Vikas Kapil (V)
Jaymin Shah (J)
Frank E Harrell (FE)
Matthew Shun-Shin (M)

Commentaires et corrections

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Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2023 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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Auteurs

Christopher A Rajkumar (CA)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Michael J Foley (MJ)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Fiyyaz Ahmed-Jushuf (F)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Alexandra N Nowbar (AN)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Florentina A Simader (FA)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

John R Davies (JR)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Peter D O'Kane (PD)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Peter Haworth (P)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Helen Routledge (H)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Tushar Kotecha (T)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Reto Gamma (R)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Gerald Clesham (G)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Rupert Williams (R)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Jehangir Din (J)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Sukhjinder S Nijjer (SS)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Nick Curzen (N)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Neil Ruparelia (N)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Manas Sinha (M)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Jason N Dungu (JN)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Sashiananthan Ganesananthan (S)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Ramzi Khamis (R)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Lal Mughal (L)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Tim Kinnaird (T)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Ricardo Petraco (R)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

James C Spratt (JC)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Sayan Sen (S)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Joban Sehmi (J)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

David J Collier (DJ)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Afzal Sohaib (A)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Thomas R Keeble (TR)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Graham D Cole (GD)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

James P Howard (JP)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Darrel P Francis (DP)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Matthew J Shun-Shin (MJ)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

Rasha K Al-Lamee (RK)

From Imperial College London (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.G., R.K., R.P., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (C.A.R., M.J.F., F.A.-J., F.A.S., S.S.N., S.G., R.K., R.P., S.S., G.D.C., J.P.H., D.P.F., M.J.S.-S., R.K.A.-L.), Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (A.N.N., A.S.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (T. Kotecha), St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (R.W., J.C.S.), St. George's University of London (J.C.S.), Queen Mary University of London (D.J.C., A.S.), and Barts Health NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon (J.R.D., R.G., G.C., J.N.D., T.R.K.), Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford (J.R.D., G.C., T.R.K.), University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (P.D.O., J.D.), Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth (P.H.), Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester (H.R., L.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton, Southampton (N.C.), Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading (N.R.), Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury (M.S.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (T. Kinnaird), Keele University, Keele (T. Kinnaird), Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham (R.P.), and West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford (J.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.

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