Memory and aging across cultures.

Memory declines are commonly reported with age, but the majority of research has been conducted with narrow segments of the world's population. We argue for the importance of considering culture in the study of cognitive aging in order to have a representative, accurate understanding of the effects of aging on memory. Limited research thus far investigates the effects of culture on the use of categories and the self in memory with age, finding that cultural differences tend to be larger for older than younger adults. Frameworks drawing on top-down and bottom-up processes may account for when more or less cultural variation would be expected in cognitive performance. Promising future research directions include socio-emotional memory and expanding samples to address global inequities.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.