Association of cognitive and adaptive skills with internalizing and externalizing problems in autistic children and adolescents.
adaptive behavior
autism spectrum disorder
cognitive skills
intellectual disability
internalizing and externalizing problems
Journal
Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research
ISSN: 1939-3806
Titre abrégé: Autism Res
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101461858
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
29 Nov 2023
29 Nov 2023
Historique:
received:
14
11
2022
accepted:
30
10
2023
medline:
30
11
2023
pubmed:
30
11
2023
entrez:
30
11
2023
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
The presence of an intellectual disability (ID) alongside autism is considered to increase the risk for mental health and behavior problems in children and adolescents. Existing evidence is restricted by looking at ID as a categorical classification. The study aimed to examine the association of cognitive and adaptive behavior skills with internalizing and externalizing problems in a large sample of autistic children and adolescents, across a wide range of cognitive skills. Participants were 2759 children and adolescents aged between 4 and 18 years recruited as part of the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC), of whom 709 (approximately 25%) had ID. Multiple regression models examined associations of internalizing and externalizing problems with cognitive and adaptive skills (communication, daily living, and socialization skills). Cognitive skills were not associated with externalizing problems but were associated with more internalizing problems in autistic children without ID (Cog β: 0.126). All adaptive skill domains were inversely associated with externalizing (Communication β: -0.145; Daily-Living β: -0.132; Socialization β: -0.289) and internalizing problems (Communication β: -0.074; Daily-Living β: -0.064; Socialization β: -0.213) in those without ID. Daily living (β: -0.158) and socialization skills (β: -0.104) were inversely correlated with externalizing problems in autistic children with ID, while only socialization problems (β: -0.099) were associated with internalizing problems in this group. Socialization skills were systematically associated with internalizing and externalizing problems across all levels of cognitive functioning. Supporting social skills development may benefit all aspects of child mental health, while recognizing that children with higher cognitive skills are more vulnerable to internalizing problems might assist with earlier identification of these problems.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., & Rescorla, L. A. (2003). DSM-oriented and empirically based approaches to constructing scales from the same item pools. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(3), 328-340. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3203_02
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles: An integrated system of multi-informant assessment. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth & Families.
Achenbach, T. M. (1966). The classification of children's psychiatric symptoms: a factor-analytic study. Psychol Monogr, 80(7), 1-37. doi:10.1037/h0093906
Albores-Gallo, L., Lara-Munoz, C., Esperon-Vargas, C., Cardenas Zetina, J. A., Perez Soriano, A. M., & Villanueva Colin, G. (2007). Validity and reability of the CBCL/6-18. Includes DSM scales. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 35(6), 393-399.
Alvares, G. A., Bebbington, K., Cleary, D., Evans, K., Glasson, E. J., Maybery, M. T.,Pillar, S., Uljarevic, M., Varcin, K., Wray, J., & Whitehouse, A. J. (2020). The misnomer of ‘high functioning autism’: Intelligence is an imprecise predictor of functional abilities at diagnosis. Autism, 24(1), 221-232.
Ambrose, K., Simpson, K., & Adams, D. (2022). The impact of anxiety on the participation of children on the autism Spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(7), 2958-2969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05162-x
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
Åsberg Johnels, J., Yngvesson, P., Billstedt, E., Gillberg, C., Halldner, L., Råstam, M., Gustafsson, P., Selinus, E. N., Lichtenstein, P., Hellner, C., Anckarsäter, H., & Lundström, S. (2021). The relationship between intelligence and global adaptive functioning in young people with or without neurodevelopmental disorders. Psychiatry Research, 303, 114076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114076
Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Zahorodny, W., Robinson Rosenberg, C., White, T., Durkin, M. S., Imm, P., Nikolaou, L., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Lee, L. C., Harrington, R., Lopez, M., Fitzgerald, R. T., Hewitt, A., Pettygrove, S., & Dowling, N. F. (2018). Prevalence of autism Spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years-Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1
Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2020). Brief report: Behavior disorders and social skills in adolescents with autism Spectrum disorder: Does IQ matter? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(6), 2226-2233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03954-w
Beck, A. T., & Haigh, E. A. (2014). Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734
Bishop, S. L., Guthrie, W., Coffing, M., & Lord, C. (2011). Convergent validity of the Mullen scales of early learning and the differential ability scales in children with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 116(5), 331-343. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-116.5.331
Blanken, L. M., White, T., Mous, S. E., Basten, M., Muetzel, R. L., Jaddoe, V. W., Wals, M., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2017). Cognitive functioning in children with internalising, externalising and dysregulation problems: A population-based study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(4), 445-456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0903-9
Bradshaw, J., Gillespie, S., Klaiman, C., Klin, A., & Saulnier, C. (2019). Early emergence of discrepancy in adaptive behavior and cognitive skills in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 23(6), 1485-1496.
Burrows, C. A., Usher, L. V., Mundy, P. C., & Henderson, H. A. (2017). The salience of the self: Self-referential processing and internalizing problems in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 10(5), 949-960. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1727
Chandler, S., Carter Leno, V., White, P., Yorke, I., Hollocks, M. J., Baird, G., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., & Charman, T. (2022). Pathways to adaptive functioning in autism from early childhood to adolescence. Autism Research, 15(10), 1883-1893. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2785
Chandler, S., Howlin, P., Simonoff, E., O'Sullivan, T., Tseng, E., Kennedy, J., … Baird, G. (2016). Emotional and behavioural problems in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 58(2), 202-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12830
de Lijster, J. M., Dieleman, G. C., Utens, E., Dierckx, B., Wierenga, M., Verhulst, F. C., & Legerstee, J. S. (2018). Social and academic functioning in adolescents with anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 230, 108-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.008
Dekker, M. C., Koot, H. M., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2002). Emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 1087-1098.
Dekker, M. C., Nunn, R. J., Einfeld, S. E., Tonge, B. J., & Koot, H. M. (2002). Assessing emotional and behavioral problems in children with intellectual disability: Revisiting the factor structure of the developmental behavior checklist. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(6), 601-610. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021263216093
D'Mello, A. M., Frosch, I. R., Li, C. E., Cardinaux, A. L., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2022). Exclusion of females in autism research: Empirical evidence for a "leaky" recruitment-to-research pipeline. Autism Research, 15(10), 1929-1940. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2795
Dovgan, K., Mazurek, M. O., & Hansen, J. (2019). Measurement invariance of the child behavior checklist in children with autism spectrum disorder with and without intellectual disability: Follow-up study. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 58, 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.11.009
Dumont, R., Willis, J. O., Viezel, K., & Zibulsky, J. M. (1995). Scales of early learning. In Encyclopedia of special education (AGS ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Duncan, A. W., & Bishop, S. L. (2015). Understanding the gap between cognitive abilities and daily living skills in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders with average intelligence. Autism, 19(1), 64-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313510068
Durbeej, N., Sörman, K., Norén Selinus, E., Lundström, S., Lichtenstein, P., Hellner, C., & Halldner, L. (2019). Trends in childhood and adolescent internalizing symptoms: Results from Swedish population based twin cohorts. BMC Psychology, 7(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0326-8
Edirisooriya, M., Dykiert, D., & Auyeung, B. (2021). IQ and Internalising symptoms in adolescents with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(11), 3887-3907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04810-y
Elliott, C. D. (2007). Differential ability scales (2nd ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Emerson, E., & Hatton, C. (2007). Mental health of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Britain. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 493-499. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.038729
Estes, A. M., Dawson, G., Sterling, L., & Munson, J. (2007). Level of intellectual functioning predicts patterns of associated symptoms in school-age children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 112(6), 439-449. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[439:Loifpp]2.0.Co;2
Fischbach, G. D., & Lord, C. (2010). The Simons simplex collection: A resource for identification of autism genetic risk factors. Neuron, 68(2), 192-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.10.006
Fok, M., & Bal, V. H. (2019). Differences in profiles of emotional behavioral problems across instruments in verbal versus minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 12(9), 1367-1375. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2126
Forbes, M. K., Tackett, J. L.,Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2016). Beyond comorbidity: Toward adimensional and hierarchical approach to understanding psychopathology acrossthe life span. Dev Psychopathol, 28(4pt1), 971-986.
Forns, M., Abad, J., & Kirchner, T. (2011). Internalizing and externalizing problems. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 1464-1469). Springer New York.
Fynn, G., Porter, M., & Pellicano, E. (2023). ‘Playing a guessing game’: Recognising and responding to anxiety in children with intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities., 36, 1150-1161. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.13136
Georgiades, K., Paksarian, D., Rudolph, K., & Merikangas, K. (2018). Prevalence of mental disorder and service use by immigrant generation and race/ethnicity among U.S. adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57, 280-287.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.01.020
Gjevik, E., Eldevik, S., Fjaeran-Granum, T., & Sponheim, E. (2011). Kiddie-SADS reveals high rates of DSM-IV disorders in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(6), 761-769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1095-7
Goldin, R. L., Matson, J. L., & Cervantes, P. E. (2014). The effect of intellectual disability on the presence of comorbid symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(11), 1552-1556.
Gotham, K., Risi, S., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2007). The autism diagnostic observation schedule: Revised algorithms for improved diagnostic validity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(4), 613-627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0280-1
Guerrera, S., Menghini, D., Napoli, E., Di Vara, S., Valeri, G., & Vicari, S. (2019). Assessment of psychopathological comorbidities in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder using the child behavior checklist. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 535. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00535
Hallett, V., Lecavalier, L., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Cipriano, N., Aman, M. G., McCracken, J. T., McDougle, C. J., Tierney, E., King, B. H., Hollander, E., Sikich, L., Bregman, J., Anagnostou, E., Donnelly, C., Katsovich, L., Dukes, K., Vitiello, B., Gadow, K., & Scahill, L. (2013). Exploring the manifestations of anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(10), 2341-2352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1775-1
Halvorsen, M. B., Helverschou, S. B., Axelsdottir, B., Brondbo, P. H., & Martinussen, M. (2022). General measurement tools for assessing mental health problems among children and adolescents with an intellectual disability: A systematic review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53, 132-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05419-5
Helmstaedter, C., & Witt, J. A. (2017). Epilepsy and cognition-A bidirectional relationship? Seizure, 49, 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2017.02.017
Hoffmann, W., Herr, L., König, U., Becker, K., & Kamp-Becker, I. (2016). The role of the CBCL in the assessment of autism spectrum disorders: An evaluation of symptom profiles and screening characteristics. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 27, 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2016.04.002
Kanne, S. M., Gerber, A. J., Quirmbach, L. M., Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Saulnier, C. A. (2011). The role of adaptive behavior in autism spectrum disorders: Implications for functional outcome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(8), 1007-1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1126-4
Kanne, S. M., & Mazurek, M. O. (2011). Aggression in children and adolescents with ASD: Prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(7), 926-937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1118-4
Koskentausta, T., Iivanainen, M., & Almqvist, F. (2004). CBCL in the assessment of psychopathology in Finnish children with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25(4), 341-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2003.12.001
Kuriakose, S. (2014). Concurrent validity of the WISC-IV and DAS-II in children with autism Spectrum disorder. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32(4), 283-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282913511051
Kurzius-Spencer, M., Pettygrove, S., Christensen, D., Pedersen, A. L., Cunniff, C., Meaney, F. J., Soke, G. N., Harrington, R. A., Durkin, M., & Rice, S. (2018). Behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder with and without co-occurring intellectual disability. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 56, 61-71.
Lai, M. C., Kassee, C., Besney, R., Bonato, S., Hull, L., Mandy, W., Szatmari, P., & Ameis, S. H. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 819-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30289-5
Lecavalier, L., Snow, A. V., & Norris, M. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. In P. S. J. L. Matson (Ed.), International handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 37-51). Springer.
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Jr., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205-223.
Lord, C., Storoschuk, S., Rutter, M., & Pickles, A. (1993). Using the ADI-R to diagnose autism in preschool children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 14(3), 234-252.
Magiati, I., Tay, X. W., & Howlin, P. (2014). Cognitive, language, social and behavioural outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review of longitudinal follow-up studies in adulthood. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(1), 73-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.11.002
Maskey, M., Warnell, F., Parr, J. R., Le Couteur, A., & McConachie, H. (2013). Emotional and behavioural problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(4), 851-859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1622-9
Mayes, S. D., Baweja, R., Waschbusch, D. A., & Calhoun, S. L. (2022). Relationship between IQ and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children with autism and children with ADHD. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15, 95-110.
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Murray, M. J., Ahuja, M., & Smith, L. A. (2011). Anxiety, depression, and irritability in children with autism relative to other neuropsychiatric disorders and typical development. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 474-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.06.012
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Murray, M. J., & Zahid, J. (2011). Variables associated with anxiety and depression in children with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23(4), 325-337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-011-9231-7
Mingins, J. E., Tarver, J., Waite, J., Jones, C., & Surtees, A. D. (2021). Anxiety and intellectual functioning in autistic children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism, 25(1), 18-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320953253
Neuhaus, E., Bernier, R. A., Tham, S. W., & Webb, S. J. (2018). Gastrointestinal and psychiatric symptoms among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 515. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00515
Neuhaus, E., Webb, S. J., & Bernier, R. A. (2019). Linking social motivation with social skill: The role of emotion dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 31(3), 931-943. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000361
Oswald, T. M., Winter-Messiers, M. A.,Gibson, B., Schmidt, A. M., Herr, C. M., & Solomon, M. (2016). Sex Differences in Internalizing Problems During Adolescence in Autism SpectrumDisorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 46(2),624-636. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2608-1
Ozonoff, S., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., & Solomon, M. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(3), 523-540. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_8
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Pugliese, C. E., Anthony, L. G., Strang, J. F., Dudley, K., Wallace, G. L., Naiman, D. Q., & Kenworthy, L. (2016). Longitudinal examination of adaptive behavior in autism spectrum disorders: Influence of executive function. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(2), 467-477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2584-5
Ratcliffe, B., Wong, M., Dossetor, D., & Hayes, S. (2015). The association between social skills and mental health in school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder, with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 2487-2496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2411-z
Reese, R. M., Richman, D. M., Belmont, J. M., & Morse, P. (2005). Functional characteristics of disruptive behavior in developmentally disabled children with and without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(4), 419-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-5032-0
Rodas, N. V., Chavira, D. A., & Baker, B. L. (2017). Emotion socialization and internalizing behavior problems in diverse youth: A bidirectional relationship across childhood. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 62, 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.01.010
Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A., & Lord, C. (2003). Autism diagnostic interview-revised-WPS (WPS ed.). Western Psychological Services.
Salazar, F., Baird, G., Chandler, S., Tseng, E., O'Sullivan, T., Howlin, P., Pickles, A., & Simonoff, E. (2015). Co-occurring psychiatric disorders in preschool and elementary school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2283-2294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2361-5
Santore, L. A., Gerber, A., Gioia, A. N., Bianchi, R., Talledo, F., Peris, T. S., & Lerner, M. D. (2020). Felt but not seen: Observed restricted repetitive behaviors are associated with self-report-but not parent-report-obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 24(4), 983-994. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320909177
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921-929. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f
Simons Foundation. (2019). SFARI Base: Simons simplex collection researcher welcome packet (version 1.0) [PDF file]. https://s3.amazonaws.com/sf-web-assets-prod/wpcontent/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/15164606/SSC_Researcher_Welcome_Packet.pd
Sparrow, S., Cicchetti, D., & Balla, D. (2005). Vineland adaptive behavior scales-Second edition (Vineland-II). American Guidance Service.
Strang, J. F., Kenworthy, L., Daniolos, P., Case, L., Wills, M. C., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L. (2012). Depression and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders without intellectual disability. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder, 6(1), 406-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.06.015
Tassé, M. J., Luckasson, R., & Schalock, R. L. (2016). The relation between intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior in the diagnosis of intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 54(6), 381-390. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-54.6.381
Tassé, M. J., Schalock, R. L., Balboni, G., Bersani, H., Jr., Borthwick-Duffy, S. A., Spreat, S., Thissen, D., Widaman, K. F., & Zhang, D. (2012). The construct of adaptive behavior: Its conceptualization, measurement, and use in the field of intellectual disability. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 117(4), 291-303. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-117.4.291
Taverna, L., Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., & Axia, G. (2011). Adaptive behaviors in young children: A unique cultural comparison in Italy. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(3), 445-465. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110362748
Tillmann, J., San José Cáceres, A., Chatham, C. H., Crawley, D., Holt, R., Oakley, B., Banaschewski, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Bölte, S., Buitelaar, J. K., & Durston, S. (2019). Investigating the factors underlying adaptive functioning in autism in the EU-AIMS longitudinal European autism project. Autism Research, 12(4), 645-657. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2081
Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Emerson, E., Berridge, D. M., & Lancaster, G. A. (2011). Behavior problems at 5 years of age and maternal mental health in autism and intellectual disability. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(8), 1137-1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9534-2
Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Emerson, E., Lancaster, G. A., & Berridge, D. M. (2011). A population-based investigation of behavioural and emotional problems and maternal mental health: Associations with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(1), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02295.x
Tureck, K., Matson, J. L., Cervantes, P., & Konst, M. J. (2014). An examination of the relationship between autism spectrum disorder, intellectual functioning, and comorbid symptoms in children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(7), 1766-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.02.013
van Steensel, F. J., Bögels, S. M., & de Bruin, E. I. (2013). Psychiatric comorbidity in children with autism Spectrum disorders: A comparison with children with ADHD. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(3), 368-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9587-z
van Steensel, F. J. A., & Heeman, E. J. (2017). Anxiety levels in children with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(7), 1753-1767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0687-7
Waddington, E. M., & Reed, P. (2017). Comparison of the effects of mainstream and special school on National Curriculum outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder: An archive-based analysis. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 17(2), 132-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12368
Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC-IV) (4th ed.). Psychological Corporation.
White, S. W., Oswald, D., Ollendick, T., & Scahill, L. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autismspectrum disorders. Clin Psychol Rev, 29(3), 216-229. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.003
Yarger, H. A., & Redcay, E. (2020). A conceptual model of risk and protective factors associated with internalizing symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review, synthesis, and call for more research. Development and Psychopathology, 32(4), 1254-1272. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457942000084X
Zeidan, J., Fombonne, E., Scorah, J., Ibrahim, A., Durkin, M. S., Saxena, S., Yusuf, A., Shih, A., & Elsabbagh, M. (2022). Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update. Autism Research, 15(5), 778-790. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2696