Motor Signature Differences Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Coordination Disorder, and Their Neural Mechanisms.
Autism spectrum disorders
Developmental coordination disorder
Early detection
Machine learning
Smart tablet
fMRI
Journal
Journal of autism and developmental disorders
ISSN: 1573-3432
Titre abrégé: J Autism Dev Disord
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7904301
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 Dec 2023
07 Dec 2023
Historique:
accepted:
25
10
2023
medline:
8
12
2023
pubmed:
8
12
2023
entrez:
7
12
2023
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are distinct clinical groups with overlapping motor features. We attempted to (1) differentiate children with ASD from those with DCD, and from those typically developing (TD) (ages 8-17; 18 ASD, 16 DCD, 20 TD) using a 5-min coloring game on a smart tablet and (2) identify neural correlates of these differences. We utilized standardized behavioral motor assessments (e.g. fine motor, gross motor, and balance skills) and video recordings of a smart tablet task to capture any visible motor, behavioral, posture, or engagement differences. We employed machine learning analytics of motor kinematics during a 5-min coloring game on a smart tablet. Imaging data was captured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during action production tasks. While subject-rated motor assessments could not differentiate the two clinical groups, machine learning computational analysis provided good predictive discrimination: between TD and ASD (76% accuracy), TD and DCD (78% accuracy), and ASD and DCD (71% accuracy). Two kinematic markers which strongly drove categorization were significantly correlated with cerebellar activity. Findings demonstrate unique neuromotor patterns between ASD and DCD relate to cerebellar function and present a promising route for computational techniques in early identification. These are promising preliminary results that warrant replication with larger samples.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38062243
doi: 10.1007/s10803-023-06171-8
pii: 10.1007/s10803-023-06171-8
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
ID : R01HD079432-01A1
Organisme : University of Strathclyde
ID : Hawthorne Fellowship in Autism Innovation
Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s).
Références
Abrams, G., Jayashankar, A., Kilroy, E., Butera, C., Harrison, L., Ring, P., Houssain, A., Nalbach, A., Cermak, S. A., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2022). Differences in praxis errors in autism spectrum disorder compared to developmental coordination disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05858-8
doi: 10.1007/s10803-022-05858-8
pubmed: 36515853
Allen, G., Müller, R.-A., & Courchesne, E. (2004). Cerebellar function in autism: Functional magnetic resonance image activation during a simple motor task. Biological Psychiatry, 56(4), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.005
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.005
pubmed: 15312815
Anzulewicz, A., Sobota, K., & Delafield-Butt, J. T. (2016). Toward the autism motor signature: Gesture patterns during smart tablet gameplay identify children with autism. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 31107. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31107
doi: 10.1038/srep31107
pubmed: 27553971
pmcid: 4995518
Bhat, A. N. (2020). Is motor impairment in autism spectrum disorder distinct from developmental coordination disorder? A report from the SPARK study. Physical Therapy, 100(4), 633–644. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz190
doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzz190
pubmed: 32154876
pmcid: 7297441
Biotteau, M., Danna, J., Baudou, É., Puyjarinet, F., Velay, J. L., Albaret, J. M., & Chaix, Y. (2019). Developmental coordination disorder and dysgraphia: Signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and rehabilitation. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 15, 1873–1885. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S120514
doi: 10.2147/NDT.S120514
pubmed: 31371960
pmcid: 6626900
Blank, R., Barnett, A. L., Cairney, J., Green, D., Kirby, A., Polatajko, H., Rosenblum, S., Smits-Engelsman, B., Sugden, D., & Wilson, P. (2019). International clinical practice recommendations on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 61(3), 242–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14132
doi: 10.1111/dmcn.14132
Butera, C. D., Harrison, L., Kilroy, E., Jayashankar, A., Shipkova, M., Pruyser, A., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2022). Relationships between alexithymia, interoception, and emotional empathy in autism spectrum disorder. Autism. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221111310
doi: 10.1177/13623613221111310
pubmed: 35833505
Butera, C., Kaplan, J., Kilroy, E., Harrison, L., Jayashankar, A., Loureiro, F., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2023). The relationship between alexithymia, interoception, and neural functional connectivity during facial expression processing in autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychologia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108469
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108469
pubmed: 36610493
Campbell, S. K., & Hedeker, D. (2001). Validity of the test of infant motor performance for discriminating among infants with varying risk for poor motor outcome. The Journal of Pediatrics, 139(4), 546–551. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2001.117581
doi: 10.1067/mpd.2001.117581
pubmed: 11598602
Catani, M., Jones, D. K., Daly, E., Embiricos, N., Deeley, Q., Pugliese, L., Curran, S., Robertson, D., & Murphy, D. G. M. (2008). Altered cerebellar feedback projections in Asperger syndrome. NeuroImage, 41(4), 1184–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.041
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.041
pubmed: 18495494
Cavallo, A., Romeo, L., Ansuini, C., Battaglia, F., Nobili, L., Pontil, M., Panzeri, S., & Becchio, C. (2021). Identifying the signature of prospective motor control in children with autism. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3165. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82374-2
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82374-2
pubmed: 33542311
pmcid: 7862688
Cermak, S. A., & May-Benson, T. A. (2020). Praxis and dyspraxia. In I. A. C. Bundy & S. Lane (Eds.), Sensory integration: Theory and practice (3rd ed., pp. 115–150). F. A. Davis.
Chua, Y. W., Lu, S.-C., Anzulewicz, A., Sobota, K., Tachtatzis, C., Andonovic, I., Rowe, P., & Delafield-Butt, J. (2022). Developmental differences in the prospective organisation of goal-directed movement between children with autism and typically developing children: A smart tablet serious game study. Developmental Science, 25(3), e13195. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13195
doi: 10.1111/desc.13195
pubmed: 34800316
Conners, C. K. (2008). Conners 3rd edition: Manual (Vol. 14). Multi-Health Systems.
Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2012). Social responsiveness scale: SRS-2 (p. 106). Western Psychological Services.
Crovitz, H. F., & Zener, K. (1962). A group-test for assessing hand- and eye-dominance. The American Journal of Psychology, 75(2), 271–276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1419611
doi: 10.2307/1419611
pubmed: 13882420
Delafield-Butt, J., & Trevarthen, C. (2017). On the brainstem origin of autism: Disruption to movements of the primary self. In Autism (pp. 119–138). CRC Press.
D’Mello, A. M., Crocetti, D., Mostofsky, S. H., & Stoodley, C. J. (2015). Cerebellar gray matter and lobular volumes correlate with core autism symptoms. NeuroImage: Clinical, 7, 631–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.02.007
doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.02.007
pubmed: 25844317
Dapretto, M., Davies, M. S., Pfeifer, J. H., Scott, A. A., Sigman, M., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Iacoboni, M. (2006). Understanding emotions in others: Mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nature Neuroscience, 9(1), 28–30.
doi: 10.1038/nn1611
pubmed: 16327784
David, F., Baranek, G., Wiesen, C., Miao, A., & Thorpe, D. (2012). Coordination of precision grip in 2–6 years-old children with autism spectrum disorders compared to children developing typically and children with developmental disabilities. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2012.00122
doi: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00122
pubmed: 23293589
pmcid: 3533230
Debrabant, J., Gheysen, F., Caeyenberghs, K., Van Waelvelde, H., & Vingerhoets, G. (2013). Neural underpinnings of impaired predictive motor timing in children with developmental coordination disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(5), 1478–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.02.008
doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.02.008
pubmed: 23474999
Dewey, D., Cantell, M., & Crawford, S. (2007). Motor and gestural performance in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental coordination disorder, and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(2), 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617707070270
doi: 10.1017/S1355617707070270
pubmed: 17286882
Di, X., Azeez, A., Li, X., Haque, E., & Biswal, B. B. (2018). Disrupted focal white matter integrity in autism spectrum disorder: A voxel-based meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 82, 242–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.007
doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.007
pubmed: 29128446
Eggleston, J. D., Harry, J. R., Hickman, R. A., & Dufek, J. S. (2017). Analysis of gait symmetry during over-ground walking in children with autism spectrum disorder. Gait & Posture, 55, 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.026
doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.026
Fatemi, S. H., Aldinger, K. A., Ashwood, P., Bauman, M. L., Blaha, C. D., Blatt, G. J., Chauhan, A., Chauhan, V., Dager, S. R., Dickson, P. E., Estes, A. M., Goldowitz, D., Heck, D. H., Kemper, T. L., King, B. H., Martin, L. A., Millen, K. J., Mittleman, G., Mosconi, M. W., et al. (2012). Consensus paper: pathological role of the cerebellum in autism. The Cerebellum, 11(3), 777–807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-012-0355-9
doi: 10.1007/s12311-012-0355-9
pubmed: 22370873
Fournier, K. A., Hass, C. J., Naik, S. K., Lodha, N., & Cauraugh, J. H. (2010). Motor coordination in autism spectrum disorders: A synthesis and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(10), 1227–1240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0981-3
doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-0981-3
pubmed: 20195737
Friedman, J. H. (2001). Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine. Annals of Statistics, 29, 1189–1232.
doi: 10.1214/aos/1013203451
Fuelscher, I., Caeyenberghs, K., Enticott, P. G., Williams, J., Lum, J., & Hyde, C. (2018). Differential activation of brain areas in children with developmental coordination disorder during tasks of manual dexterity: An ALE meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 86, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.01.002
doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.01.002
Fukushima, K. (1975). Cognitron: A self-organizing multilayered neural network. Biological Cybernetics, 20(3–4), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00342633
doi: 10.1007/BF00342633
pubmed: 1203338
Gill, K. K., Lang, D., & Zwicker, J. G. (2022a). Cerebellar differences after rehabilitation in children with developmental coordination disorder. Brain Sciences, 12, 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070856
doi: 10.3390/brainsci12070856
pubmed: 35884662
pmcid: 9313074
Gill, K. K., Lang, D., & Zwicker, J. G. (2022b). Cerebellar differences after rehabilitation in children with developmental coordination disorder. A voxel-based morphometry study, 16, 921505. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070856
doi: 10.3390/brainsci12070856
Gowen, E., & Hamilton, A. (2013). Motor abilities in autism: A review using a computational context. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(2), 323–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1574-0
doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1574-0
pubmed: 22723127
Green, D., Baird, G., Barnett, A. L., Henderson, L., Huber, J., & Henderson, S. E. (2002). The severity and nature of motor impairment in Asperger’s syndrome: A comparison with specific developmental disorder of motor function. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(5), 655–668. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00054
doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00054
pubmed: 12120861
Guell, X., & Schmahmann, J. (2020). Cerebellar functional anatomy: A didactic summary based on human fmri evidence. The Cerebellum, 19(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-019-01083-9
doi: 10.1007/s12311-019-01083-9
pubmed: 31707620
Harris, S. R., Mickelson, E. C. R., & Zwicker, J. G. (2015). Diagnosis and management of developmental coordination disorder. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 187(9), 659–665. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.140994
doi: 10.1503/cmaj.140994
pubmed: 26009588
pmcid: 4467929
Harrison, L., Kats, A., Kilroy, E., Butera, C., Jayashankar, A., Keles, U., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2021). Motor and sensory features successfully decode autism spectrum disorder and combine with the original RDoC framework to boost diagnostic classification. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 7839. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87455-w
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87455-w
pubmed: 33837251
pmcid: 8035204
Henderson, S. E., Sugden, D., & Barnett, A. L. (2007). Movement assessment battery for children-2 [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t55281-000
doi: 10.1037/t55281-000
Jenkinson, M., Bannister, P., Brady, M., & Smith, S. (2002). Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images. NeuroImage, 17(2), 825–841. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1132
doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1132
pubmed: 12377157
Jenkinson, M., & Smith, S. (2001). A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images. Medical Image Analysis, 5(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-8415(01)00036-6
doi: 10.1016/S1361-8415(01)00036-6
pubmed: 11516708
Jung, M., Kosaka, H., Saito, D. N., et al. (2014). Default mode network in young male adults with autism spectrum disorder: Relationship with autism spectrum traits. Molecular Autism, 5, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/2040-2392-5-35
doi: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-35
pubmed: 24955232
pmcid: 4064274
Khan, S., Michmizos, K., Tommerdahl, M., Ganesan, S., Kitzbichler, M. G., Zetino, M., Garel, K.-L.A., Herbert, M. R., Hämäläinen, M. S., & Kenet, T. (2015). Somatosensory cortex functional connectivity abnormalities in autism show opposite trends, depending on direction and spatial scale. Brain, 138(5), 1394–1409. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv043
doi: 10.1093/brain/awv043
pubmed: 25765326
pmcid: 5013931
Kilroy, E., Gerbella, M., Cao, L., Molfese, P., Butera, C., Harrison, L., Jayashankar, A., Rizzolatti, G., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2022a). Specific tractography differences in autism compared to developmental coordination disorder. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 19246. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21538-0
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21538-0
pubmed: 36376319
pmcid: 9663575
Kilroy, E., Harrison, L., Butera, C., Jayashankar, A., Cermak, S., Kaplan, J., Williams, M., Haranin, E., Bookheimer, S., Dapretto, M., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2021). Unique deficit in embodied simulation in autism: An fMRI study comparing autism and developmental coordination disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 42(5), 1532–1546. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25312
doi: 10.1002/hbm.25312
pubmed: 33320398
Kilroy, E., Ring, P., Hossain, A., Nalbach, A., Butera, C., Harrison, L., Jayashankar, A., Vigen, C., Aziz-Zadeh, L., & Cermak, S. A. (2022b). Motor performance, praxis, and social skills in autism spectrum disorder and developmental coordination disorder. Autism Research, 15, 1649–1664.
doi: 10.1002/aur.2774
pubmed: 35785418
pmcid: 9543450
Kingma, D. P., & Ba, J. (2014). Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980 .
Levisohn, L., Cronin-Golomb, A., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2000). Neuropsychological consequences of cerebellar tumour resection in children: Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in a paediatric population. Brain, 123(5), 1041–1050. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.5.1041
doi: 10.1093/brain/123.5.1041
pubmed: 10775548
Licari, M. K., Alvares, G. A., Varcin, K., Evans, K. L., Cleary, D., Reid, S. L., Glasson, E. J., Bebbington, K., Reynolds, J. E., Wray, J., & Whitehouse, A. J. O. (2020). Prevalence of motor difficulties in autism spectrum disorder: Analysis of a population-based cohort. Autism Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 13(2), 298–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2230
doi: 10.1002/aur.2230
pubmed: 31625694
Licari, M. K., Billington, J., Reid, S. L., Wann, J. P., Elliott, C. M., Winsor, A. M., Robins, E., Thornton, A. L., Jones, R., & Bynevelt, M. (2015). Cortical functioning in children with developmental coordination disorder: A motor overflow study. Experimental Brain Research, 233(6), 1703–1710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4243-7
doi: 10.1007/s00221-015-4243-7
pubmed: 25757959
Lim, Y. H., Licari, M., Spittle, A. J., Watkins, R. E., Zwicker, J. G., Downs, J., & Finlay-Jones, A. (2021). Early motor function of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 147(2), e2020011270. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-011270
doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-011270
pubmed: 33510035
Lim, Y. H., Partridge, K., Girdler, S., & Morris, S. L. (2017). Standing postural control in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(7), 2238–2253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3144-y
doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3144-y
pubmed: 28508177
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule—Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005592401947
doi: 10.1023/A:1005592401947
pubmed: 11055457
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 24(5), 659–685. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02172145
doi: 10.1007/bf02172145
Lu, S.-C., Rowe, P., Tachtatzis, C., Andonovic, I., Anzulewicz, A., Sobota, K., & Delafield-Butt, J. (2022). Swipe kinematic differences in young children with autism spectrum disorders are task- and age-dependent: A smart tablet game approach. Brain Disorders, 5, 100032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dscb.2022.100032
doi: 10.1016/j.dscb.2022.100032
Manto, M., Bower, J. M., Conforto, A. B., Delgado-García, J. M., da Guarda, S. N. F., Gerwig, M., Habas, C., Hagura, N., Ivry, R. B., Mariën, P., Molinari, M., Naito, E., Nowak, D. A., Ben Taib, N. O., Pelisson, D., Tesche, C. D., Tilikete, C., & Timmann, D. (2012). Consensus paper: Roles of the cerebellum in motor control—The diversity of ideas on cerebellar involvement in movement. Cerebellum (london, England), 11(2), 457–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-011-0331-9
doi: 10.1007/s12311-011-0331-9
pubmed: 22161499
McKinney, W. S., Kelly, S. E., Unruh, K. E., Shafer, R. L., Sweeney, J. A., Styner, M., & Mosconi, M. W. (2022). Cerebellar volumes and sensorimotor behavior in autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2022.821109
doi: 10.3389/fnint.2022.821109
pubmed: 36159091
pmcid: 9502015
Miller, H. L., Caçola, P. M., Sherrod, G. M., Patterson, R. M., & Bugnariu, N. L. (2019). Children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental coordination disorder, and typical development differ in characteristics of dynamic postural control: A preliminary study. Gait & Posture, 67, 9–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.08.038
doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.08.038
Miller, H. L., Sherrod, G. M., Mauk, J. E., Fears, N. E., Hynan, L. S., & Tamplain, P. M. (2021). Shared features or co-occurrence? Evaluating symptoms of developmental coordination disorder in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(10), 3443–3455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04766-z
doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04766-z
pubmed: 33387238
pmcid: 10177628
Mostofsky, S. H., Dubey, P., Jerath, V. K., Jansiewicz, E. M., Goldberg, M. C., & Denckla, M. B. (2006). Developmental dyspraxia is not limited to imitation in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12(3), 314–326. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617706060437
doi: 10.1017/S1355617706060437
pubmed: 16903124
Nair, V., & Hinton, G. E. (2010). Rectified linear units improve restricted Boltzmann machines. In Proceedings of the 27th international conference on machine learning (ICML-10) (pp. 807–814).
Neely, K. A., Coombes, S. A., Planetta, P. J., & Vaillancourt, D. E. (2013). Segregated and overlapping neural circuits exist for the production of static and dynamic precision grip force. Human Brain Mapping, 34(3), 698–712. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21467
doi: 10.1002/hbm.21467
pubmed: 22109998
Noonan, S. K., Haist, F., & Müller, R.-A. (2009). Aberrant functional connectivity in autism: Evidence from low-frequency BOLD signal fluctuations. Brain Research, 1262, 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.076
doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.076
pubmed: 19401185
pmcid: 2766184
Oliveira, M. A., Shim, J. K., Loss, J. F., Petersen, R. D. S., & Clark, J. E. (2006). Effect of kinetic redundancy on hand digit control in children with DCD. Neuroscience Letters, 410(1), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.065
doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.065
pubmed: 17055646
pmcid: 1785294
Pangelinan, M. M., Hatfield, B. D., & Clark, J. E. (2013). Differences in movement-related cortical activation patterns underlying motor performance in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Journal of Neurophysiology, 109(12), 3041–3050. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00532.2012
doi: 10.1152/jn.00532.2012
pubmed: 23536712
pmcid: 3680815
Paquet, A., Olliac, B., Golse, B., & Vaivre-Douret, L. (2019). Nature of motor impairments in autism spectrum disorder: A comparison with developmental coordination disorder. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 41(1), 1–14.
doi: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1483486
pubmed: 29923455
Pruim, R. H., Mennes, M., Buitelaar, J. K., & Beckmann, C. F. (2015). Evaluation of ICA-AROMA and alternative strategies for motion artifact removal in resting state fMRI. Neuroimage, 112, 278–287.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.063
pubmed: 25770990
Reynolds, J. E., Whitehouse, A. J. O., Alvares, G. A., Waddington, H., Macaskill, E., & Licari, M. K. (2022). Characterising the early presentation of motor difficulties in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(11), 4739–4749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05333-w
doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05333-w
pubmed: 34739646
Ringold, S. M., McGuire, R. W., Jayashankar, A., Kilroy, E., Butera, C. D., Harrison, L., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2022). Sensory modulation in children with developmental coordination disorder compared to autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children. Brain Sciences, 12(9), 1171.
doi: 10.3390/brainsci12091171
pubmed: 36138908
pmcid: 9496992
Riva, D., & Giorgi, C. (2000). The cerebellum contributes to higher functions during development: Evidence from a series of children surgically treated for posterior fossa tumours. Brain, 123(5), 1051–1061. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.5.1051
doi: 10.1093/brain/123.5.1051
pubmed: 10775549
Roley, S. S., Mailloux, Z., Parham, L. D., Schaaf, R. C., Lane, C. J., & Cermak, S. (2014). Sensory integration and praxis patterns in children with autism. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69(1), 6901220010p1-6901220010p8. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2015.012476
doi: 10.5014/ajot.2015.012476
Rothi, G., Raymer, A., Ochipa, C., Maher, L., Greenwald, M., & Heilman, K. (2003). Florida Apraxia Battery-revised.
Sinha, P., Kjelgaard, M. M., Gandhi, T. K., Tsourides, K., Cardinaux, A. L., Pantazis, D., Diamond, S. P., & Held, R. M. (2014). Autism as a disorder of prediction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(42), 15220–15225. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416797111
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1416797111
Sivaswamy, L., Kumar, A., Rajan, D., Behen, M., Muzik, O., Chugani, D., & Chugani, H. (2010). A diffusion tensor imaging study of the cerebellar pathways in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 25(10), 1223–1231. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073809358765
doi: 10.1177/0883073809358765
pubmed: 20179000
Stoodley, C. J. (2014). Distinct regions of the cerebellum show gray matter decreases in autism, ADHD, and developmental dyslexia. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00092
doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00092
pubmed: 24904314
pmcid: 4033133
Teitelbaum, P., Teitelbaum, O., Nye, J., Fryman, J., & Maurer, R. G. (1998). Movement analysis in infancy may be useful for early diagnosis of autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(23), 13982–13987.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13982
Trevarthen, C., & Delafield-Butt, J. (2013). Autism as a developmental disorder in intentional movement and affective engagement. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2013.00049
doi: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00049
pubmed: 23882192
pmcid: 3713342
Tunçgenç, B., Pacheco, C., Rochowiak, R., Nicholas, R., Rengarajan, S., Zou, E., Messenger, B., Vidal, R., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2021). Computerized assessment of motor imitation as a scalable method for distinguishing children with autism. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 6(3), 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.09.001
doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.09.001
pubmed: 33229247
Vabalas, A., Gowen, E., Poliakoff, E., & Casson, A. J. (2019). Machine learning algorithm validation with a limited sample size. PLoS ONE, 14(11), e0224365. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224365
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224365
pubmed: 31697686
pmcid: 6837442
Vaillancourt, D. E., Mayka, M. A., & Corcos, D. M. (2006). Intermittent visuomotor processing in the human cerebellum, parietal cortex, and premotor cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 95(2), 922–931. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00718.2005
doi: 10.1152/jn.00718.2005
pubmed: 16267114
van der Heijden, M. E., Gill, J. S., & Sillitoe, R. V. (2021). Abnormal cerebellar development in autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Neuroscience, 43(3–4), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1159/000515189
doi: 10.1159/000515189
pubmed: 33823515
Van Overwalle, F., Ma, Q., & Heleven, E. (2020). The posterior crus II cerebellum is specialized for social mentalizing and emotional self-experiences: A meta-analysis. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 15(9), 905–928. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa124
doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa124
pubmed: 32888303
pmcid: 7851889
Verly, M., Verhoeven, J., Zink, I., Mantini, D., Peeters, R., Deprez, S., et al. (2014). Altered functional connectivity of the language network in ASD: Role of classical language areas and cerebellum. NeuroImage: Clincal, 4, 374–382.
doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.01.008
Wilson, B. N., Kaplan, B. J., Crawford, S. G., & Roberts, G. (2007). The developmental coordination disorder questionnaire 2007 (DCDQ’07). Administrative manual for the DCDQ107 with psychometric properties (pp. 267–272).
Wisdom, S. N., Dyck, M. J., Piek, J. P., Hay, D., & Hallmayer, J. (2007). Can autism, language and coordination disorders be differentiated based on ability profiles? European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 16(3), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-006-0586-8
doi: 10.1007/s00787-006-0586-8
Zampella, C. J., Wang, L. A., Haley, M., Hutchinson, A. G., & de Marchena, A. (2021). Motor skill differences in autism spectrum disorder: A clinically focused review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(10), 64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01280-6
doi: 10.1007/s11920-021-01280-6
pubmed: 34387753
Zwicker, J. G., Missiuna, C., Harris, S. R., & Boyd, L. A. (2011). Brain activation associated with motor skill practice in children with developmental coordination disorder: An fMRI study. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 29(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.12.002
doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.12.002
pubmed: 21145385