Detection and disease diagnosis trends (2017-2022) for Streptococcus suis, Glaesserella parasuis, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Actinobacillus suis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae at Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.
Actinobacillus suis
Detection
Diagnosis
Disease
Endemic
Glaesserella parasuis
Monitoring
Mycoplasma hyorhinis
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
Polymicrobial
Streptococcus suis
Swine
Journal
BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
Titre abrégé: BMC Vet Res
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101249759
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
12 Dec 2023
12 Dec 2023
Historique:
received:
13
07
2023
accepted:
07
11
2023
medline:
13
12
2023
pubmed:
13
12
2023
entrez:
13
12
2023
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Accurate measurement of disease associated with endemic bacterial agents in pig populations is challenging due to their commensal ecology, the lack of disease-specific antemortem diagnostic tests, and the polymicrobial nature of swine diagnostic cases. The main objective of this retrospective study was to estimate temporal patterns of agent detection and disease diagnosis for five endemic bacteria that can cause systemic disease in porcine tissue specimens submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU VDL) from 2017 to 2022. The study also explored the diagnostic value of specific tissue specimens for disease diagnosis, estimated the frequency of polymicrobial diagnosis, and evaluated the association between phase of pig production and disease diagnosis. S. suis and G. parasuis bronchopneumonia increased on average 6 and 4.3%, while S. suis endocarditis increased by 23% per year, respectively. M. hyorhinis and A. suis associated serositis increased yearly by 4.2 and 12.8%, respectively. A significant upward trend in M. hyorhinis arthritis cases was also observed. In contrast, M. hyosynoviae arthritis cases decreased by 33% average/year. Investigation into the diagnostic value of tissues showed that lungs were the most frequently submitted sample, However, the use of lung for systemic disease diagnosis requires caution due to the commensal nature of these agents in the respiratory system, compared to systemic sites that diagnosticians typically target. This study also explored associations between phase of production and specific diseases caused by each agent, showcasing the role of S. suis arthritis in suckling pigs, meningitis in early nursery and endocarditis in growing pigs, and the role of G. parasuis, A. suis, M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae disease mainly in post-weaning phases. Finally, this study highlighted the high frequency of co-detection and -disease diagnosis with other infectious etiologies, such as PRRSV and IAV, demonstrating that to minimize the health impact of these endemic bacterial agents it is imperative to establish effective viral control programs. Results from this retrospective study demonstrated significant increases in disease diagnosis for S. suis, G. parasuis, M. hyorhinis, and A. suis, and a significant decrease in detection and disease diagnosis of M. hyosynoviae. High frequencies of interactions between these endemic agents and with viral pathogens was also demonstrated. Consequently, improved control programs are needed to mitigate the adverse effect of these endemic bacterial agents on swine health and wellbeing. This includes improving diagnostic procedures, developing more effective vaccine products, fine-tuning antimicrobial approaches, and managing viral co-infections.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Accurate measurement of disease associated with endemic bacterial agents in pig populations is challenging due to their commensal ecology, the lack of disease-specific antemortem diagnostic tests, and the polymicrobial nature of swine diagnostic cases. The main objective of this retrospective study was to estimate temporal patterns of agent detection and disease diagnosis for five endemic bacteria that can cause systemic disease in porcine tissue specimens submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU VDL) from 2017 to 2022. The study also explored the diagnostic value of specific tissue specimens for disease diagnosis, estimated the frequency of polymicrobial diagnosis, and evaluated the association between phase of pig production and disease diagnosis.
RESULTS
RESULTS
S. suis and G. parasuis bronchopneumonia increased on average 6 and 4.3%, while S. suis endocarditis increased by 23% per year, respectively. M. hyorhinis and A. suis associated serositis increased yearly by 4.2 and 12.8%, respectively. A significant upward trend in M. hyorhinis arthritis cases was also observed. In contrast, M. hyosynoviae arthritis cases decreased by 33% average/year. Investigation into the diagnostic value of tissues showed that lungs were the most frequently submitted sample, However, the use of lung for systemic disease diagnosis requires caution due to the commensal nature of these agents in the respiratory system, compared to systemic sites that diagnosticians typically target. This study also explored associations between phase of production and specific diseases caused by each agent, showcasing the role of S. suis arthritis in suckling pigs, meningitis in early nursery and endocarditis in growing pigs, and the role of G. parasuis, A. suis, M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae disease mainly in post-weaning phases. Finally, this study highlighted the high frequency of co-detection and -disease diagnosis with other infectious etiologies, such as PRRSV and IAV, demonstrating that to minimize the health impact of these endemic bacterial agents it is imperative to establish effective viral control programs.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Results from this retrospective study demonstrated significant increases in disease diagnosis for S. suis, G. parasuis, M. hyorhinis, and A. suis, and a significant decrease in detection and disease diagnosis of M. hyosynoviae. High frequencies of interactions between these endemic agents and with viral pathogens was also demonstrated. Consequently, improved control programs are needed to mitigate the adverse effect of these endemic bacterial agents on swine health and wellbeing. This includes improving diagnostic procedures, developing more effective vaccine products, fine-tuning antimicrobial approaches, and managing viral co-infections.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38087358
doi: 10.1186/s12917-023-03807-w
pii: 10.1186/s12917-023-03807-w
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
268Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s).
Références
Swine health information center. Swine bacterial disease matrix [internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 9]. Available from: https://www.swinehealth.org/swine-bacterial-disease-matrix/
Hayer SS, Rovira A, Olsen K, Johnson TJ, Vannucci F, Rendahl A, et al. Prevalence and time trend analysis of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory bacterial pathogens collected from diseased pigs in USA between 2006–2016. Res Vet Sci. 2020;128:135–44.
pubmed: 31785428
doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.11.010
Burrough ER, Baum DH, Schwartz KJ. Collecting evidence and establishing causality. In: Diseases of swine. Wiley; 2019. p. 112–22.
doi: 10.1002/9781119350927.ch8
Aragon V, Segalés J, Tucker AW. Glässer’s Disease. In: Diseases of Swine. Wiley; 2019. p. 844–53.
doi: 10.1002/9781119350927.ch54
Gottschalk M, Segura M. Streptococcosis. In: Diseases of swine. Wiley; 2019. p. 934–50.
doi: 10.1002/9781119350927.ch61
Gottschalk M, Broes A. Actinobacillosis. In: Diseases of swine. Wiley; 2019. p. 749–66.
doi: 10.1002/9781119350927.ch48
Clavijo M, Mugabi R, Ganwu L. Friend or foe: what next generation sequencing can tell you about the endemic agents in your herd. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians. San Francisco; 2021. p. 376–7.
Dial G, Rademacher C, Wiseman B, Roker J, Freking B. Costs, consequences and control of endemic diseases. In: 2nd London swine conference. London and Ontario; 2002.
Wei YW, Zhu HZ, Huang LP, Xia DL, Wu HL, Bian HQ, et al. Efficacy in pigs of a new inactivated vaccine combining porcine circovirus type 2 and mycoplasma hyorhinis. Vet Microbiol. 2020;242:108588.
pubmed: 32122592
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108588
Obradovic MR, Segura M, Segalés J, Gottschalk M. Review of the speculative role of co-infections in Streptococcus suis-associated diseases in pigs. Vet Res. 2021;52(1):49.
pubmed: 33743838
pmcid: 7980725
doi: 10.1186/s13567-021-00918-w
Oliveira S, Pijoan C, Morrison R. Evaluation of Haemophilus parasuis control in the nursery using vaccination and controlled exposure. J Swine Health Prod. 2004;12(3):123–8.
Giménez-Lirola LG, Meiroz-De-Souza-Almeida H, Magtoto RL, McDaniel AJ, Merodio MM, Matias Ferreyra FS, et al. Early detection and differential serodiagnosis of mycoplasma hyorhinis and mycoplasma hyosynoviae infections under experimental conditions. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0223459.
pubmed: 31589633
pmcid: 6779295
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223459
Salogni C, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Pozzi P, Pasquali P, Alborali GL. Bacterial polyarthritis in post-weaning pigs in a high-density swine breeding area in Italy. J Vet Diagn Investig. 2022;34(4):709–11.
doi: 10.1177/10406387221090903
Miniats O, Spinato M, Sanford S. Actinobacillus suis septicemia in mature swine: two outbreaks resembling erysipelas. Can Vet J. 1989;30(12):943–7.
pubmed: 17423473
pmcid: 1681339
Yaeger MJ. An outbreak of Actinobacillus Suis septicemia in grow/finish pigs. J Vet Diagn Investig. 1996;8(3):381–3.
doi: 10.1177/104063879600800318
MacInnes J, Gottschalk M, Lone A, Metcalf D, Ojha S, Rosendal T, et al. Prevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus suis in representative Ontario swine herds. Can J Vet Res. 2008;72(3):242–8.
pubmed: 18505187
pmcid: 2327245
Hagedorn-Olsen T, Nielsen NC, Friis NF, Nielsen J. Department of Clinical Studies, the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark. J Veterinary Med Ser A. 1999;46(9):555–64.
doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.1999.00246.x
Nielsen EO, Nielsen NC, Friis NF. Mycoplasma hyosynoviae arthritis in grower-finisher pigs. J Veterinary Med Ser A. 2001;48(8):475–86.
doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00378.x
Arruda PHE, Gauger P. Optimizing sample selection, collection, and submission to optimize diagnostic value. In: Diseases of Swine. Wiley; 2019. p. 98–111.
doi: 10.1002/9781119350927.ch7
Derscheid RJ, Rahe MC, Burrough ER, Schwartz KJ, Arruda B. Disease diagnostic coding to facilitate evidence-based medicine: current and future perspectives. J Vet Diagn Investig. 2021;33(3):419–27.
doi: 10.1177/1040638721999373
Markey B, Leonard F, Archambault M, Cullinane A, Maguire D. Clinical veterinary microbiology. 2nd ed. Mosby Ltd. (UK); 2013. p. 9780702055881.
Buchan BW, Ledeboer NA. Emerging Technologies for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(4):783–822.
pubmed: 25278575
pmcid: 4187641
doi: 10.1128/CMR.00003-14
Burrough E, Schwartz A, Gauger P, Harmon K, Krull A, Schwartz K. Comparison of postmortem airway swabs and lung tissue for detection of common porcine respiratory pathogens by bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction assays. J Swine Health Prod. 2018;26(5):246–52.
doi: 10.54846/jshap/1092
Gomes Neto JC, Bower L, Erickson BZ, Wang C, Raymond M, Strait EL. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for detecting mycoplasma hyosynoviae and mycoplasma hyorhinis in pen-based oral, tonsillar, and nasal fluids. J Vet Sci. 2015;16(2):195.
pubmed: 25643803
pmcid: 4483503
doi: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.2.195
Trevisan G, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Arruda B, Derscheid RJ, Rahe MC, et al. Visualization and application of disease diagnosis codes for population health management using porcine diseases as a model. J Vet Diagn Investig. 2021;33(3):428–38.
doi: 10.1177/1040638721995782
Trevisan G, Linhares LCM, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Magalhães E de S, Crim B, et al. Data standardization implementation and applications within and among diagnostic laboratories: integrating and monitoring enteric coronaviruses. J Vet Diagn Investig. 2021 ;33(3):457–468.
Trevisan G, Linhares LCM, Crim B, Dubey P, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, et al. Macroepidemiological aspects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus detection by major United States veterinary diagnostic laboratories over time, age group, and specimen. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0223544.
pubmed: 31618236
pmcid: 6795434
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223544
USDA. US State Rankings – 2021 Inventory [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 9]. Available from: https://app.usda-reports.penguinlabs.net/?crop=hogs_breeding&statistic=inventory_head&year=2021
Rademacher C, Pudenz C, Schulz L. Impact assessment of new US Food and Drug Administration regulations on antibiotic use: a post-enactment survey of swine practitioners. J Swine Health Prod. 2019;27(4):210–20.
doi: 10.54846/jshap/1117
Lekagul A, Tangcharoensathien V, Yeung S. Patterns of antibiotic use in global pig production: a systematic review. Vet Anim Sci. 2019;7:100058.
pubmed: 32734079
pmcid: 7386699
doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100058
Clavijo MJ, Sreevatsan S, Johnson TJ, Rovira A. Molecular epidemiology of mycoplasma hyorhinis porcine field isolates in the United States. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0223653.
pubmed: 31634349
pmcid: 6802821
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223653
Spiegel K, O’Hara K, Vanicek C, Beemer O. United States Department of Agriculture. 2022 [Cited 2023 Jan 9]. Swine Hemorrhagic Fevers: African and Classical Swine Fevers Integrated Surveillance Plan. Available from: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/downloads/animal_diseases/swine/hemorrhagic-fevers-integrated-surveillance-plan.pdf .
Estrada AA, Gottschalk M, Rossow S, Rendahl A, Gebhart C, Marthaler DG. Serotype and genotype (multilocus sequence type) of Streptococcus suis isolates from the United States serve as predictors of Pathotype. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(9):10–1128.
doi: 10.1128/JCM.00377-19
Mugabi R, Silva APSP, Hu X, Gottschalk M, Aragon V, Macedo NR, et al. Molecular characterization of Glaesserella parasuis strains circulating in North American swine production systems. BMC Vet Res. 2023;19(1):135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03698-x .
doi: 10.1186/s12917-023-03698-x
pubmed: 37641044
pmcid: 10464461
Macedo N, Gottschalk M, Strutzberg-Minder K, Van CN, Zhang L, Zou G, et al. Molecular characterization of Glaesserella parasuis strains isolated from North America, Europe and Asia by serotyping PCR and LS-PCR. Vet Res. 2021;52(1):68.
pubmed: 33980312
pmcid: 8117636
doi: 10.1186/s13567-021-00935-9
Kikuti M, Paploski IAD, Pamornchainavakul N, Picasso-Risso C, Schwartz M, Yeske P, et al. Emergence of a new lineage 1C variant of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 in the United States. Front Vet Sci. 2021;18:8.
Vötsch D, Willenborg M, Weldearegay YB, Valentin-Weigand P. Streptococcus suis – the “two faces” of a Pathobiont in the porcine respiratory tract. Front Microbiol. 2018;15:9.
Pan Z, Ma J, Dong W, Song W, Wang K, Lu C, et al. Novel variant serotype of Streptococcus suis isolated from piglets with meningitis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81(3):976–85.
pubmed: 25416757
pmcid: 4292476
doi: 10.1128/AEM.02962-14
Pan Z, Ma Y, Ma J, Dong W, Yao H. Acute meningitis of piglets and mice caused by co-infected with Streptococcus suis and Aerococcus viridans. Microb Pathog. 2017;106:60–4.
pubmed: 27816682
doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.024
Ni HB, Gong QL, Zhao Q, Li XY, Zhang XX. Prevalence of Haemophilus parasuis“Glaesserella parasuis” in pigs in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med. 2020;182:105083.
pubmed: 32652336
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105083
Palzer A, Haedke K, Heinritzi K, Zoels S, Ladinig A, Ritzmann M. Associations among Haemophilus parasuis, mycoplasma hyorhinis, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infections in pigs with polyserositis. Can Vet J. 2015;56(3):285–7.
pubmed: 25750450
pmcid: 4327143
Palzer A, Ritzmann M, Hafner-Marx A, Wolf G, Heinritzi K. Detection of Haemophilus parasuis and mycoplasma hyorhinis in swine and association of those pathogens with clinical and pathological-anatomic findings. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2006;113(6):227–30.
pubmed: 16856608
Lee JA, Oh YR, Hwang MA, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, et al. Mycoplasma hyorhinis is a potential pathogen of porcine respiratory disease complex that aggravates pneumonia caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2016;177:48–51.
pubmed: 27436444
doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.06.008
Merodio M, Groeltz J, Piñeyro P, Derscheid R. Retrospective analysis of Mycoplasma hyorhinis pulmonary and systemic infection in diagnostic cases with correlation of qPCR Ct values and detection by RNAscope®. In: In: 53rd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians. Indiannapolis IN USA; 2022.
Clavijo MJ, Murray D, Oliveira S, Rovira A. Infection dynamics of mycoplasma hyorhinis in three commercial pig populations. Vet Rec. 2017;181(3):68–8.
pubmed: 28424318
doi: 10.1136/vr.104064
Van Ostaaijen J, Frey J, Rosendal S, MacInnes JI. Actinobacillus suis strains isolated from healthy and diseased swine are clonal and carry apxICABDvar. Suis and apxIICAvar. Suis toxin genes. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35(5):1131–7.
pubmed: 9114394
pmcid: 232716
doi: 10.1128/jcm.35.5.1131-1137.1997
Ojha S, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, MacInnes JI. Characterization of colonization-deficient mutants of Actinobacillus suis. Vet Microbiol. 2010;140(1–2):122–30.
pubmed: 19664889
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.07.014
Mahan-Riggs E. Three cases of Actinobacillus suis in eastern North Carolina. J Swine Health Prod. 2022;30(1):24–30.
doi: 10.54846/jshap/1239
Roos LR, Surendran Nair M, Rendahl AK, Pieters M. Mycoplasma hyorhinis and mycoplasma hyosynoviae dual detection patterns in dams and piglets. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0209975.
pubmed: 30605453
pmcid: 6317828
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209975
Pillman D, Surendran Nair M, Schwartz J, Pieters M. Detection of mycoplasma hyorhinis and mycoplasma hyosynoviae in oral fluids and correlation with pig lameness scores. Vet Microbiol. 2019;239:108448.
pubmed: 31767090
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108448
Hallowell A, Pierdon M. Effects of lameness on productivity and longevity for sows in pen gestation. J Swine Health Prod. 2022;30(4):223–9.
doi: 10.54846/jshap/1271
Heinonen M, Peltoniemi O, Valros A. Impact of lameness and claw lesions in sows on welfare, health and production. Livest Sci. 2013;1(156):2–9.
doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.06.002
Canning P, Costello N, Mahan-Riggs E, Schwartz K, Skoland K, Crim B, et al. Retrospective study of lameness cases in growing pigs associated with joint and leg submissions to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. J Swine Health Prod. 2019;27(3):118–24. Available from: https://www.aasv.org/shap/issues/v27n3/v27n3p118.pdf
doi: 10.54846/jshap/1061
Brockmeier SL, Halbur PG, Thacker EL. Porcine respiratory disease complex. In: Polymicrobial Diseases. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press; 2014. p. 231–58.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817947.ch13
Sarli G, D’Annunzio G, Gobbo F, Benazzi C, Ostanello F. The role of pathology in the diagnosis of swine respiratory disease. Vet Sci. 2021;8(11):256.
pubmed: 34822629
pmcid: 8618091
doi: 10.3390/vetsci8110256
Siqueira FM, Pérez-Wohlfeil E, Carvalho FM, Trelles O, Schrank IS, Vasconcelos ATR, et al. Microbiome overview in swine lungs. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0181503.
pubmed: 28719637
pmcid: 5515459
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181503
Santos J, Schwartz K, Derscheid R, Magstadt D, Burrough E, Gauger P, et al. Distribution and characterization of Streptococcus suis strains of clinical importance within the US swine herd. 2022. https://doi.org/10.54846/am2022/110 .