The Scapula: The Greater Masquerader of Shoulder Pathologies.

A comprehensive review of scapular pathologies and their effect on shoulder function is necessary to determine the best treatment options. The coordinated motion between the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints is essential for shoulder motion and depends on the balanced activity of the periscapular muscles. Disruption in these muscles can cause abnormal scapular motion and compensatory glenohumeral movements, leading to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. Scapular pathologies can arise from muscle overactivity or underactivity/paralysis, resulting in a range of scapulothoracic abnormal motion (STAM). STAM can lead to various glenohumeral pathologies, including instability, impingement, or nerve compression. It is important to highlight the critical periscapular muscles involved in scapulohumeral rhythm (such as the upper, middle, and lower trapezius; rhomboid major and minor; serratus anterior; levator scapulae; and pectoralis minor). A discussion of the different etiologies of STAM should include examples of muscle dysfunction, such as overactivity of the pectoralis minor, underactivity or paralysis of the serratus anterior or trapezius muscles, and dyskinesis resulting from compensatory mechanisms in patients with recurrent glenohumeral instability due to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The evaluation and workup of STAM has shown that patients typically present with radiating shoulder pain, especially in the posterior aspect of the shoulder and scapula, and limitations in active shoulder overhead motion associated with glenohumeral pain, instability, or rotator cuff pathologies.