Trends and Outcomes of Combined Heart-Kidney and Heart-Lung Transplantation Over the Past Two Decades.

Combined heart-kidney transplantation (HKTx) and combined heart-lung transplantation (HLTx) remain the definitive therapy for patients with end-stage heart failure with concomitant end-stage renal or lung failure. We sought to study trends and outcomes of HKTx and HLTx over the last two decades. The United Network for Organ Sharing registry was used to identify all adult patients (aged >18 y) who underwent HKTx and HLTx between 2001 and 2021. Patients were divided into 5-y groups by the year of transplantation (2001-2006, 2007-2011, 2012-2016, and 2017-2021). Primary outcome was 1-y posttransplantation mortality. Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used for unadjusted and risk-adjusted survival analyses, respectively. A total of 2301 HKTx and 567 HLTx patients were included. Between 2001 and 2021, HKTx volume increased from 25 to 344 patients (P < 0.001) and centers performing HKTx increased from 19 to 76 (P < 0.001). On unadjusted analysis, 1-y survival after HKTx improved from 86.7% in 2001-2006 to 89.0% in 2017-2021 (log-rank, P = 0.005). On risk-adjusted analysis, the hazard ratio of 1-y mortality for 2017-2021 was 0.62 (0.39-1.00, P = 0.048) compared with that for 2001-2006. Between 2001 and 2021, HLTx volume increased from 21 to 43 patients (P < 0.001) and centers performing HLTx increased from 12 to 20 (P = 0.047). On unadjusted analysis, 1-y survival after HLTx improved from 68.9% in 2001-2006 to 83.9% in 2017-2021 (log-rank, P = 0.600). On risk-adjusted analysis, the hazard ratio of 1-y mortality for 2017-2021 was 0.37 (0.21-0.67, P = 0.001) compared with that for 2001-2006. Over the last two decades, HKTx volume substantially increased and HLTx experienced resurgent growth. One-year survival persistently improved for both procedures, especially over the past 5 y.

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