Dietary linoleic acid lowering alone does not lower arachidonic acid or endocannabinoids among women with overweight and obesity: A randomized, controlled trial.
arachidonic acid
diet
docosahexaenoic acid
eicosapentaeonic acid
endocannabinoid
linoleic acid
Journal
Lipids
ISSN: 1558-9307
Titre abrégé: Lipids
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0060450
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Nov 2023
Nov 2023
Historique:
revised:
23
10
2023
received:
13
09
2023
accepted:
02
11
2023
medline:
15
12
2023
pubmed:
15
12
2023
entrez:
15
12
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The linoleic acid (LA)-arachidonic acid (ARA)-inflammatory axis suggests dietary LA lowering benefits health because it lowers ARA and ARA-derived endocannabinoids (ECB). Dietary LA reduction increases concentrations of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and DHA derived ECB. The aim of this study was to examine targeted reduction of dietary LA, with and without EPA and DHA, on plasma EPA and DHA and ECB (2-arachidonoyl glycerol [2-AG], anandamide [AEA], and docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide [DHA-EA]). Healthy, pre-menopausal women (n = 62, BMI 30 ± 3 kg/m
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
271-284Subventions
Organisme : NIDDK NIH HHS
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAAA NIH HHS
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
Published 2023. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Références
Adam O, Tesche A, Wolfram G. Impact of linoleic acid intake on arachidonic acid formation and eicosanoid biosynthesis in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008;79:177-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.007
Adam O, Wolfram G, Zöllner N. Influence of dietary linoleic acid intake with different fat intakes on arachidonic acid concentrations in plasma and platelet lipids and eicosanoid biosynthesis in female volunteers. Ann Nutr Metab. 2003;47:31-36. https://doi.org/10.1159/000068906
Alvheim AR, Malde MK, Osei-Hyiaman D, Lin YH, Pawlosky RJ, Madsen L, et al. Dietary linoleic acid elevates endogenous 2-AG and anandamide and induces obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20:1984-1994. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2012.38
Angela Liou Y, Innis SM. Dietary linoleic acid has no effect on arachidonic acid, but increases n-6 eicosadienoic acid, and lowers dihomo-gamma-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma of adult men. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009;80:201-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2009.02.003
Artmann A, Petersen G, Hellgren LI, Boberg J, Skonberg C, Nellemann C, et al. Influence of dietary fatty acids on endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels in rat brain, liver and small intestine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1781:200-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.01.006
Batetta B, Griinari M, Carta G, Murru E, Ligresti A, Cordeddu L, et al. Endocannabinoids may mediate the ability of (n-3) fatty acids to reduce ectopic fat and inflammatory mediators in obese Zucker rats. J Nutr. 2009;139:1495-1501. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.104844
Berge K, Piscitelli F, Hoem N, Silvestri C, Meyer I, Banni S, et al. Chronic treatment with krill powder reduces plasma triglyceride and anandamide levels in mildly obese men. Lipids Health Dis. 2013;12:78. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511x-12-78
Blasbalg TL, Hibbeln JR, Ramsden CE, Majchrzak SF, Rawlings RR. Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:950-962. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.006643
Brenna JT, Salem N Jr, Sinclair AJ, Cunnane SC. Alpha-linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009;80:85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2009.01.004
Calder PC, Yaqoob P. Understanding omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Postgrad Med. 2009;121:148-157. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2083
Dayton S, Pearce ML, Goldman H, Harnish A, Plotkin D, Shickman M, et al. Controlled trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat for prevention of atherosclerotic complications. Lancet. 1968;2:1060-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(68)91531-6
Diez E, Chilton FH, Stroup G, Mayer RJ, Winkler JD, Fonteh AN. Fatty acid and phospholipid selectivity of different phospholipase A2 enzymes studied by using a mammalian membrane as substrate. Biochem J. 1994;301(Pt 3):721-726. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3010721
Flachs P, Horakova O, Brauner P, Rossmeisl M, Pecina P, Franssen-van Hal N, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin upregulate mitochondrial biogenesis and induce beta-oxidation in white fat. Diabetologia. 2005;48:2365-2375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-1944-7
Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 1957;226:497-509.
Friesen RW, Innis SM. Linoleic acid is associated with lower long-chain n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in red blood cell lipids of Canadian pregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:23-31. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28206
Gachet MS, Rhyn P, Bosch OG, Quednow BB, Gertsch J. A quantitiative LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of arachidonic acid, prostanoids, endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines and steroids in human plasma. J Chromatogr B. 2015;976-977:6-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.001
Gavino VC, Gavino GR. Adipose hormone-sensitive lipase preferentially releases polyunsaturated fatty acids from triglycerides. Lipids. 1992;27:950-954. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02535570
Goyens PL, Mensink RP. The dietary alpha-linolenic acid to linoleic acid ratio does not affect the serum lipoprotein profile in humans. J Nutr. 2005;135:2799-2804. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.12.2799
Goyens PL, Spilker ME, Zock PL, Katan MB, Mensink RP. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid in humans is influenced by the absolute amounts of alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in the diet and not by their ratio. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:44-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.44
Guyenet SJ, Carlson SE. Increase in adipose tissue linoleic acid of US adults in the last half century. Adv Nutr. 2015;6:660-664. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.009944
Hussein N, Ah-Sing E, Wilkinson P, Leach C, Griffin BA, Millward DJ. Long-chain conversion of [13C]linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid in response to marked changes in their dietary intake in men. J Lipid Res. 2005;46:269-280. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M400225-JLR200
Innis SM. Omega-3 fatty acid biochemistry: perspectives from human nutrition. Mil Med. 2014;179:82-87. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-14-00147
Javadi M, Everts H, Hovenier R, Kocsis S, Lankhorst AE, Lemmens AG, et al. The effect of six different C18 fatty acids on body fat and energy metabolism in mice. Br J Nutr. 2004;92:391-399. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041217
Kark JD, Kaufmann NA, Binka F, Goldberger N, Berry EM. Adipose tissue n-6 fatty acids and acute myocardial infarction in a population consuming a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:796-802. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.4.796
Kenward MG, Roger JH. Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Biometrics. 1997;53:983-997.
Kim HK, Della-Fera M, Lin J, Baile CA. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits adipocyte differentiation and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Nutr. 2006;136:2965-2969. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.12.2965
Kim J, Carlson ME, Kuchel GA, Newman JW, Watkins BA. Dietary DHA reduces downstream endocannabinoid and inflammatory gene expression and epididymal fat mass while improving aspects of glucose use in muscle in C57BL/6J mice. Int J Obes (Lond). 2016;40:129-137. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.135
Lands WE, Libelt B, Morris A, Kramer NC, Prewitt TE, Bowen P, et al. Maintenance of lower proportions of (n-6) eicosanoid precursors in phospholipids of human plasma in response to added dietary (n-3) fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992;1180:147-162.
Li B, Birdwell C, Whelan J. Antithetic relationship of dietary arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid on eicosanoid production in vivo. J Lipid Res. 1994;35:1869-1877.
Liou YA, King DJ, Zibrik D, Innis SM. Decreasing linoleic acid with constant α-linolenic acid in dietary fats increases (n-3) Eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma phospholipids in healthy men. J Nutr. 2007;137:945-952. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.4.945
Littell RC, Milliken GA, Stroup WW, Wolfinger RD, Schabenberger O. SAS for mixed models. 2nd ed. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC; 2006.
MacIntosh BA, Ramsden CE, Faurot KR, Zamora D, Mangan M, Hibbeln JR, et al. Low-n-6 and low-n-6 plus high-n-3 diets for use in clinical research. Br J Nutr. 2013;110:559-568. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512005181
MacIntosh BA, Ramsden CE, Honvoh G, Faurot KR, Palsson OS, Johnston AD, et al. Methodology for altering omega-3 EPA+DHA and omega-6 linoleic acid as controlled variables in a dietary trial. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:3859-3867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.050
Massiera F, Saint-Marc P, Seydoux J, Murata T, Kobayashi T, Narumiya S, et al. Arachidonic acid and prostacyclin signaling promote adipose tissue development: a human health concern? J Lipid Res. 2003;44:271-279. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M200346-JLR200
Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51:241-247. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/51.2.241
Morrison WR, Smith LM. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and Dimethylacetals from lipids with boron fluoride-methanol. J Lipid Res. 1964;5:600-608.
Nakamura MT, Nara TY. Essential fatty acid synthesis and its regulation in mammals. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003;68:145-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-3278(02)00264-8
Okuno M, Kajiwara K, Imai S, Kobayashi T, Honma N, Maki T, et al. Perilla oil prevents the excessive growth of visceral adipose tissue in rats by down-regulating adipocyte differentiation. J Nutr. 1997;127:1752-1757. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.9.1752
Otten JJ, Hellwig JP, Meyers LD. DRI, dietary reference intakes: the essential guide to nutrient requirements. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006.
Parrish CC, Pathy DA, Angel A. Dietary fish oils limit adipose tissue hypertrophy in rats. Metabolism. 1990;39:217-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(90)90038-e
Raclot T, Groscolas R, Langin D, Ferré P. Site-specific regulation of gene expression by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat white adipose tissues. J Lipid Res. 1997;38:1963-1972.
Ramsden CE, Faurot KR, Zamora D, Suchindran CM, MacIntosh BA, Gaylord S, et al. Targeted alteration of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for the treatment of chronic headaches: a randomized trial. Pain. 2013;154:2441-2451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.028
Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Faurot KR, MacIntosh B, Horowitz M, Keyes GS, et al. Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2021;374:n1448. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1448
Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Makriyannis A, Wood JT, Mann JD, Faurot KR, et al. Diet-induced changes in n-3- and n-6-derived endocannabinoids and reductions in headache pain and psychological distress. J Pain. 2015;16:707-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.04.007
Rett BS, Whelan J. Increasing dietary linoleic acid does not increase tissue arachidonic acid content in adults consuming Western-type diets: a systematic review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011;8:36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-8-36
Rioux FM, Innis SM. Arachidonic acid concentrations in plasma and liver phospholipid and cholesterol esters of piglets raised on formulas with different linoleic and linolenic acid contents. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:106-112. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/56.1.106
Röhrig W, Achenbach S, Deutsch B, Pischetsrieder M. Quantification of 24 circulating endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid-related compounds, and their phospholipid precursors in human plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Lipid Res. 2019;60:1475-1488. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.D094680
Ruzickova J, Rossmeisl M, Prazak T, Flachs P, Sponarova J, Veck M, et al. Omega-3 PUFA of marine origin limit diet-induced obesity in mice by reducing cellularity of adipose tissue. Lipids. 2004;39:1177-1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-004-1345-9
Salem N Jr, Pawlosky R, Wegher B, Hibbeln J. In vivo conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid in human adults. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1999;60:407-410.
Salem N, Reyzer M, Karanian J. Losses of arachidonic acid in rat liver after alcohol inhalation. Lipids. 1996;31:S153-S156. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02637068
Sexton PT, Sinclair AJ, O'Dea K, Sanigorski AJ, Walsh J. The relationship between linoleic acid level in serum, adipose tissue and myocardium in humans. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1995;4:314-318.
Taha AY, Cheon Y, Faurot KF, Macintosh B, Majchrzak-Hong SF, Mann JD, et al. Dietary omega-6 fatty acid lowering increases bioavailability of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human plasma lipid pools. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2014;90:151-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2014.02.003
Thijssen MA, Mensink RP. Small differences in the effects of stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid on the serum lipoprotein profile of humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:510-516. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.3.510
Tu WC, Cook-Johnson RJ, James MJ, Mühlhäusler BS, Gibson RA. Omega-3 long chain fatty acid synthesis is regulated more by substrate levels than gene expression. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2010;83:61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2010.04.001
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2010. Nutrient Intakes from Food: Mean Amounts Consumed per Individual, by Gender and Age, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2007-2008. Available: www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg.
Wang J, Ueda N. Biology of endocannabinoid synthesis system. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2009;89:112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.12.002
Weiler HA. Dietary supplementation of arachidonic acid is associated with higher whole body weight and bone mineral density in growing pigs. Pediatr Res. 2000;47:692-697. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200005000-00022
Wood JT, Williams JS, Pandarinathan L, Janero DR, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Makriyannis A. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplementation alters select physiological endocannabinoid-system metabolites in brain and plasma. J Lipid Res. 2010;51:1416-1423. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M002436
Wood KE, Lau A, Mantzioris E, Gibson RA, Ramsden CE, Muhlhausler BS. A low omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA) diet increases omega-3 (n-3) long chain PUFA status in plasma phospholipids in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2014;90:133-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2013.12.010