Novel Spike-stabilized trimers with improved production protect K18-hACE2 mice and golden Syrian hamsters from the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant.

Most COVID-19 vaccines are based on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) or their subunits. However, S shows some structural instability that limits its immunogenicity and production, hampering the development of recombinant S-based vaccines. The introduction of the K986P and V987P (S-2P) mutations increases the production and immunogenicity of the recombinant S trimer, suggesting that these two parameters are related. Nevertheless, S-2P still shows some molecular instability and it is produced with low yield. Here we described a novel set of mutations identified by molecular modeling and located in the S2 region of the S-2P that increase its production up to five-fold. Besides their immunogenicity, the efficacy of two representative S-2P-based mutants, S-29 and S-21, protecting from a heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant challenge was assayed in K18-hACE2 mice (an animal model of severe SARS-CoV-2 disease) and golden Syrian hamsters (GSH) (a moderate disease model). S-21 induced higher level of WH1 and Delta variants neutralizing antibodies than S-2P in K18-hACE2 mice three days after challenge. Viral load in nasal turbinate and oropharyngeal samples were reduced in S-21 and S-29 vaccinated mice. Despite that, only the S-29 protein protected 100% of K18-hACE2 mice from severe disease. When GSH were analyzed, all immunized animals were protected from disease development irrespectively of the immunogen they received. Therefore, the higher yield of S-29, as well as its improved immunogenicity and efficacy protecting from the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant, pinpoint the S-29 mutant as an alternative to the S-2P protein for future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development.

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Copyright © 2023 Ávila-Nieto, Vergara-Alert, Amengual-Rigo, Ainsua-Enrich, Brustolin, Rodríguez de la Concepción, Pedreño-Lopez, Rodon, Urrea, Pradenas, Marfil, Ballana, Riveira-Muñoz, Pérez, Roca, Tarrés-Freixas, Carabelli, Cantero, Pons-Grífols, Rovirosa, Aguilar-Gurrieri, Ortiz, Barajas, Trinité, Lepore, Muñoz-Basagoiti, Perez-Zsolt, Izquierdo-Useros, Valencia, Blanco, Clotet, Guallar, Segalés and Carrillo.

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Author PA-R is currently employed by the company Sanofi, which has no association with any content related to this work. Unrelated to the submitted work, JB and JC are founders and shareholders of AlbaJuna Therapeutics, S.L. BC is founder and shareholder of AlbaJuna Therapeutics, S.L. and AELIX Therapeutics, S.L, and VG is founder and shareholder of Nostrum Biodiscovery. Unrelated to the submitted work, NI-U is supported by institutional funding from Pharma Mar, HIPRA, Amassence and Palobiofarma. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.