Universal microbial reworking of dissolved organic matter along environmental gradients.


Journal

Nature communications
ISSN: 2041-1723
Titre abrégé: Nat Commun
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101528555

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
02 Jan 2024
Historique:
received: 25 11 2022
accepted: 13 12 2023
medline: 4 1 2024
pubmed: 4 1 2024
entrez: 3 1 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Soils are losing increasing amounts of carbon annually to freshwaters as dissolved organic matter (DOM), which, if degraded, can offset their carbon sink capacity. However, the processes underlying DOM degradation across environments are poorly understood. Here we show DOM changes similarly along soil-aquatic gradients irrespective of environmental differences. Using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, we track DOM along soil depths and hillslope positions in forest catchments and relate its composition to soil microbiomes and physico-chemical conditions. Along depths and hillslopes, we find carbohydrate-like and unsaturated hydrocarbon-like compounds increase in abundance-weighted mass, and the expression of genes essential for degrading plant-derived carbohydrates explains >50% of the variation in abundance of these compounds. These results suggest that microbes transform plant-derived compounds, leaving DOM to become increasingly dominated by the same (i.e., universal), difficult-to-degrade compounds as degradation proceeds. By synthesising data from the land-to-ocean continuum, we suggest these processes generalise across ecosystems and spatiotemporal scales. Such general degradation patterns can help predict DOM composition and reactivity along environmental gradients to inform management of soil-to-stream carbon losses.

Identifiants

pubmed: 38168076
doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-44431-4
pii: 10.1038/s41467-023-44431-4
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

187

Subventions

Organisme : Gates Cambridge Trust
ID : OPP1144
Organisme : EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
ID : 804673

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Friedlingstein, P. et al. Global carbon budget 2020. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 12, 3269–3340 (2020).
doi: 10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020
Masson-Delmotte, V. et al. IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2021).
Nakhavali, M. et al. Leaching of dissolved organic carbon from mineral soils plays a significant role in the terrestrial carbon balance. Glob. Change Biol. 27, 1083–1096 (2021).
doi: 10.1111/gcb.15460
Catalán, N., Marcé, R., Kothawala, D. N. & Tranvik, L. J. Organic carbon decomposition rates controlled by water retention time across inland waters. Nat. Geosci. 9, 501–504 (2016).
doi: 10.1038/ngeo2720
Drake, T. W., Raymond, P. A. & Spencer, R. G. M. Terrestrial carbon inputs to inland waters: a current synthesis of estimates and uncertainty. Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett. 3, 132–142 (2018).
doi: 10.1002/lol2.10055
Creed, I. F., McKnight, D. M., Pellerin, B. A., Green, M. B. & Stackpoole, S. M. The river as a chemostat: fresh perspectives on dissolved organic matter flowing down the river continuum. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 72, 1272–1285 (2015).
doi: 10.1139/cjfas-2014-0400
Meyers-Schulte, K. J. & Hedges, J. I. Molecular evidence for a terrestrial component of organic matter dissolved in ocean water. Nature 321, 61–63 (1986).
doi: 10.1038/321061a0
Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R. & Cushing, C. E. The river continuum concept. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37, 130–137 (1980).
doi: 10.1139/f80-017
Kellerman, A. M., Dittmar, T., Kothawala, D. N. & Tranvik, L. J. Chemodiversity of dissolved organic matter in lakes driven by climate and hydrology. Nat. Commun. 5, 3804 (2014).
pubmed: 24787272 doi: 10.1038/ncomms4804
Mosher, J. J., Kaplan, L. A., Podgorski, D. C., McKenna, A. M. & Marshall, A. G. Longitudinal shifts in dissolved organic matter chemogeography and chemodiversity within headwater streams: a river continuum reprise. Biogeochemistry 124, 371–385 (2015).
doi: 10.1007/s10533-015-0103-6
Seidel, M., Vemulapalli, S. P. B., Mathieu, D. & Dittmar, T. Marine dissolved organic matter shares thousands of molecular formulae yet differs structurally across major water masses. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56, 3758–3769 (2022).
pubmed: 35213127 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04566
Zark, M. & Dittmar, T. Universal molecular structures in natural dissolved organic matter. Nat. Commun. 9, 3178 (2018).
pubmed: 30093658 pmcid: 6085399 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05665-9
Stadler, M. et al. Applying the core-satellite species concept: Characteristics of rare and common riverine dissolved organic matter. Front. Water 5, 1156042 (2023).
doi: 10.3389/frwa.2023.1156042
Dittmar, T. et al. Enigmatic persistence of dissolved organic matter in the ocean. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 2, 570–583 (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s43017-021-00183-7
Kothawala, D. N., Kellerman, A. M., Catalán, N. & Tranvik, L. J. Organic matter degradation across ecosystem boundaries: the need for a unified conceptualization. Trends Ecol. Evol. 36, 113–122 (2021).
pubmed: 33168153 doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.10.006
Middelburg, J. J. A simple rate model for organic matter decomposition in marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 1577–1581 (1989).
doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90239-1
Rothman, D. H. & Forney, D. C. Physical model for the decay and preservation of marine organic carbon. Science 316, 1325–1328 (2007).
pubmed: 17540901 doi: 10.1126/science.1138211
Del Giorgio, P. A., Davis, J., Findlay, S. E. G. & Sinsabaugh, R. L. Aquatic Ecosystems: Interactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter (Elsevier Science, San Diego, USA, 2003).
Koch, B. P., Witt, M., Engbrodt, R., Dittmar, T. & Kattner, G. Molecular formulae of marine and terrigenous dissolved organic matter detected by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69, 3299–3308 (2005).
doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2005.02.027
Hertkorn, N. et al. Characterization of a major refractory component of marine dissolved organic matter. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 2990–3010 (2006).
doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2006.03.021
Lam, B. et al. Major structural components in freshwater dissolved organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 8240–8247 (2007).
pubmed: 18200846 doi: 10.1021/es0713072
Lechtenfeld, O. J. et al. Molecular transformation and degradation of refractory dissolved organic matter in the Atlantic and Southern Ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 126, 321–337 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2013.11.009
Roth, V.-N. et al. Persistence of dissolved organic matter explained by molecular changes during its passage through soil. Nat. Geosci. 12, 755–761 (2019).
doi: 10.1038/s41561-019-0417-4
Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat, N., Condemine, G. & Shevchik, V. E. Bacterial pectate lyases, structural and functional diversity. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 6, 427–440 (2014).
pubmed: 25646533 doi: 10.1111/1758-2229.12166
Bradford, M. A., Keiser, A. D., Davies, C. A., Mersmann, C. A. & Strickland, M. S. Empirical evidence that soil carbon formation from plant inputs is positively related to microbial growth. Biogeochemistry 113, 271–281 (2013).
doi: 10.1007/s10533-012-9822-0
Ladygina, N., Dedyukhina, E. G. & Vainshtein, M. B. A review on microbial synthesis of hydrocarbons. Process Biochem. 41, 1001–1014 (2006).
doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.12.007
Vaishnavi, J. & Osborne, W. J. Microbial volatiles: small molecules with an important role in intra- and interbacterial genus interactions-quorum sensing. In Volatiles and Metabolites of Microbes (eds. Kumar, A. et al.) Ch. 3, 35–50 (Academic Press, 2021).
Arrieta, J. M. et al. Ocean chemistry. Dilution limits dissolved organic carbon utilization in the deep ocean. Science 348, 331–333 (2015).
pubmed: 25883355 doi: 10.1126/science.1258955
Dungait, J. A. J., Hopkins, D. W., Gregory, A. S. & Whitmore, A. P. Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance. Glob. Chang. Biol. 18, 1781–1796 (2012).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02665.x
Lynch, L. M. et al. River channel connectivity shifts metabolite composition and dissolved organic matter chemistry. Nat. Commun. 10, 459 (2019).
pubmed: 30692547 pmcid: 6349891 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08406-8
Fontaine, S. et al. Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply. Nature 450, 277–280 (2007).
pubmed: 17994095 doi: 10.1038/nature06275
Zakem, E. J., Cael, B. B. & Levine, N. M. A unified theory for organic matter accumulation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 118, e2107632118 (2021).
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2016896118
Xenopoulos, M. A., Downing, J. A., Kumar, M. D., Menden-Deuer, S. & Voss, M. Headwaters to oceans: ecological and biogeochemical contrasts across the aquatic continuum. Limnol. Oceanogr. 62, S3–S14 (2017).
doi: 10.1002/lno.10721
Merder, J. et al. Improved mass accuracy and isotope confirmation through alignment of ultrahigh-resolution mass spectra of complex natural mixtures. Anal. Chem. 92, 2558–2565 (2020).
pubmed: 31887024 doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04234
Kim, S., Kramer, R. W. & Hatcher, P. G. Graphical method for analysis of ultrahigh-resolution broadband mass spectra of natural organic matter, the van Krevelen diagram. Anal. Chem. 75, 5336–5344 (2003).
pubmed: 14710810 doi: 10.1021/ac034415p
Huber, S. A., Balz, A., Abert, M. & Pronk, W. Characterisation of aquatic humic and non-humic matter with size-exclusion chromatography – organic carbon detection – organic nitrogen detection (LC-OCD-OND). Water Res. 45, 879–885 (2011).
pubmed: 20937513 doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.023
Hawkes, J. A., Hansen, C. T., Goldhammer, T., Bach, W. & Dittmar, T. Molecular alteration of marine dissolved organic matter under experimental hydrothermal conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 175, 68–85 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2015.11.025
Post-Beittenmiller, D. Biochemistry and molecular biology of wax production in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47, 405–430 (1996).
pubmed: 15012295 doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.47.1.405
Haslam, E. Plant Polyphenols: Vegetable Tannins Revisited (CUP Archive, 1989).
Taipale, S. J. et al. Terrestrial carbohydrates support freshwater zooplankton during phytoplankton deficiency. Sci. Rep. 6, 30897 (2016).
pubmed: 27510848 pmcid: 4980614 doi: 10.1038/srep30897
Langeveld, J. et al. Estimating dissolved carbon concentrations in global soils: a global database and model. SN Appl. Sci. 2, 1626 (2020).
doi: 10.1007/s42452-020-03290-0
Neff, J. C. & Asner, G. P. Dissolved organic carbon in terrestrial ecosystem: synthesis and a model. Ecosystems 4, 29–48 (2001).
doi: 10.1007/s100210000058
Rumpel, C. & Kögel-Knabner, I. Deep soil organic matter—a key but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle. Plant Soil 338, 143–158 (2011).
doi: 10.1007/s11104-010-0391-5
Yu, W. H. et al. Adsorption of proteins and nucleic acids on clay minerals and their interactions: a review. Appl. Clay Sci. 80–81, 443–452 (2013).
doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2013.06.003
Huggett, R. J. Fundamentals of Geomorphology. (Routledge, 2007).
Levasseur, A., Drula, E., Lombard, V., Coutinho, P. M. & Henrissat, B. Expansion of the enzymatic repertoire of the CAZy database to integrate auxiliary redox enzymes. Biotechnol. Biofuels 6, 41 (2013).
pubmed: 23514094 pmcid: 3620520 doi: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-41
Davies, G. & Henrissat, B. Structures and mechanisms of glycosyl hydrolases. Structure 3, 853–859 (1995).
pubmed: 8535779 doi: 10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00220-9
Lombard, V. et al. A hierarchical classification of polysaccharide lyases for glycogenomics. Biochem. J. 432, 437–444 (2010).
pubmed: 20925655 doi: 10.1042/BJ20101185
Boraston, A. B., Bolam, D. N., Gilbert, H. J. & Davies, G. J. Carbohydrate-binding modules: fine-tuning polysaccharide recognition. Biochem. J. 382, 769–781 (2004).
pubmed: 15214846 pmcid: 1133952 doi: 10.1042/BJ20040892
Schmidt, M. W. I. et al. Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature 478, 49–56 (2011).
pubmed: 21979045 doi: 10.1038/nature10386
McCartney, L. et al. Differential recognition of plant cell walls by microbial xylan-specific carbohydrate-binding modules. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 103, 4765–4770 (2006).
pubmed: 16537424 pmcid: 1450244 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0508887103
Romeis, T., Vollmer, W. & Höltje, J. V. Characterization of three different lytic transglycosylases in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 111, 141–146 (1993).
pubmed: 8405923 doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06376.x
Bamford, N. C. et al. Sph3 is a glycoside hydrolase required for the biosynthesis of galactosaminogalactan in Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Biol. Chem. 290, 27438–27450 (2015).
pubmed: 26342082 pmcid: 4645995 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M115.679050
Mewis, K., Lenfant, N., Lombard, V. & Henrissat, B. Dividing the large glycoside hydrolase family 43 into subfamilies: a motivation for detailed enzyme characterization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 82, 1686–1692 (2016).
pubmed: 26729713 pmcid: 4784025 doi: 10.1128/AEM.03453-15
Ndeh, D. et al. Complex pectin metabolism by gut bacteria reveals novel catalytic functions. Nature 544, 65–70 (2017).
pubmed: 28329766 pmcid: 5388186 doi: 10.1038/nature21725
Shen, Y., Chapelle, F. H., Strom, E. W. & Benner, R. Origins and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in groundwater. Biogeochemistry 122, 61–78 (2015).
doi: 10.1007/s10533-014-0029-4
Jaffé, R. et al. Global charcoal mobilization from soils via dissolution and riverine transport to the oceans. Science 340, 345–347 (2013).
pubmed: 23599492 doi: 10.1126/science.1231476
Haegeman, B. et al. Robust estimation of microbial diversity in theory and in practice. ISME J. 7, 1092–1101 (2013).
pubmed: 23407313 pmcid: 3660670 doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.10
Jouanin, L. & Lapierre, C. Lignins: Biosynthesis, Biodegradation and Bioengineering (Academic Press, 2012).
Conacher, A. J. & Dalrymple, J. B. The nine unit landsurface model: an approach to pedogeomorphic research. Geoderma. 18, 127–144 (1977).
Nobre, A. D. et al. Height above the nearest drainage – a hydrologically relevant new terrain model. J. Hydrol. 404, 13–29 (2011).
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.051
Nobre, A. D. et al. HAND contour: a new proxy predictor of inundation extent. Hydrol. Process. 30, 320–333 (2016).
doi: 10.1002/hyp.10581
Seeberg-Elverfeldt, J., Schlüter, M., Feseker, T. & Kölling, M. Rhizon sampling of porewaters near the sediment-water interface of aquatic systems. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 3, 361–371 (2005).
doi: 10.4319/lom.2005.3.361
Merder, J. et al. ICBM-OCEAN: Processing ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry data of complex molecular mixtures. Anal. Chem. 92, 6832–6838 (2020).
pubmed: 32298576 doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05659
Riedel, T. & Dittmar, T. A method detection limit for the analysis of natural organic matter via Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 86, 8376–8382 (2014).
pubmed: 25068187 doi: 10.1021/ac501946m
Bååth, E., Pettersson, M. & Söderberg, K. H. Adaptation of a rapid and economical microcentrifugation method to measure thymidine and leucine incorporation by soil bacteria. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33, 1571–1574 (2001).
doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00073-6
Bååth, E. Thymidine and leucine incorporation in soil bacteria with different cell size. Microb. Ecol. 27, 267–278 (1994).
pubmed: 24190340 doi: 10.1007/BF00182410
Bade, D., Houser, J. & Scanga, S. Methods of the Cascading Trophic Interactions Project. (Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison,1998).
Findlay, S. E. G. & Parr, T. B. Dissolved Organic Matter. In Methods in Stream Ecology, 3rd edn (eds. Lamberti, G. A. & Hauer, F. R.) Ch. 24 (Academic Press, 2017).
Saiya-Cork, K. R., Sinsabaugh, R. L. & Zak, D. R. The effects of long term nitrogen deposition on extracellular enzyme activity in an Acer saccharum forest soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 1309–1315 (2002).
doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00074-3
Khalili, B., Weihe, C., Kimball, S., Schmidt, K. T. & Martiny, J. B. H. Optimization of a method to quantify soil bacterial abundance by flow cytometry. mSphere 4, e00435–19 (2019).
pubmed: 31597718 pmcid: 6796974 doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00435-19
Frossard, A., Hammes, F. & Gessner, M. O. Flow cytometric assessment of bacterial abundance in soils, sediments and sludge. Front. Microbiol. 7, 903 (2016).
pubmed: 27379043 pmcid: 4905975 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00903
Rheault, K. et al. Plant genotype influences physicochemical properties of substrate as well as bacterial and fungal assemblages in the rhizosphere of Balsam poplar. Front. Microbiol. 11, 575625 (2020).
pubmed: 33329437 pmcid: 7719689 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.575625
Porter, T. M. & Hajibabaei, M. MetaWorks: a flexible, scalable bioinformatic pipeline for high-throughput multi-marker biodiversity assessments. PLoS ONE 17, e0274260 (2022).
pubmed: 36174014 pmcid: 9521933 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274260
Oksanen, J. et al. vegan: community ecology package. In R package version 2.6-4 https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan (2022).
Chen, S., Zhou, Y., Chen, Y. & Gu, J. fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor. Bioinformatics 34, i884–i890 (2018).
pubmed: 30423086 pmcid: 6129281 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty560
Nurk, S., Meleshko, D., Korobeynikov, A. & Pevzner, P. A.metaSPAdes: a new versatile metagenomic assembler. Genome Res. 27, 824–834 (2017).
pubmed: 28298430 pmcid: 5411777 doi: 10.1101/gr.213959.116
Arkin, A. P. et al. KBase: The United States Department of Energy Systems Biology Knowledgebase. Nat. Biotechnol. 36, 566–569 (2018).
pubmed: 29979655 pmcid: 6870991 doi: 10.1038/nbt.4163
Nikolenko, S. I., Korobeynikov, A. I. & Alekseyev, M. A. BayesHammer: Bayesian clustering for error correction in single-cell sequencing. BMC Genom. 14(Suppl. 1), S7 (2013).
doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-S1-S7
Hyatt, D. et al. Prodigal: prokaryotic gene recognition and translation initiation site identification. BMC Bioinform. 11, 119 (2010).
doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-119
Yin, Y. et al. dbCAN: a web resource for automated carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, W445–51 (2012).
pubmed: 22645317 pmcid: 3394287 doi: 10.1093/nar/gks479
Eddy, S. R. Accelerated profile HMM searches. PLoS Comput. Biol. 7, e1002195 (2011).
pubmed: 22039361 pmcid: 3197634 doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002195
Love, M., Anders, S. & Huber, W. Differential analysis of count data–the DESeq2 package. Genome Biol. 15, 10–186 (2014).
Lenth, R. emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. In R package version 1.8.5 https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans (2023).
Rao, C. R. The use and interpretation of principal component analysis in applied research. Sankhyā: Indian J. Stat., Ser. A (1961-2002) 26, 329–358 (1964).
Peres-Neto, P. R., Legendre, P., Dray, S. & Borcard, D. Variation partitioning of species data matrices: estimation and comparison of fractions. Ecology 87, 2614–2625 (2006).
pubmed: 17089669 doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2614:VPOSDM]2.0.CO;2
Dray, S., Legendre, P. & Peres-Neto, P. R. Spatial modelling: a comprehensive framework for principal coordinate analysis of neighbour matrices (PCNM). Ecol. Modell. 196, 483–493 (2006).
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.02.015
Blanchet, F. G., Legendre, P. & Borcard, D. Forward selection of explanatory variables. Ecology 89, 2623–2632 (2008).
pubmed: 18831183 doi: 10.1890/07-0986.1
Lai, J., Zou, Y., Zhang, J. & Peres-Neto, P. R. Generalizing hierarchical and variation partitioning in multiple regression and canonical analyses using the rdacca.hp R package. Methods Ecol. Evol. 13, 782–788 (2022).
doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.13800
Rivellese, F. et al. Rituximab versus tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis: synovial biopsy-based biomarker analysis of the phase 4 R4RA randomized trial. Nat. Med. 28, 1256–1268 (2022).
pubmed: 35589854 pmcid: 9205785 doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01789-0
Chen, Y., Lun, A. T. L. & Smyth, G. K. From reads to genes to pathways: differential expression analysis of RNA-Seq experiments using Rsubread and the edgeR quasi-likelihood pipeline. F1000Res. 5, 1438 (2016).
pubmed: 27508061 pmcid: 4934518

Auteurs

Erika C Freeman (EC)

Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK. erika.freem@gmail.com.

Erik J S Emilson (EJS)

Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste, Marie, ON, P6A 2E5, Canada.
Ecosystems and Global Change Group, School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.

Thorsten Dittmar (T)

Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.

Lucas P P Braga (LPP)

Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.

Caroline E Emilson (CE)

Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste, Marie, ON, P6A 2E5, Canada.

Tobias Goldhammer (T)

Department of Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm, 301, Berlin, Germany.

Christine Martineau (C)

Natural Resources Canada, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 Du P.E.P.S. Street, P.O. Box 10380, Québec, G1V 4C7, Canada.

Gabriel Singer (G)

Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.

Andrew J Tanentzap (AJ)

Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
Ecosystems and Global Change Group, School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.

Classifications MeSH