Validation and measurement invariance of the Compulsive Exercise Test among Brazilian and American young adults.
Cross-cultural study
Disordered eating
Eating disorders
Exercise dependence
Pathological exercise
Psychometrics
Journal
Eating and weight disorders : EWD
ISSN: 1590-1262
Titre abrégé: Eat Weight Disord
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9707113
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
03 Jan 2024
03 Jan 2024
Historique:
received:
17
08
2023
accepted:
27
11
2023
medline:
4
1
2024
pubmed:
4
1
2024
entrez:
3
1
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
To evaluate compulsive exercise, researchers often rely on the widely used Compulsive Exercise Test (CET). However, the measure has shown unstable factor structure in several validation studies and is not available in Portuguese for use in Brazil. We aimed to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the CET to Brazilian Portuguese, to test several factor structures among Brazilian and US samples of men and women, to test measurement invariance across countries, and to evaluate its internal consistency. Furthermore, we sought to evaluate convergent validity, correlating the CET with a measure of eating disorder symptoms, and to compare compulsive exercise symptoms between countries. Four models of the latent structure of the CET were tested using confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs), three-factor structure with 15 items, three-factor structure with 18 items, four-factor structure with 21 items, and the original five-factor structure with 24 items, in a sample of 1,531 young adults (601 Brazilians and 930 Americans), aged 18-35 years. A series of CFAs demonstrated that the three-factor structure with 15 items showed a better fit to the data. This model demonstrated good convergent validity and internal consistency. Results from the CET multigroup CFA showed evidence for the invariance at the configural, metric, and scalar levels across Brazilians and Americans. Furthermore, significant differences were found between Brazilians and Americans, with Brazilians demonstrating higher scores on the Avoidance and rule-driven behavior and Mood improvement subscales, whereas US participants scored higher on the Weight control exercise subscale. Results support the three-factor structure with 15 items to be used as a measure of compulsive exercise among Brazilians and Americans, allowing cross-cultural comparisons between these countries. Level V, Cross-sectional, Psychometric study.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38170406
doi: 10.1007/s40519-023-01627-3
pii: 10.1007/s40519-023-01627-3
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Hausenblas HA, Downs DS (2002) Exercise dependence: a systematic review. Psychol Sport Exerc 3(2):89–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00015-7
doi: 10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00015-7
Gonçalves Baptista J, Costa Filho PN, Faria Porretti M, do Espírito-Santo G, Assis M, Palma A (2019) Exercise Dependence: An Updated Systematic Review. J Exerc Physiol Online 22(5)
Colledge F, Buchner U, Schmidt A, Wiesbeck G, Lang U, Pühse U et al (2021) Individuals at risk of exercise addiction have higher scores for depression, ADHD, and childhood trauma. Front Sport Act Liv 3:761844–761844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.761844
doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.761844
Meneguzzo P, Dal Brun D, Cazzola C, Pillan A, Bonello E, Todisco P (2022) Compulsive exercise in eating disorders: Validation of the Italian scale and evaluation of its relationships with body image concerns and quality of life. Eat Behav 47:101675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101675
doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101675
pubmed: 36201976
APA American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Philadelphia
doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Meyer C, Taranis L, Goodwin H, Haycraft E (2011) Compulsive exercise and eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev 19(3):174–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1122
doi: 10.1002/erv.1122
pubmed: 21584911
Goodwin H, Haycraft E, Meyer C (2016) Disordered eating, compulsive exercise, and sport participation in a UK adolescent sample. Eur Eat Disord Rev 24(4):304–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2441
doi: 10.1002/erv.2441
pubmed: 26892196
Sicilia Á, Paterna A, Alcaraz-Ibáñez M, Griffiths MD (2021) Theoretical conceptualisations of problematic exercise in psychometric assessment instruments: a systematic review. J Beh Addict 10(1):4–20. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00019
doi: 10.1556/2006.2021.00019
Szabo A (2018) Addiction, passion, or confusion? New theoretical insights on exercise addiction research from the case study of a female body builder. Eur J Psychol 14(2):296–316. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i2.1545
doi: 10.5964/ejop.v14i2.1545
pubmed: 30008948
pmcid: 6016027
Pasman L, Thompson JK (1988) Body image and eating disturbances in obligatory runners, obligatory weightlifters, and sedentary individuals. Int J Eat Disord 7(6):759–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198811)7:6%3c759::AID-EAT2260070605%3e3.0.CO;2-G
doi: 10.1002/1098-108X(198811)7:6<759::AID-EAT2260070605>3.0.CO;2-G
Ackard DM, Brehm BJ, Steffen JJ (2002) Exercise and eating disorders in college-aged women: profiling excessive exercisers. Eat Disord 10(1):31–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/106402602753573540
doi: 10.1080/106402602753573540
pubmed: 16864243
Duncan DR, Hall CR, Fraser SN, Rodgers WM, Wilson PM, Loitz CC (2012) Re-examining the dimensions of obligatory exercise. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci 16(1):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2012.641442
doi: 10.1080/1091367X.2012.641442
McCabe MP, Vincent MA (2002) Development of body modification and excessive exercise scales for adolescents. Assess 9(2):131–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/10791102009002003
doi: 10.1177/10791102009002003
Taranis L, Touyz S, Meyer C (2011) Disordered eating and exercise: development and preliminary validation of the compulsive exercise test (CET). Eur Eat Disord Rev 19(3):256–268. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1108
doi: 10.1002/erv.1108
pubmed: 21584918
Scharmer C, Gorrell S, Schaumberg K, Anderson D (2020) Compulsive exercise or exercise dependence? Clarifying conceptualizations of exercise in the context of eating disorder pathology. Psychol Sport Exerc 46:e101586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101586
doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101586
Brewerton TD, Stellefson EJ, Hibbs N, Hodges EL, Cochrane CE (1995) Comparison of eating disorder patients with and without compulsive exercising. Int J Eat Disord 17(4):413–416. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(199505)17:4%3c413::AID-EAT2260170414%3e3.0.CO;2-0
doi: 10.1002/1098-108X(199505)17:4<413::AID-EAT2260170414>3.0.CO;2-0
pubmed: 7620482
Dalle Grave R, Calugi S, Marchesini G (2008) Compulsive exercise to control shape or weight in eating disorders: prevalence, associated features, and treatment outcome. Compr Psychol 49(4):346–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.12.007
doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.12.007
Cook BJ, Hausenblas HA (2008) The role of exercise dependence for the relationship between exercise behavior and eating pathology: mediator or moderator? J Health Psychol 13(4):495–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105308088520
doi: 10.1177/1359105308088520
pubmed: 18420757
Harris A, Hay P, Touyz S (2020) Psychometric properties of instruments assessing exercise in patients with eating disorders: a systematic review. J Eat Disord 8(1):45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00315-2
doi: 10.1186/s40337-020-00315-2
pubmed: 32884810
pmcid: 7465430
Garner DM (1991) Eating Disorder Inventory-2: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources
Davis C, Brewer H, Ratusny D (1993) Behavioral frequency and psychological commitment: necessary concepts in the study of excessive exercising. J Behav Med 16(6):611–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00844722
doi: 10.1007/BF00844722
pubmed: 8126715
Plateau CR, Shanmugam V, Duckham RL, Goodwin H, Jowett S, Brooke-Wavell KSF et al (2014) Use of the compulsive exercise test with athletes: norms and links with eating psychopathology. J Appl Sport Psychol 26(3):287–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2013.867911
doi: 10.1080/10413200.2013.867911
Formby P, Watson HJ, Hilyard A, Martin K, Egan SJ (2014) Psychometric properties of the Compulsive Exercise Test in an adolescent eating disorder population. Eat Behav 15(4):555–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.013
doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.013
pubmed: 25200383
Goodwin H, Haycraft E, Taranis L, Meyer C (2011) Psychometric evaluation of the compulsive exercise test (CET) in an adolescent population: links with eating psychopathology. Eur Eat Disord Rev 19(3):269–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1109
doi: 10.1002/erv.1109
pubmed: 21584919
Swenne I (2016) Evaluation of the Compulsive Exercise Test (CET) in adolescents with eating disorders: factor structure and relation to eating disordered psychopathology. Eur Eat Disord Rev 24(4):334–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2439
doi: 10.1002/erv.2439
pubmed: 26892035
Limburg K, Bodill K, Watson HJ, Kane RT, Hagger MS, Egan SJ (2021) Validity of the compulsive exercise test in regular exercisers. Eat Disord 29(5):447–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2019.1677130
doi: 10.1080/10640266.2019.1677130
pubmed: 31634058
Rica R, Solar M, Sepúlveda AR (2022) Validation of the Spanish Compulsive Exercise Test version in male university students: a confirmatory factor analysis and invariance study. Cuad Psicol Dep 22(2):85–98. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.456501
doi: 10.6018/cpd.456501
Sauchelli S, Arcelus J, Granero R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Agüera Z, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A et al (2016) Dimensions of compulsive exercise across eating disorder diagnostic subtypes and the validation of the Spanish version of the compulsive exercise test. Front Psychol 7:e1852. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01852
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01852
Schlegl S, Vierl L, Kolar DR, Dittmer N, Voderholzer U (2022) Psychometric properties of the Compulsive Exercise Test in a large sample of female adolescent and adult inpatients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 55(4):494–504. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23694
doi: 10.1002/eat.23694
pubmed: 35199345
Vrabel K, Bratland-Sanda S (2019) Exercise obsession and compulsion in adults with longstanding eating disorders: validation of the norwegian version of the compulsive exercise test. Front Psychol 10:2370. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02370
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02370
pubmed: 31695652
pmcid: 6817603
Young S, Touyz S, Meyer C, Arcelus J, Rhodes P, Madden S et al (2017) Validity of exercise measures in adults with anorexia nervosa: the EDE, compulsive exercise test and other self-report scales. Int J Eat Disord 50(5):533–541. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22633
doi: 10.1002/eat.22633
pubmed: 27696468
Henson RK, Roberts JK (2006) Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educ Psychol Meas 66(3):393–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282485
doi: 10.1177/0013164405282485
Worthington RL, Whittaker TA (2006) Scale development research: a content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Couns Psychol 34(6):806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
doi: 10.1177/0011000006288127
Swami V, Barron D (2019) Translation and validation of body image instruments: challenges, good practice guidelines, and reporting recommendations for test adaptation. Body Image 31:204–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.014
doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.014
pubmed: 30220631
Hu LT, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equation Model 6(1):1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
IHRSA, Global Report 2022. The state of the health club industry. [Internet]. https://www.ihrsa.org/publications/the-2022-ihrsa-global-report/
ISAPS. International Survey on Aesthetic/cosmetic Procedures performed in 2019. [Internet] https://www.isaps.org/discover/about-isaps/global-statistics/
Sagoe D, Pallesen S (2018) Androgen abuse epidemiology. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 25(3):185–194
doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000403
pubmed: 29369917
Forbes G, Jung J, Vaamonde J, Omar A, Paris L, Formiga N (2012) Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in three cultures: Argentina, Brazil, and the U.S. Sex Roles 66(9):677–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0105-3
doi: 10.1007/s11199-011-0105-3
Fairburn CG, Beglin SJ (1994) Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire? Int J Eat Disord 16(4):363–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(199412)16:4%3c363::AID-EAT2260160405%3e3.0.CO;2-%23
doi: 10.1002/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-%23
pubmed: 7866415
Moser CM, Terra L, Behenck AS, Brunstein MG, Hauck S (2020) Cross-cultural adaptation and translation into Brazilian Portuguese of the instruments Sick Control One Stone Fat Food Questionnaire (SCOFF), Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Clinical Impairment Assessment Questionnaire (CIA). Trends Psychiatry Psychother 43(2):267–271. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0083
doi: 10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0083
Little RJA (1988) A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. J Am Stat Assoc 83(404):1198–1202
doi: 10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722
Parent MC (2013) Handling item-level missing data: simpler is just as good. Couns Psychol 41(4):568–600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012445176
doi: 10.1177/0011000012445176
Hair Junior JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL (2009) Multivariate data analysis, 7th edn. Prentice Hall
JASP team (0.16.4.0 ed.) University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Reise SP, Bonifay WE, Haviland MG (2013) Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. J Pers Assess 95(2):129–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.725437
doi: 10.1080/00223891.2012.725437
pubmed: 23030794
Chen FF (2007) Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Struct Equation Model 14(3):464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
doi: 10.1080/10705510701301834
Cheung GW, Rensvold RB (2002) Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equation Model 9(2):233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
doi: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic press
Carvalho PHB, de Souza AC, de Santos Alvarenga M (2021) Reasons to exercise among college men from Argentina, Brazil, United States of America and France. Rev Bras Psicol Esporte. https://doi.org/10.31501/rbpe.v11i1.12342
doi: 10.31501/rbpe.v11i1.12342