The predictive value of highly malignant EEG patterns after cardiac arrest: evaluation of the ERC-ESICM recommendations.
Brain injury
Cardiac arrest
Coma
EEG
Outcome
Prognosis
Journal
Intensive care medicine
ISSN: 1432-1238
Titre abrégé: Intensive Care Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7704851
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
03 Jan 2024
03 Jan 2024
Historique:
received:
22
06
2023
accepted:
14
11
2023
medline:
4
1
2024
pubmed:
4
1
2024
entrez:
3
1
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
The 2021 guidelines endorsed by the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) recommend using highly malignant electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns (HMEP; suppression or burst-suppression) at > 24 h after cardiac arrest (CA) in combination with at least one other concordant predictor to prognosticate poor neurological outcome. We evaluated the prognostic accuracy of HMEP in a large multicentre cohort and investigated the added value of absent EEG reactivity. This is a pre-planned prognostic substudy of the Targeted Temperature Management trial 2. The presence of HMEP and background reactivity to external stimuli on EEG recorded > 24 h after CA was prospectively reported. Poor outcome was measured at 6 months and defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 4-6. Prognostication was multimodal, and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy (WLST) was not allowed before 96 h after CA. 845 patients at 59 sites were included. Of these, 579 (69%) had poor outcome, including 304 (36%) with WLST due to poor neurological prognosis. EEG was recorded at a median of 71 h (interquartile range [IQR] 52-93) after CA. HMEP at > 24 h from CA had 50% [95% confidence interval [CI] 46-54] sensitivity and 93% [90-96] specificity to predict poor outcome. Specificity was similar (93%) in 541 patients without WLST. When HMEP were unreactive, specificity improved to 97% [94-99] (p = 0.008). The specificity of the ERC-ESICM-recommended EEG patterns for predicting poor outcome after CA exceeds 90% but is lower than in previous studies, suggesting that large-scale implementation may reduce their accuracy. Combining HMEP with an unreactive EEG background significantly improved specificity. As in other prognostication studies, a self-fulfilling prophecy bias may have contributed to observed results.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38172300
doi: 10.1007/s00134-023-07280-9
pii: 10.1007/s00134-023-07280-9
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Investigateurs
Jan Bělohlávek
(J)
Clifton Callaway
(C)
Alain Cariou
(A)
Tobias Cronberg
(T)
Glenn Eastwood
(G)
David Erlinge
(D)
Jan Hovdenes
(J)
Michael Joannidis
(M)
Hans Kirkegaard
(H)
Matt P G Morgan
(MPG)
Alistair D Nichol
(AD)
Per Nordberg
(P)
Mauro Oddo
(M)
Paolo Pelosi
(P)
Christian Rylander
(C)
Manoj Saxena
(M)
Christian Storm
(C)
Fabio S Taccone
(FS)
Susann Ullén
(S)
Matt P Wise
(MP)
Paul J Young
(PJ)
Kathy Rowan
(K)
Paul Mouncey
(P)
Manu Shankar-Hari
(M)
Duncan Young
(D)
Susann Ullén
(S)
Theis Lange
(T)
Karolina Palmér
(K)
Susann Ullén
(S)
Ulla-Britt Karlsson
(UB)
Simon Heissler
(S)
Manoj Saxena
(M)
Frances Bass
(F)
Naomi Hammond
(N)
John Myburgh
(J)
Colman Taylor
(C)
Alain Cariou
(A)
Adele Bellino
(A)
Marwa Abel-All
(M)
Ben Finfer
(B)
Carolyn Koch
(C)
Yang Li
(Y)
Anne O'Connor
(A)
Julia Pilowsky
(J)
Tina Schneider
(T)
Anna Tippett
(A)
Bridget Ady
(B)
Tessa Broadley
(T)
Amanda Brown
(A)
Liz Melgaard
(L)
Mimi Morgan
(M)
Vanessa Singh
(V)
Rebecca Symons
(R)
Kathrin Becker
(K)
Nathalie Van Sante
(N)
Vendula Saleova
(V)
Silvie Zerzanova
(S)
Samia Sefr-Kribel
(S)
Ute Lübeck
(U)
Martina Carrara
(M)
Kathryn Fernando
(K)
Diane Mackle
(D)
Leanlove Navarra
(L)
Judith Riley
(J)
Elin Westerheim
(E)
Marianne Flatebø
(M)
Ameldina Ceric
(A)
Zana Haxhija
(Z)
Lovisa Terling
(L)
Lena Bossmar
(L)
Liz Jergle
(L)
Helén Holm Månsson
(HH)
Samia Abed Maillard
(SA)
Andreja Vujicic Zagar
(AV)
Christina Jodlauk
(C)
Helen Hill
(H)
Jennifer Scrivens
(J)
Kate Ainscough
(K)
Ciara Fahey
(C)
Rinaldo Bellomo
(R)
Glenn Eastwood
(G)
Leah Peck
(L)
Helen Young
(H)
Winston Cheung
(W)
Rosalba Cross
(R)
Michael Hayes
(M)
Nitin Jain
(N)
Mark Kol
(M)
Asim Shah
(A)
Atul Wagh
(A)
Helen Wong
(H)
F Eduardo Martinez
(FE)
Gail Brinkerhof
(G)
Dustin Bush
(D)
Antony Stewart
(A)
Anders Aneman
(A)
Lien Lombardo
(L)
Peter McCanny
(P)
James Penketh
(J)
Ian Seppelt
(I)
Rebecca Gresham
(R)
Julie Lowrey
(J)
Kristy Masters
(K)
Christina Whitehead
(C)
James Walsham
(J)
Meg Harward
(M)
Josephine Mackay
(J)
Jason Meyer
(J)
Emma Saylor
(E)
Ellen Venz
(E)
Krista Wetzig
(K)
Wade Stedman
(W)
Angela Ashelford
(A)
Frances Bass
(F)
Naomi Hammond
(N)
Sharon Mar
(S)
Julia Pilowsky
(J)
Miyuki Tokumitsu
(M)
Elizabeth Yarad
(E)
Hergen Buscher
(H)
Claire Reynolds
(C)
Andrew Udy
(A)
Aidan Burrell
(A)
Jasmin Collins
(J)
Dashiell Gantner
(D)
Victoria Emma-Leah Martin
(VE)
Phoebe Mccracken
(P)
Vinodh Nanjayya
(V)
Alistair Nichol
(A)
Alexander Sacha Richardson
(AS)
Meredith Young
(M)
Angaj Ghosh
(A)
Simone Said
(S)
Michael Joannidis
(M)
Ronny Beer
(R)
Frank Hartig
(F)
Raimund Helbok
(R)
Sebastian Klein
(S)
Andreas Peer
(A)
Fabio S Taccone
(FS)
Jacques Creteur
(J)
Dominique Durand
(D)
Matthias Dupont
(M)
Sigrid Christiaens
(S)
Carola Claes
(C)
Sebastiaan Deckx
(S)
Bert Ferdinande
(B)
Sanne Lenaerts
(S)
Wilifred Mullens
(W)
Sarah Stroobants
(S)
Evi Theunissen
(E)
David Verhaert
(D)
Ondřej Šmíd
(O)
Marek Flaksa
(M)
David Kemlink
(D)
Jan Malík
(J)
Michal Otáhal
(M)
Jan Rulíšek
(J)
Michal Šíranec
(M)
Zdeněk Stach
(Z)
Anna Valeriánová
(A)
Petra Zavadilova
(P)
Miroslav Solař
(M)
Róber Bánszky
(R)
Jana Červená
(J)
Renata Černá Pařízková
(RČ)
Libor Šimůnek
(L)
Filip Varhaník
(F)
Jiří Karásek
(J)
Matěj Strýček
(M)
Anders Grejs
(A)
Stefen Christensen
(S)
Peter Juhl-Olsen
(P)
Ida Katrine Thomsen
(IK)
Lisa Gregersen Østergaard
(LG)
Alain Cariou
(A)
Albert Cao
(A)
Pierre Dupland
(P)
Ariane Gavaud
(A)
Paul Jaubert
(P)
Mathieu Jozwiak
(M)
Nathalie Marin
(N)
Guillaume Savary
(G)
Nicolas Deye
(N)
Bruno Megarbane
(B)
Pierre Mora
(P)
Laetitia Sutterlin
(L)
Stephane Legriel
(S)
Hugo Bellut
(H)
Alexis Ferre
(A)
Guillaume Lacave
(G)
Marine Paul
(M)
Jean-Baptiste Lascarrou
(JB)
Emmanuel Canet
(E)
Charlotte Garret
(C)
Arnaud Felix Miaihle
(AF)
Jean Reignier
(J)
Philippe Vignon
(P)
Thomas Daix
(T)
Arnaud Desachy
(A)
Bruno Evrard
(B)
Bruno Francois
(B)
Anne-Laure Fedou
(AL)
Marine Goudelin
(M)
Christian Storm
(C)
Gabriele Kress
(G)
Jens Nee
(J)
Kaspar Josche Streitberger
(KJ)
Iole Brunetti
(I)
Lorenzo Ball
(L)
Denise Battaglini
(D)
Giulia Bonatti
(G)
Iacopo Firpo
(I)
Paolo Frisoni
(P)
Arianna Iachi
(A)
Simona Maiani
(S)
Maura Mandelli
(M)
Chiara Robba
(C)
Fabio Tarantino
(F)
Alberto Barbieri
(A)
Elisabetta Bertellini
(E)
Enrico Giuliani
(E)
Gabriele Melegari
(G)
Erik Roman-Pognuz
(E)
Giorgio Berlot
(G)
Umberto Lucangelo
(U)
Elisabetta Macchini
(E)
Jan Hovdenes
(J)
Vibeke Aune
(V)
Tomas Drægni
(T)
Simon Jacobsen
(S)
Søren Pieschke
(S)
Åse Rasmussen
(Å)
Gro Ringstad Akselsen
(GR)
Halvor Langeland
(H)
Daniel Bergum
(D)
Therese M Erbe
(TM)
Pål Klepstad
(P)
Helle M Næss
(HM)
Roy Bjørkholt Olsen
(RB)
Lena Eriksen Skjelnes
(LE)
Marius Holen
(M)
Joakim Iver Post
(JI)
Rune Fanebust
(R)
Linda Hårteig Sørensen
(LH)
Ken Åge Kårstad
(KÅ)
Carsten Fredrik Wickman
(CF)
Paul Young
(P)
Colin Barnes
(C)
Ben Barry
(B)
Nina Beehre
(N)
Dick Dinsdale
(D)
Sam Edney
(S)
Anna Hunt
(A)
Harriet Judd
(H)
Charlotte Latimer-Bell
(C)
Cassie Lawrence
(C)
James Moore
(J)
Shaanti Olatunji
(S)
Alex Psirides
(A)
Chelsea Robinson
(C)
Kate Tietjens
(K)
Jason Wright
(J)
David Knight
(D)
Brandon Birker
(B)
David Bowie
(D)
Tara Burke
(T)
David Closey
(D)
Rosalind Crombie
(R)
Neil Davidson
(N)
Seton Henderson
(S)
Louise Hitchings
(L)
James McKay
(J)
Jan Mehrtens
(J)
Emmeline Minto
(E)
Stacey Morgan
(S)
Anna Morris
(A)
Jay Ritzemar-Carter
(J)
Jessica Roberts
(J)
Geofrey Shaw
(G)
Katherine Townend
(K)
Kymbalee Vander Heyden
(KV)
Christian Rylander
(C)
Marita Ahlqvist
(M)
Roman Desta Lindgren
(RD)
Ingrid Eiving
(I)
Andreas Lundin
(A)
Patrik Martner
(P)
Elisabeth Myhrman
(E)
Birgitta Ryding
(B)
Joachim Düring
(J)
Mattias Bergström
(M)
Mattias Bohm
(M)
Ingrid Didriksson
(I)
Petrea Frid
(P)
Katarina Heimburg
(K)
Marina Larsson
(M)
Oscar Lundberg
(O)
Stefan Olsson Hau
(SO)
Simon Schmidbauer
(S)
Ola Borgquist
(O)
Anne Adolfsson
(A)
Anna Bjärnroos
(A)
Erik Blennow-Nordström
(E)
Irina Dragancea
(I)
Thomas Kander
(T)
Anna Lybeck
(A)
Gustav Mattiasson
(G)
Olof Persson
(O)
Malin Rundgren
(M)
Susann Schrey
(S)
Martin Annborn
(M)
Sara Andertun
(S)
Florian Ebner
(F)
Nerida Gustavsson
(N)
Lisa Hassel
(L)
Jesper Johnsson
(J)
Marie Nelderup
(M)
Heléne Petersson
(H)
Jörgen Petersson
(J)
Frideriki Staflidou
(F)
Johan Undén
(J)
Frida Antonsson
(F)
Git Bergman
(G)
Jörgen Gamroth
(J)
Maria Meirik
(M)
Katarina Rudolfsson
(K)
Helena Sandberg
(H)
Martin Thorsson
(M)
Kristin Savolainen
(K)
Maria Hansbo
(M)
Malin Helliksson
(M)
Björne Nödtveidt
(B)
Johan Sanner
(J)
Victoria Sem
(V)
Camilla Sund Lindquist
(CS)
Per Nordberg
(P)
Akil Awad
(A)
Anna-Sofa Börjesson
(AS)
Malin Hedberg
(M)
Mia Henning
(M)
Jacob Hollenberg
(J)
Per Petersen
(P)
Emelia Dahlberg
(E)
Johan Forshammar
(J)
Veronica Svensson
(V)
Michael Wanecek
(M)
Håkan Eskilsson
(H)
Daniel Rodriguez-Santos
(D)
Åsa Appelqvist
(Å)
Henrietta Jidbratt
(H)
Elisabeth Johansson
(E)
Lars Kiszakiewicz
(L)
Åsa Nilsson
(Å)
Sinnika Olsson
(S)
Anders Paulsson
(A)
Urszula Stempel
(U)
Andreas Thoren
(A)
Stefan Persson
(S)
Ida Berglund
(I)
Eric Bergström
(E)
Cathrine Törnqvist
(C)
Ingela Östman
(I)
Sten Rubertsson
(S)
Ing-Marie Larsson
(IM)
Elin Söderman
(E)
Ewa Wallin
(E)
Joanna Wessbergh
(J)
Thomas Halliday
(T)
Filippa Engvall
(F)
Mauro Oddo
(M)
Nawfel Ben-Hamouda
(N)
Adriano Bernini
(A)
Pierre-Nicolas Carron
(PN)
Philippe Eckert
(P)
Eva Favre
(E)
John-Paul Miroz
(JP)
Paola Morelli
(P)
Olivier Muller
(O)
Jan Novi
(J)
Andrea Rosseti
(A)
Madeleine Schnorf
(M)
Matthias Haenggi
(M)
Anja Levis
(A)
Sandra Nansoz
(S)
Marianne Roth
(M)
Nicole Söll
(N)
Claudia Schrag
(C)
Mensur Alicajic
(M)
Philipp Baier
(P)
Joel Dütschler
(J)
Dominique Flügel
(D)
Edith Fässler
(E)
Ruth Gamio-Veis
(R)
Marc Güpfert
(M)
Yvonne Hilpertshauser
(Y)
Stefan Hägele-Link
(S)
Gian-Reto Kleger
(GR)
Peter Krähenmann
(P)
Maria Elisabeth Mair
(ME)
Nadja Schai
(N)
Christoph Strohmaier
(C)
Peter Tangl
(P)
Dominik Zieglgänsberger
(D)
Marco Maggiorini
(M)
Gabriele Claus
(G)
Gabi Consani Vogel
(GC)
Lukas Imbach
(L)
Samira Kaiser
(S)
Eva-Maria Kleinert
(EM)
Pedro David Wendel Garcia
(PDW)
Tiziano Cassina
(T)
Pamela Agazzi
(P)
Bruno Capelli
(B)
Gabriele Casso
(G)
Martino Regazzi
(M)
Hervé Schlotterbeck
(H)
Gabriele Via
(G)
Michele Villa
(M)
Matt P Wise
(MP)
Jenny Brooks
(J)
Eve Cocks
(E)
Jade Cole
(J)
Jacqueline Curtin
(J)
Michelle Davies
(M)
Rhys Davies
(R)
Stephen Fernandez
(S)
Julie Highfeld
(J)
Helen Hill
(H)
Matt P G Morgan
(MPG)
Lydia Pennant
(L)
Sofa Rose
(S)
Emma Thomas
(E)
Angharad Williams
(A)
Peter McGuigan
(P)
Stephen Hafey
(S)
Aisling O'Neill
(A)
Kathryn Ward
(K)
Matthew Thomas
(M)
Jeremy Bewley
(J)
Anna Chillingworth
(A)
Julie Cloake
(J)
Libby Cole
(L)
Hilary Galvin
(H)
Zoe Garland
(Z)
Lisa Grimmer
(L)
Bethany Gumbrill
(B)
Lucy Howie
(L)
Rebekah Johnson
(R)
Chloe Searles
(C)
Agnieszka Skorko
(A)
Katie Sweet
(K)
Victoria Taylor
(V)
Denise Webster
(D)
Thomas Keeble
(T)
Gill Adams
(G)
Rajesh K Aggarwal
(RK)
Jo-Anne Cartwright
(JA)
Steven Church
(S)
Gerald J Clesham
(GJ)
John R Davies
(JR)
Kelly Farrell
(K)
Reto Gamma
(R)
Jane Harding
(J)
Rohan Jagathesan
(R)
Alamgir Kabir
(A)
Paul A Kelly
(PA)
Lauren Kittridge
(L)
Maria Maccaroni
(M)
Gracie Maloney
(G)
Marco Mion
(M)
Naveen Nain
(N)
Raghunath Nalgirkar
(R)
Gyanesh Namjoshi
(G)
Stacey Pepper
(S)
Emily Redman
(E)
Nicholas M Robinson
(NM)
Jeremy Sayer
(J)
Amanda Solesbury
(A)
Kare H Tang
(KH)
Sali Urovi
(S)
Kunal Waghmare
(K)
Noel Watson
(N)
Teresa Webber
(T)
Peter Isherwood
(P)
Conor Bentley
(C)
Colin Bergin
(C)
Ronald Carrera
(R)
Amy Clark
(A)
Lauren Cooper
(L)
Liesl Despy
(L)
Natalie Dooley
(N)
Karen Ellis
(K)
Emma Fellows
(E)
Stephanie Goundry
(S)
Samantha Harkett
(S)
Christopher McGhee
(C)
Aoife Neal
(A)
Hazel Smith
(H)
Catherine Snelson
(C)
Elaine Spruce
(E)
Tony Whitehouse
(T)
Kamal Yakoub
(K)
Andrew Walden
(A)
Shauna Bartley
(S)
Parminder Bhuie
(P)
Matthew Frise
(M)
Nicola Jacques
(N)
Liza Keating
(L)
David Pogson
(D)
Zoe Daly
(Z)
Steve Rose
(S)
Jonathan Bannard-Smith
(J)
Rachael Quayle
(R)
Nigel Chee
(N)
Nina Barratt
(N)
Katie Bowman
(K)
Debbie Branney
(D)
Elizabeth Howe
(E)
Maria Letts
(M)
Sally Pitts
(S)
Luke Vamplew
(L)
Clifton W Callaway
(CW)
Sara Difore Sprouse
(SD)
Ankur A Doshi
(AA)
Jennifer Fugate
(J)
Amy M Headlee
(AM)
Eelco F M Wijdicks
(EFM)
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Lemiale V, Dumas F, Mongardon N, Giovanetti O, Charpentier J, Chiche JD, Carli P, Mira JP, Nolan J, Cariou A (2013) Intensive care unit mortality after cardiac arrest: the relative contribution of shock and brain injury in a large cohort. Intensive Care Med 39:1972–1980
doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-3043-4
pubmed: 23942856
Sandroni C, Cronberg T, Sekhon M (2021) Brain injury after cardiac arrest: pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. Intensive Care Med 47:1393–1414
doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06548-2
pubmed: 34705079
pmcid: 8548866
Laver S, Farrow C, Turner D, Nolan J (2004) Mode of death after admission to an intensive care unit following cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 30:2126–2128
doi: 10.1007/s00134-004-2425-z
pubmed: 15365608
Dragancea I, Wise MP, Al-Subaie N, Cranshaw J, Friberg H, Glover G, Pellis T, Rylance R, Walden A, Nielsen N, Cronberg T, investigators TTMt, (2017) Protocol-driven neurological prognostication and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy after cardiac arrest and targeted temperature management. Resuscitation 117:50–57
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.05.014
pubmed: 28506865
Friberg H, Cronberg T, Dunser MW, Duranteau J, Horn J, Oddo M (2015) Survey on current practices for neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 90:158–162
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.01.018
pubmed: 25676323
Nolan JP, Sandroni C, Bottiger BW, Cariou A, Cronberg T, Friberg H, Genbrugge C, Haywood K, Lilja G, Moulaert VRM, Nikolaou N, Olasveengen TM, Skrifvars MB, Taccone F, Soar J (2021) European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine guidelines 2021: post-resuscitation care. Intensive Care Med 47:369–421
doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06368-4
pubmed: 33765189
pmcid: 7993077
Hirsch LJ, Fong MWK, Leitinger M, LaRoche SM, Beniczky S, Abend NS, Lee JW, Wusthoff CJ, Hahn CD, Westover MB, Gerard EE, Herman ST, Haider HA, Osman G, Rodriguez-Ruiz A, Maciel CB, Gilmore EJ, Fernandez A, Rosenthal ES, Claassen J, Husain AM, Yoo JY, So EL, Kaplan PW, Nuwer MR, van Putten M, Sutter R, Drislane FW, Trinka E, Gaspard N (2021) American Clinical Neurophysiology Society’s Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology: 2021 Version. J Clin Neurophysiol 38:1–29
doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000806
pubmed: 33475321
pmcid: 8135051
Westhall E, Rossetti AO, van Rootselaar AF, Wesenberg Kjaer T, Horn J, Ullen S, Friberg H, Nielsen N, Rosen I, Aneman A, Erlinge D, Gasche Y, Hassager C, Hovdenes J, Kjaergaard J, Kuiper M, Pellis T, Stammet P, Wanscher M, Wetterslev J, Wise MP, Cronberg T, investigators TT-t, (2016) Standardized EEG interpretation accurately predicts prognosis after cardiac arrest. Neurology 86:1482–1490
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002462
pubmed: 26865516
pmcid: 4836886
Sandroni C, D’Arrigo S, Cacciola S, Hoedemaekers CWE, Kamps MJA, Oddo M, Taccone FS, Di Rocco A, Meijer FJA, Westhall E, Antonelli M, Soar J, Nolan JP, Cronberg T (2020) Prediction of poor neurological outcome in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 46:1803–1851
doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06198-w
pubmed: 32915254
pmcid: 7527362
Soar J, Berg KM, Andersen LW, Bottiger BW, Cacciola S, Callaway CW, Couper K, Cronberg T, D’Arrigo S, Deakin CD, Donnino MW, Drennan IR, Granfeldt A, Hoedemaekers CWE, Holmberg MJ, Hsu CH, Kamps M, Musiol S, Nation KJ, Neumar RW, Nicholson T, O’Neil BJ, Otto Q, de Paiva EF, Parr MJA, Reynolds JC, Sandroni C, Scholefield BR, Skrifvars MB, Wang TL, Wetsch WA, Yeung J, Morley PT, Morrison LJ, Welsford M, Hazinski MF, Nolan JP, Adult Advanced Life Support C (2020) Adult advanced life support: 2020 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 156:A80–A119
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.012
pubmed: 33099419
pmcid: 7576326
Dankiewicz J, Cronberg T, Lilja G, Jakobsen JC, Levin H, Ullen S, Rylander C, Wise MP, Oddo M, Cariou A, Belohlavek J, Hovdenes J, Saxena M, Kirkegaard H, Young PJ, Pelosi P, Storm C, Taccone FS, Joannidis M, Callaway C, Eastwood GM, Morgan MPG, Nordberg P, Erlinge D, Nichol AD, Chew MS, Hollenberg J, Thomas M, Bewley J, Sweet K, Grejs AM, Christensen S, Haenggi M, Levis A, Lundin A, During J, Schmidbauer S, Keeble TR, Karamasis GV, Schrag C, Faessler E, Smid O, Otahal M, Maggiorini M, Wendel Garcia PD, Jaubert P, Cole JM, Solar M, Borgquist O, Leithner C, Abed-Maillard S, Navarra L, Annborn M, Unden J, Brunetti I, Awad A, McGuigan P, Bjorkholt Olsen R, Cassina T, Vignon P, Langeland H, Lange T, Friberg H, Nielsen N, Investigators TTMT (2021) Hypothermia versus normothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 384:2283–2294
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2100591
pubmed: 34133859
Dankiewicz J, Cronberg T, Lilja G, Jakobsen JC, Belohlavek J, Callaway C, Cariou A, Eastwood G, Erlinge D, Hovdenes J, Joannidis M, Kirkegaard H, Kuiper M, Levin H, Morgan MPG, Nichol AD, Nordberg P, Oddo M, Pelosi P, Rylander C, Saxena M, Storm C, Taccone F, Ullen S, Wise MP, Young P, Friberg H, Nielsen N (2019) Targeted hypothermia versus targeted Normothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (TTM2): A randomized clinical trial-Rationale and design. Am Heart J 217:23–31
doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2019.06.012
pubmed: 31473324
Lilja G, Nielsen N, Ullen S, Blennow Nordstrom E, Dankiewicz J, Friberg H, Heimburg K, Jakobsen JC, Levin H, Callaway C, Cariou A, Eastwood GM, Helbok R, Hovdenes J, Kirkegaard H, Leithner C, Morgan MPG, Nordberg P, Oddo M, Pelosi P, Rylander C, Saxena M, Taccone FS, Siranec M, Wise MP, Young PJ, Cronberg T (2020) Protocol for outcome reporting and follow-up in the Targeted Hypothermia versus Targeted Normothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest trial (TTM2). Resuscitation 150:104–112
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.03.004
pubmed: 32205155
Rajajee V, Muehlschlegel S, Wartenberg KE, Alexander SA, Busl KM, Chou SHY, Creutzfeldt CJ, Fontaine GV, Fried H, Hocker SE, Hwang DY, Kim KS, Madzar D, Mahanes D, Mainali S, Meixensberger J, Montellano F, Sakowitz OW, Weimar C, Westermaier T, Varelas PN (2023) Guidelines for neuroprognostication in comatose adult survivors of cardiac arrest. Neurocrit Care 38:533–563
doi: 10.1007/s12028-023-01688-3
pubmed: 36949360
pmcid: 10241762
Westhall E, Rosen I, Rossetti AO, van Rootselaar AF, Wesenberg Kjaer T, Friberg H, Horn J, Nielsen N, Ullen S, Cronberg T (2015) Interrater variability of EEG interpretation in comatose cardiac arrest patients. Clin Neurophysiol 126:2397–2404
doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.03.017
pubmed: 25934481
Backman S, Cronberg T, Friberg H, Ullen S, Horn J, Kjaergaard J, Hassager C, Wanscher M, Nielsen N, Westhall E (2018) Highly malignant routine EEG predicts poor prognosis after cardiac arrest in the Target Temperature Management trial. Resuscitation 131:24–28
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.07.024
pubmed: 30053455
Rossetti AO, Tovar Quiroga DF, Juan E, Novy J, White RD, Ben-Hamouda N, Britton JW, Oddo M, Rabinstein AA (2017) Electroencephalography predicts poor and good outcomes after cardiac arrest: a two-center study. Crit Care Med 45:e674–e682
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002337
pubmed: 28406812
Duez CHV, Johnsen B, Ebbesen MQ, Kvaloy MB, Grejs AM, Jeppesen AN, Soreide E, Nielsen JF, Kirkegaard H (2019) Post resuscitation prognostication by EEG in 24 vs 48 h of targeted temperature management. Resuscitation 135:145–152
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.10.035
pubmed: 30391368
Doerrfuss JI, Kowski AB, Holtkamp M, Thinius M, Leithner C, Storm C (2021) Prognostic value of “late” electroencephalography recordings in patients with cardiopulmonal resuscitation after cardiac arrest. J Neurol 268:4248–4257
doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10549-y
pubmed: 33871711
pmcid: 8505381
Bongiovanni F, Romagnosi F, Barbella G, Di Rocco A, Rossetti AO, Taccone FS, Sandroni C, Oddo M (2020) Standardized EEG analysis to reduce the uncertainty of outcome prognostication after cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 46:963–972
doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05921-6
pubmed: 32016534
Scarpino M, Lolli F, Lanzo G, Carrai R, Spalletti M, Valzania F, Lombardi M, Audenino D, Celani MG, Marrelli A, Contardi S, Peris A, Amantini A, Sandroni C, Grippo A, ProNe CASG (2019) Neurophysiology and neuroimaging accurately predict poor neurological outcome within 24 hours after cardiac arrest: The ProNeCA prospective multicentre prognostication study. Resuscitation 143:115–123
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.07.032
pubmed: 31400398
Elmer J, Rittenberger JC (2019) Quantitative EEG after cardiac arrest: New insights from an old technology. Resuscitation 142:184–185
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.06.287
pubmed: 31302106
Admiraal MM, van Rootselaar AF, Hofmeijer J, Hoedemaekers CWE, van Kaam CR, Keijzer HM, van Putten M, Schultz MJ, Horn J (2019) Electroencephalographic reactivity as predictor of neurological outcome in postanoxic coma: A multicenter prospective cohort study. Ann Neurol 86:17–27
doi: 10.1002/ana.25507
pubmed: 31124174
pmcid: 6618107
Caporro M, Rossetti AO, Seiler A, Kustermann T, Nguepnjo Nguissi NA, Pfeiffer C, Zimmermann R, Haenggi M, Oddo M, De Lucia M, Zubler F (2019) Electromyographic reactivity measured with scalp-EEG contributes to prognostication after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 138:146–152
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.03.014
pubmed: 30885825
Broman NJ, Backman S, Westhall E (2021) Stimulus-induced EEG-patterns and outcome after cardiac arrest. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 6:219–224
doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2021.07.001
pubmed: 34401610
pmcid: 8350459
Admiraal MM, Horn J, Hofmeijer J, Hoedemaekers CWE, van Kaam CR, Keijzer HM, van Putten M, Schultz MJ, van Rootselaar AF (2020) EEG reactivity testing for prediction of good outcome in patients after cardiac arrest. Neurology 95:e653–e661
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009991
pubmed: 32651293
Drohan CM, Cardi AI, Rittenberger JC, Popescu A, Callaway CW, Baldwin ME, Elmer J (2018) Effect of sedation on quantitative electroencephalography after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 124:132–137
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.11.068
pubmed: 29197598
Ruijter BJ, van Putten M, van den Bergh WM, Tromp SC, Hofmeijer J (2019) Propofol does not affect the reliability of early EEG for outcome prediction of comatose patients after cardiac arrest. Clin Neurophysiol 130:1263–1270
doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.04.707
pubmed: 31163372
Ruijter BJ, Keijzer HM, Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC, Blans MJ, Beishuizen A, Tromp SC, Scholten E, Horn J, van Rootselaar AF, Admiraal MM, van den Bergh WM, Elting JJ, Foudraine NA, Kornips FHM, van Kranen-Mastenbroek V, Rouhl RPW, Thomeer EC, Moudrous W, Nijhuis FAP, Booij SJ, Hoedemaekers CWE, Doorduin J, Taccone FS, van der Palen J, van Putten M, Hofmeijer J, Investigators T (2022) Treating rhythmic and periodic EEG patterns in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 386:724–734
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2115998
pubmed: 35196426
Stecker MM, Cheung AT, Pochettino A, Kent GP, Patterson T, Weiss SJ, Bavaria JE (2001) Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest: I. Effects of cooling on electroencephalogram and evoked potentials. Ann Thorac Surg 71:14–21
doi: 10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01592-7
pubmed: 11216734
Ruijter BJ, Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC, Tromp SC, van den Bergh WM, Foudraine NA, Kornips FHM, Drost G, Scholten E, Bosch FH, Beishuizen A, van Putten M, Hofmeijer J (2019) Early electroencephalography for outcome prediction of postanoxic coma: a prospective cohort study. Ann Neurol 86:203–214
doi: 10.1002/ana.25518
pubmed: 31155751
pmcid: 6771891
Sandroni C, Geocadin R (2015) Neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care 21:209–214
doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000202
pubmed: 25922894
pmcid: 4955580
May TL, Ruthazer R, Riker RR, Friberg H, Patel N, Soreide E, Hand R, Stammet P, Dupont A, Hirsch KG, Agarwal S, Wanscher MJ, Dankiewicz J, Nielsen N, Seder DB, Kent DM (2019) Early withdrawal of life support after resuscitation from cardiac arrest is common and may result in additional deaths. Resuscitation 139:308–313
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.02.031
pubmed: 30836171
pmcid: 6555675
Scarpino M, Carrai R, Lolli F, Lanzo G, Spalletti M, Valzania F, Lombardi M, Audenino D, Contardi S, Celani MG, Marrelli A, Mecarelli O, Minardi C, Minicucci F, Politini L, Vitelli E, Peris A, Amantini A, Sandroni C, Grippo A, ProNe CAsg, (2020) Neurophysiology for predicting good and poor neurological outcome at 12 and 72 h after cardiac arrest: The ProNeCA multicentre prospective study. Resuscitation 147:95–103
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.11.014
pubmed: 31790754
Youn CS, Park KN, Kim SH, Lee BK, Cronberg T, Oh SH, Jeung KW, Cho IS, Choi SP, Korean Hypothermia Network I (2022) External validation of the 2020 ERC/ESICM prognostication strategy algorithm after cardiac arrest. Crit Care 26:95
doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-03954-w
pubmed: 35399085
pmcid: 8996564
Paul M, Bougouin W, Geri G, Dumas F, Champigneulle B, Legriel S, Charpentier J, Mira JP, Sandroni C, Cariou A (2016) Delayed awakening after cardiac arrest: prevalence and risk factors in the Parisian registry. Intensive Care Med 42:1128–1136
doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4349-9
pubmed: 27098348
Giacino JT, Fins JJ, Laureys S, Schiff ND (2014) Disorders of consciousness after acquired brain injury: the state of the science. Nat Rev Neurol 10:99–114
doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.279
pubmed: 24468878
Magliacano A, De Bellis F, Panico F, Sagliano L, Trojano L, Sandroni C, Estraneo A, (2023) Long-term clinical evolution of patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness due to severe anoxic brain injury: A meta-analytic study. Eur J Neurol
Sandroni C, D’Arrigo S, Cacciola S, Hoedemaekers CWE, Westhall E, Kamps MJA, Taccone FS, Poole D, Meijer FJA, Antonelli M, Hirsch KG, Soar J, Nolan JP, Cronberg T (2022) Prediction of good neurological outcome in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 48:389–413
doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06618-z
pubmed: 35244745
pmcid: 8940794