DCAF1-based PROTACs with activity against clinically validated targets overcoming intrinsic- and acquired-degrader resistance.


Journal

Nature communications
ISSN: 2041-1723
Titre abrégé: Nat Commun
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101528555

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
04 Jan 2024
Historique:
received: 12 05 2023
accepted: 05 12 2023
medline: 5 1 2024
pubmed: 5 1 2024
entrez: 4 1 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Targeted protein degradation (TPD) mediates protein level through small molecule induced redirection of E3 ligases to ubiquitinate neo-substrates and mark them for proteasomal degradation. TPD has recently emerged as a key modality in drug discovery. So far only a few ligases have been utilized for TPD. Interestingly, the workhorse ligase CRBN has been observed to be downregulated in settings of resistance to immunomodulatory inhibitory drugs (IMiDs). Here we show that the essential E3 ligase receptor DCAF1 can be harnessed for TPD utilizing a selective, non-covalent DCAF1 binder. We confirm that this binder can be functionalized into an efficient DCAF1-BRD9 PROTAC. Chemical and genetic rescue experiments validate specific degradation via the CRL4

Identifiants

pubmed: 38177131
doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-44237-4
pii: 10.1038/s41467-023-44237-4
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

275

Subventions

Organisme : EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
ID : 884331
Organisme : Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)
ID : 310030_301206
Organisme : Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)
ID : CRSII5_186230
Organisme : Verein fur Krebsforschung (Association for Cancer Research)
ID : KFS 4980-02-2020

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Békés, M., Langley, D. R. & Crews, C. M. PROTAC targeted protein degraders: the past is prologue. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 21, 181–200 (2022).
pubmed: 35042991 pmcid: 8765495 doi: 10.1038/s41573-021-00371-6
Sakamoto, K. M. et al. Protacs: chimeric molecules that target proteins to the Skp1-Cullin-F box complex for ubiquitination and degradation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 8554–8559 (2001).
pubmed: 11438690 pmcid: 37474 doi: 10.1073/pnas.141230798
Hughes, S. J. & Ciulli, A. Molecular recognition of ternary complexes: a new dimension in the structure-guided design of chemical degraders. Essays Biochem. 61, 505–516 (2017).
pubmed: 29118097 pmcid: 5869862 doi: 10.1042/EBC20170041
Buckley, D. L. et al. Targeting the von Hippel-Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase using small molecules to disrupt the VHL/HIF-1α interaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 4465–4468 (2012).
pubmed: 22369643 pmcid: 3448299 doi: 10.1021/ja209924v
Bondeson, D. P. et al. Catalytic in vivo protein knockdown by small-molecule PROTACs. Nat. Chem. Biol. 11, 611–617 (2015).
pubmed: 26075522 pmcid: 4629852 doi: 10.1038/nchembio.1858
Zorba, A. et al. Delineating the role of cooperativity in the design of potent PROTACs for BTK. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, E7285–E7292 (2018).
pubmed: 30012605 pmcid: 6077745 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1803662115
Krieger, J. et al. Systematic potency & property assessment of VHL ligands and implications on PROTAC Design. ChemMedChem 18, e202200615 (2023).
pubmed: 36749883 doi: 10.1002/cmdc.202200615
Shibata, N. et al. Development of protein degradation inducers of androgen receptor by conjugation of androgen receptor ligands and inhibitor of apoptosis protein ligands. J. Med Chem. 61, 543–575 (2018).
pubmed: 28594553 doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00168
Słabicki, M. et al. The CDK inhibitor CR8 acts as a molecular glue degrader that depletes cyclin K. Nature 585, 293–297 (2020).
pubmed: 32494016 pmcid: 7486275 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2374-x
Hsia, O., et al., An intramolecular bivalent degrader glues an intrinsic BRD4-DCAF16 interaction. bioRxiv, 2023: 2023.02.14.528511.
Wei, J. et al. Harnessing the E3 ligase KEAP1 for targeted protein degradation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 15073–15083 (2021).
pubmed: 34520194 pmcid: 8480205 doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c04841
Schneekloth, A. R. et al. Targeted intracellular protein degradation induced by a small molecule: en route to chemical proteomics. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 18, 5904–5908 (2008).
pubmed: 18752944 doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.114
Tinworth, C. P. et al. PROTAC-mediated degradation of bruton’s tyrosine kinase is inhibited by covalent binding. ACS Chem. Biol. 14, 342–347 (2019).
pubmed: 30807093 doi: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01094
Pinch, B. J. et al. A strategy to assess the cellular activity of E3 ligase components against neo-substrates using electrophilic probes. Cell Chem. Biol. 29, 57–66.e6 (2022).
pubmed: 34499862 doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.007
Zhang, X. et al. Electrophilic PROTACs that degrade nuclear proteins by engaging DCAF16. Nat. Chem. Biol. 15, 737–746 (2019).
pubmed: 31209349 pmcid: 6592777 doi: 10.1038/s41589-019-0279-5
Xue, G. et al. Discovery of a Drug-like Natural Product-Inspired DCAF11 Ligand Chemotype. Nat. Commun. 14, 7908 (2023).
Sarott, R. C. et al. Chemical Specification of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Engagement by Cysteine-Reactive Chemistry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145, 21937–21944 (2023).
Ward, C. C. et al. Covalent ligand screening uncovers a RNF4 E3 ligase recruiter for targeted protein degradation applications. ACS Chem. Biol. 14, 2430–2440 (2019).
pubmed: 31059647 pmcid: 7422721 doi: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01083
Tao, Y. et al. Targeted protein degradation by electrophilic PROTACs that stereoselectively and site-specifically engage DCAF1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 18688–18699 (2022).
pubmed: 36170674 pmcid: 10347610 doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c08964
Zuo, X. & Liu, D. Mechanism of immunomodulatory drug resistance and novel therapeutic strategies in multiple myeloma. Hematology 27, 1110–1121 (2022).
pubmed: 36121114 doi: 10.1080/16078454.2022.2124694
Shalem, O. et al. Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in human cells. Science 343, 84–87 (2014).
pubmed: 24336571 doi: 10.1126/science.1247005
Wang, T. et al. Genetic screens in human cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Science 343, 80–84 (2014).
pubmed: 24336569 doi: 10.1126/science.1246981
Tsherniak, A. et al. Defining a cancer dependency map. Cell 170, 564–576.e16 (2017).
pubmed: 28753430 pmcid: 5667678 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.010
Hanzl, A. et al. Functional E3 ligase hotspots and resistance mechanisms to small-molecule degraders. Nat. Chem. Biol. 19, 323–333 (2023).
pubmed: 36329119 doi: 10.1038/s41589-022-01177-2
Vulpetti, A. et al. Discovery of new binders for DCAF1, an emerging ligase target in the targeted protein degradation field. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 14, 949–954 (2023).
pubmed: 37465299 doi: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00104
Hrecka, K. et al. Lentiviral Vpr usurps Cul4-DDB1[VprBP] E3 ubiquitin ligase to modulate cell cycle. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 11778–11783 (2007).
pubmed: 17609381 pmcid: 1906728 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0702102104
Huang, Y. et al. Discovery of the clinical candidate MAK683: an EED-directed, allosteric, and selective PRC2 inhibitor for the treatment of advanced malignancies. J. Med. Chem. 65, 5317–5333 (2022).
pubmed: 35352560 doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02148
Ding, J. et al. Discovery of potent small-molecule inhibitors of WDR5-MYC interaction. ACS Chem. Biol. 18, 34–40 (2023).
pubmed: 36594833 doi: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00843
Guarnaccia, A. D. et al. Impact of WIN site inhibitor on the WDR5 interactome. Cell Rep. 34, 108636 (2021).
pubmed: 33472061 pmcid: 7871196 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108636
Schapira, M. et al. WD40 repeat domain proteins: a novel target class? Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 16, 773–786 (2017).
pubmed: 29026209 pmcid: 5975957 doi: 10.1038/nrd.2017.179
Li, A. S. M. et al. Discovery of nanomolar DCAF1 small molecule ligands. J. Med. Chem. 66, 5041–5060 (2023).
pubmed: 36948210 pmcid: 10108359 doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02132
McDonald, E. R. 3rd et al. Project DRIVE: a compendium of cancer dependencies and synthetic lethal relationships uncovered by large-scale, deep RNAi screening. Cell 170, 577–592.e10 (2017).
pubmed: 28753431 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.005
Subbareddy, M. & Chen, J. Protein kinase DYRK2 is a scaffold that facilitates assembly of an E3 ligase. Nat. Cell Biol. 11, 409–419 (2009).
doi: 10.1038/ncb1848
Lee, J. & Zhou, P. DCAFs the Missing Link of the CUL4-DDB1 Ubiquitin Ligase. Mol. Cell 26, 775–780 (2007).
pubmed: 17588513 doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.001
Mohamed, W. I. et al. The CRL4(DCAF1) cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase is activated following a switch in oligomerization state. EMBO J. 40, e108008 (2021).
pubmed: 34595758 pmcid: 8591539 doi: 10.15252/embj.2021108008
Schwefel, D. et al. Structural basis of lentiviral subversion of a cellular protein degradation pathway. Nature 505, 234–238 (2014).
pubmed: 24336198 doi: 10.1038/nature12815
Reichermeier, K. M. et al. PIKES analysis reveals response to degraders and key regulatory mechanisms of the CRL4 network. Mol. Cell 77, 1092–1106.e9 (2020).
pubmed: 31973889 doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.12.013
Kaur, M. et al. CRL4-DDB1-VPRBP ubiquitin ligase mediates the stress triggered proteolysis of Mcm10. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, 7332–7346 (2012).
pubmed: 22570418 pmcid: 3424545 doi: 10.1093/nar/gks366
Wang, X. et al. VprBP/DCAF1 regulates the degradation and nonproteolytic activation of the cell cycle transcription factor FoxM1. Mol. Cell Biol. 37, e00609–e00616 (2017).
pubmed: 28416635 pmcid: 5472828 doi: 10.1128/MCB.00609-16
Hartung, I. V. et al. Expanding chemical probe space: quality criteria for covalent and degrader probes. J. Med. Chem. 66, 9297–9312 (2023).
pubmed: 37403870 pmcid: 10388296 doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00550
Thul, P. J. et al. A subcellular map of the human proteome. Science 356, eaal3321 (2017).
pubmed: 28495876 doi: 10.1126/science.aal3321
Uhlén, M. et al. Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science 347, 1260419 (2015).
pubmed: 25613900 doi: 10.1126/science.1260419
The Human Protein Atlas-DCAF1. accessed 9 March 2023; Available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000145041-DCAF1/subcellular .
Brien, G. L. et al. Targeted degradation of BRD9 reverses oncogenic gene expression in synovial sarcoma. Elife 7, e41305 (2018).
pubmed: 30431433 pmcid: 6277197 doi: 10.7554/eLife.41305
Michel, B. C. et al. A non-canonical SWI/SNF complex is a synthetic lethal target in cancers driven by BAF complex perturbation. Nat. Cell Biol. 20, 1410–1420 (2018).
pubmed: 30397315 pmcid: 6698386 doi: 10.1038/s41556-018-0221-1
Remillard, D. et al. Degradation of the BAF complex factor BRD9 by heterobifunctional ligands. Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 56, 5738–5743 (2017).
pubmed: 28418626 pmcid: 5967236 doi: 10.1002/anie.201611281
Zoppi, V. et al. Iterative design and optimization of initially inactive proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) identify VZ185 as a potent, fast, and selective von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) based dual degrader probe of BRD9 and BRD7. J. Med. Chem. 62, 699–726 (2019).
pubmed: 30540463 doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01413
Martin, L. J. et al. Structure-based design of an in vivo active selective BRD9 inhibitor. J. Med. Chem. 59, 4462–4475 (2016).
pubmed: 26914985 pmcid: 4885110 doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01865
Gadd, M. S. et al. Structural basis of PROTAC cooperative recognition for selective protein degradation. Nat. Chem. Biol. 13, 514–521 (2017).
pubmed: 28288108 pmcid: 5392356 doi: 10.1038/nchembio.2329
Douglass, E. F. Jr. et al. A comprehensive mathematical model for three-body binding equilibria. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 6092–6099 (2013).
pubmed: 23544844 pmcid: 3717292 doi: 10.1021/ja311795d
Zeng, H. et al. Genome-wide CRISPR screening reveals genetic modifiers of mutant EGFR dependence in human NSCLC. Elife 8, e50223 (2019).
pubmed: 31741433 pmcid: 6927754 doi: 10.7554/eLife.50223
Luo, J. et al. Multifaceted functions of RPS27a: an unconventional ribosomal protein. J. Cell Physiol. 238, 485–497 (2022).
pubmed: 36580426 doi: 10.1002/jcp.30941
Redman, K. L. & Rechsteiner, M. Identification of the long ubiquitin extension as ribosomal protein S27a. Nature 338, 438–440 (1989).
pubmed: 2538756 doi: 10.1038/338438a0
Sang, Y., Yan, F. & Ren, X. The role and mechanism of CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase in cancer and its potential therapy implications. Oncotarget 6, 42590–42602 (2015).
pubmed: 26460955 pmcid: 4767455 doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.6052
Lombardo, L. J. et al. Discovery of N-(2-chloro-6-methyl- phenyl)-2-(6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)- piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4- ylamino)thiazole-5-carboxamide (BMS-354825), a dual Src/Abl kinase inhibitor with potent antitumor activity in preclinical assays. J. Med. Chem. 47, 6658–6661 (2004).
pubmed: 15615512 doi: 10.1021/jm049486a
Rix, U. et al. Chemical proteomic profiles of the BCR-ABL inhibitors imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib reveal novel kinase and nonkinase targets. Blood 110, 4055–4063 (2007).
pubmed: 17720881 doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-102061
Kitagawa, D. et al. Activity-based kinase profiling of approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Genes Cells 18, 110–122 (2013).
pubmed: 23279183 doi: 10.1111/gtc.12022
The Human Protein Atlas. accessed 9 March 2023; Available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org .
https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000135605-TEC/subcellular The Human Protein Atlas-TEC. accessed 9 March 2023.
https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000061938-TNK2/subcellular The Human Protein Altlas-TNK2. accessed 9 March 2023.
Alu, A. et al. BTK inhibitors in the treatment of hematological malignancies and inflammatory diseases: mechanisms and clinical studies. J. Hematol. Oncol. 15, 138 (2022).
pubmed: 36183125 pmcid: 9526392 doi: 10.1186/s13045-022-01353-w
Ran, F. et al. Review of the development of BTK inhibitors in overcoming the clinical limitations of ibrutinib. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 229, 114009 (2022).
pubmed: 34839996 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114009
Wen, T. et al. Inhibitors targeting Bruton’s tyrosine kinase in cancers: drug development advances. Leukemia 35, 312–332 (2021).
pubmed: 33122850 doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-01072-6
Buhimschi, A. D. et al. Targeting the C481S ibrutinib-resistance mutation in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase using PROTAC-mediated degradation. Biochemistry 57, 3564–3575 (2018).
pubmed: 29851337 doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00391
Mato, A. R. et al. NX-2127-001, a first-in-human trial of NX-2127, a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase-targeted protein degrader, in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia and B-cell malignancies. Blood 140, 2329–2332 (2022).
doi: 10.1182/blood-2022-164772
Hantschel, O. et al. The Btk tyrosine kinase is a major target of the Bcr-Abl inhibitor dasatinib. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 13283–13288 (2007).
pubmed: 17684099 pmcid: 1940229 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0702654104
Tohda, S. et al. Establishment of a novel B-cell lymphoma cell line with suppressed growth by gamma-secretase inhibitors. Leuk. Res. 30, 1385–1390 (2006).
pubmed: 16780947 doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.05.003
Yen, H. C. et al. Global protein stability profiling in mammalian cells. Science 322, 918–923 (2008).
pubmed: 18988847 doi: 10.1126/science.1160489
Emanuele, M. J. et al. Global identification of modular cullin-RING ligase substrates. Cell 147, 459–474 (2011).
pubmed: 21963094 pmcid: 3226719 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.019
Kuo, H. P. et al. The role of PIM1 in the ibrutinib-resistant ABC subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Am. J. Cancer Res. 6, 2489–2501 (2016).
pubmed: 27904766 pmcid: 5126268
Lim, Y. S. et al. Orally bioavailable BTK PROTAC active against wild-type and C481 mutant BTKs in human lymphoma CDX mouse models. Blood Adv. 7, 92–105 (2023).
pubmed: 36269842 doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008121
Young, R. M. & Staudt, L. M. A new “brew” of MALT1 inhibitors. Cancer Cell 22, 706–707 (2012).
pubmed: 23238011 pmcid: 4053348 doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.11.011
Poller, B. et al. Time matters - in vitro cellular disposition kinetics help rationalizing cellular potency disconnects. Xenobiotica 52, 878–889 (2022).
pubmed: 36189672 doi: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2130837
Yao, X. et al. VHL deficiency drives enhancer activation of oncogenes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Discov. 7, 1284–1305 (2017).
pubmed: 28893800 doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-0375
Gooding, S. et al. Multiple cereblon genetic changes are associated with acquired resistance to lenalidomide or pomalidomide in multiple myeloma. Blood 137, 232–237 (2021).
pubmed: 33443552 pmcid: 7893409 doi: 10.1182/blood.2020007081
Rieffel, S. et al. Insect cell culture in reagent bottles. MethodsX 1, 155–161 (2014).
pubmed: 26150948 pmcid: 4472955 doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2014.08.006
Duda, D. M. et al. Structural insights into NEDD8 activation of cullin-RING ligases: conformational control of conjugation. Cell 134, 995–1006 (2008).
pubmed: 18805092 pmcid: 2628631 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.022
Huang, D. T. et al. Basis for a ubiquitin-like protein thioester switch toggling E1-E2 affinity. Nature 445, 394–398 (2007).
pubmed: 17220875 pmcid: 2821831 doi: 10.1038/nature05490
Huang, D. T. et al. Identification of conjugation specificity determinants unmasks vestigial preference for ubiquitin within the NEDD8 E2. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 15, 280–287 (2008).
pubmed: 18264111 doi: 10.1038/nsmb.1387
Kabsch, W. XDS. Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 66, 125–132 (2010).
pubmed: 20124692 pmcid: 2815665 doi: 10.1107/S0907444909047337
Evans, P. R. & Murshudov, G. N. How good are my data and what is the resolution? Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 69, 1204–1214 (2013).
pubmed: 23793146 pmcid: 3689523 doi: 10.1107/S0907444913000061
Winn, M. D. et al. Overview of the CCP4 suite and current developments. Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 67, 235–242 (2011).
pubmed: 21460441 pmcid: 3069738 doi: 10.1107/S0907444910045749
McCoy, A. J. et al. Phaser crystallographic software. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 40, 658–674 (2007).
pubmed: 19461840 pmcid: 2483472 doi: 10.1107/S0021889807021206
Emsley, P. & Cowtan, K. Coot: model-building tools for molecular graphics. Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 60, 2126–2132 (2004).
pubmed: 15572765 doi: 10.1107/S0907444904019158
Murshudov, G. N., Vagin, A. A. & Dodson, E. J. Refinement of macromolecular structures by the maximum-likelihood method. Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 53, 240–255 (1997).
pubmed: 15299926 doi: 10.1107/S0907444996012255
Williams, C. J. et al. MolProbity: More and better reference data for improved all-atom structure validation. Protein Sci. 27, 293–315 (2018).
pubmed: 29067766 doi: 10.1002/pro.3330
DeJesus, R. et al. Functional CRISPR screening identifies the ufmylation pathway as a regulator of SQSTM1/p62. eLife 5, e17290 (2016).
Wang, Y. et al. Reversed-phase chromatography with multiple fraction concatenation strategy for proteome profiling of human MCF10A cells. Proteomics 11, 2019–2026 (2011).
pubmed: 21500348 pmcid: 3120047 doi: 10.1002/pmic.201000722
McAlister, G. C. et al. MultiNotch MS3 enables accurate, sensitive, and multiplexed detection of differential expression across cancer cell line proteomes. Anal. Chem. 86, 7150–7158 (2014).
pubmed: 24927332 pmcid: 4215866 doi: 10.1021/ac502040v
Perez-Riverol, Y. et al. The PRIDE database resources in 2022: a hub for mass spectrometry-based proteomics evidences. Nucleic Acids Res. 50, D543–D552 (2021).
pmcid: 8728295 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkab1038
Ritchie, M. E. et al. limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 43, e47 (2015).
pubmed: 25605792 pmcid: 4402510 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkv007
Schukur, L. et al. Identification of the HECT E3 ligase UBR5 as a regulator of MYC degradation using a CRISPR/Cas9 screen. Sci. Rep. 10, 20044 (2020).
pubmed: 33208877 pmcid: 7676242 doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76960-z
Fomenko, I., Durst, M. & Balaban, D. Robust regression for high throughput drug screening. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 82, 31–37 (2006).
Vasta, J. D. et al. Quantitative Wide-Spectrum Kinase Profiling in Live Cells for Assessing the Effect of Cellular ATP on Target Engagement. Cell Chem. Biol. 25, 206–214.e11 (2018).

Auteurs

Martin Schröder (M)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. martin-1.schroeder@novartis.com.

Martin Renatus (M)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
Ridgeline Discovery, Basel, Switzerland.

Xiaoyou Liang (X)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Fabian Meili (F)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Thomas Zoller (T)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Sandrine Ferrand (S)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Francois Gauter (F)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Xiaoyan Li (X)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Frederic Sigoillot (F)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Scott Gleim (S)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Therese-Marie Stachyra (TM)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Jason R Thomas (JR)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Damien Begue (D)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Maryam Khoshouei (M)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Peggy Lefeuvre (P)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Rita Andraos-Rey (R)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

BoYee Chung (B)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Renate Ma (R)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Benika Pinch (B)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Andreas Hofmann (A)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Markus Schirle (M)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Niko Schmiedeberg (N)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Patricia Imbach (P)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Delphine Gorses (D)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Keith Calkins (K)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Beatrice Bauer-Probst (B)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Magdalena Maschlej (M)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Matt Niederst (M)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Rob Maher (R)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Martin Henault (M)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

John Alford (J)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Erik Ahrne (E)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Luca Tordella (L)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Greg Hollingworth (G)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Nicolas H Thomä (NH)

Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Anna Vulpetti (A)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Thomas Radimerski (T)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
Ridgeline Discovery, Basel, Switzerland.

Philipp Holzer (P)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Seth Carbonneau (S)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Claudio R Thoma (CR)

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. cthoma@ridgelinediscovery.com.
Ridgeline Discovery, Basel, Switzerland. cthoma@ridgelinediscovery.com.

Classifications MeSH