Psychological profiles and prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal in people with chronic pain.
Journal
European journal of pain (London, England)
ISSN: 1532-2149
Titre abrégé: Eur J Pain
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9801774
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
08 Jan 2024
08 Jan 2024
Historique:
revised:
12
12
2023
received:
03
09
2023
accepted:
12
12
2023
medline:
8
1
2024
pubmed:
8
1
2024
entrez:
8
1
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
The negative consequences of prescription opioid misuse and opioid use disorder make it relevant to identify factors associated with this problem in individuals with chronic pain. This cross-sectional study aimed at identifying subgroups of people with chronic pain based on their psychological profiles, prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal. The sample comprised 185 individuals with chronic pain. We performed hierarchical cluster analysis on impulsivity, anxiety sensitivity, pain acceptance, pain intensity, opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal. The four-cluster solution was the optimal one. Misuse, craving, and anxiety sensitivity were higher among people in the Severe-problems cluster than among people in the other three clusters. Withdrawal was the highest in the High-withdrawal cluster. Impulsivity was higher among people in the Severe-problems and High-withdrawal clusters than those in the Moderate-problems and Mild-problems clusters. Pain acceptance was higher among people in the Mild-problems cluster than among people in the other three clusters. Anxiety sensitivity and misuse were higher among people in the Moderate-problems cluster than among people in the Mild-problems cluster. These results support that impulsivity, anxiety sensitivity, and pain acceptance are useful constructs to identify subgroups of people with chronic pain according to their level of prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal. The results of this study may help in selecting the early intervention most suitable for each of the identified profiles. The psychological profile of individuals with chronic pain, prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal is characterized by fearing anxiety-related symptoms due to the catastrophic interpretation of such symptoms and reacting impulsively to negative moods. In contrast, participants with high pain acceptance had less prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal. The profiles identified in this study could help clinicians select targets for intervention among profiles with similar needs and facilitate early interventions to prevent opioid misuse onset or aggravation.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
The negative consequences of prescription opioid misuse and opioid use disorder make it relevant to identify factors associated with this problem in individuals with chronic pain. This cross-sectional study aimed at identifying subgroups of people with chronic pain based on their psychological profiles, prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal.
METHODS
METHODS
The sample comprised 185 individuals with chronic pain. We performed hierarchical cluster analysis on impulsivity, anxiety sensitivity, pain acceptance, pain intensity, opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal.
RESULTS
RESULTS
The four-cluster solution was the optimal one. Misuse, craving, and anxiety sensitivity were higher among people in the Severe-problems cluster than among people in the other three clusters. Withdrawal was the highest in the High-withdrawal cluster. Impulsivity was higher among people in the Severe-problems and High-withdrawal clusters than those in the Moderate-problems and Mild-problems clusters. Pain acceptance was higher among people in the Mild-problems cluster than among people in the other three clusters. Anxiety sensitivity and misuse were higher among people in the Moderate-problems cluster than among people in the Mild-problems cluster.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
These results support that impulsivity, anxiety sensitivity, and pain acceptance are useful constructs to identify subgroups of people with chronic pain according to their level of prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal. The results of this study may help in selecting the early intervention most suitable for each of the identified profiles.
SIGNIFICANCE
CONCLUSIONS
The psychological profile of individuals with chronic pain, prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal is characterized by fearing anxiety-related symptoms due to the catastrophic interpretation of such symptoms and reacting impulsively to negative moods. In contrast, participants with high pain acceptance had less prescription opioid misuse, craving, and withdrawal. The profiles identified in this study could help clinicians select targets for intervention among profiles with similar needs and facilitate early interventions to prevent opioid misuse onset or aggravation.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Authors. European Journal of Pain published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Pain Federation - EFIC ®.
Références
Amass, L., Kamien, J. B., & Mikulich, S. K. (2000). Efficacy of daily and alternate-day dosing regimens with the combination buprenorphine-naloxone tablet. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 58, 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00074-5
Anderson, A. C., Youssef, G. J., Robinson, A. H., Lubman, D. I., & Verdejo-Garcia, A. (2021). Cognitive boosting interventions for impulsivity in addiction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive training, remediation and pharmacological enhancement. Addiction, 116, 3304-3319. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15469
APA. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
Baek, I. C., Lee, E. H., & Kim, J. H. (2019). Differences in anxiety sensitivity factors between anxiety and depressive disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 36, 968-974. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22948
Ballantyne, J. C., Sullivan, M. D., & Koob, G. F. (2019). Refractory dependence on opioid analgesics. Pain, 160, 2655-2660. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001680
Bedson, J., Chen, Y., Ashworth, J., Hayward, R. A., Dunn, K. M., & Jordan, K. P. (2019). Risk of adverse events in patients prescribed long-term opioids: A cohort study in the UK clinical practice research datalink. European Journal of Pain, 23, 908-922. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1357
Bendayan, R., Esteve, R., & Blanca, M. J. (2012). New empirical evidence of the validity of the chronic pain acceptance questionnaire: The differential influence of activity engagement and pain willingness on adjustment to chronic pain. British Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 314-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02039.x
Benville, J. R., Compton, P., Giordano, N. A., & Cheatle, M. D. (2021). Perceived social support in patients with chronic pain with and without opioid use disorder and role of medication for opioid use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 221, 108619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108619
Bruneau, A., Frimerman, L., Verner, M., Sirois, A., Fournier, C., Scott, K., Perez, J., Shir, Y., & Martel, M. O. (2021). Day-to-day opioid withdrawal symptoms, psychological distress, and opioid craving in patients with chronic pain prescribed opioid therapy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 225, 108787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108787
Butler, S. F., Budman, S. H., Fernández, K. C., Houle, B., Benoit, C., Katz, N., & Jamison, R. N. (2007). Development and validation of the current opioid misuse measure. Pain, 130, 144-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.014
Chou, R., Turner, J. A., Devine, E. B., Hansen, R. N., Sullivan, S. D., Blazina, I., Dana, T., Bougatsos, C., & Deyo, R. A. (2015). The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: A systematic review for a National Institutes of Health pathways to prevention workshop. Annals of Internal Medicine, 162, 276-286. https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-2559
Cochran, B. N., Flentje, A., Heck, N. C., Van Den Bos, J., Perlman, D., Torres, J., & Carter, J. (2014). Factors predicting development of opioid use disorders among individuals who receive an initial opioid prescription: Mathematical modeling using a database of commercially-insured individuals. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 138, 202-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.701
Cohen, J. W. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Coloma-Carmona, A. (2019). Evaluación del uso problemático de fármacos opioides y sus factores de riesgo en pacientes con dolor crónico (Unpublished thesis). Universidad Miguel Hernández. file:///C:/Users/Usuario/Downloads/tesis_AinhoaColomaCarmona-4.pdf
Coloma-Carmona, A., Carballo, J. L., Rodríguez-Marín, J., & Pérez-Carbonell, A. (2019). Withdrawal symptoms predict prescription opioid dependence in chronic pain patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 195, 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.013
Coloma-Carmona, A., Carballo, J. L., Rodríguez-Marín, J., Pérez-Carbonell, A., & Alonso-Garrido, C. (2018). Medical and psychological predictors of prescription opioids dependence during chronic pain treatment. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 68, 199-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2018.10.002
Coloma-Carmona, A., Carballo, J. L., Rodríguez-Marín, J., & van-der Hofstadt, C. J. (2019). The adjective rating scale for withdrawal: Validation of its ability to assess severity of prescription opioid misuse. European Journal of Pain, 23, 307-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1305
Cragg, A., Hau, J. P., Woo, S. A., Kitchen, S. A., Liu, C., Doyle-Waters, M. M., & Hohl, C. M. (2019). Risk factors for misuse of prescribed opioids: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 74, 634-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349-354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358
Cumming, G. (2012). Understanding the new statistics: Effect sizes, confidence intervals, and meta-analysis. Routledge.
d'Acremont, M., & Van der Linden, M. (2007). How is impulsivity related to depression in adolescence? Evidence from a French validation of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 271-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.02.007
Danovitch, I. (2016). PTSD and opioid use disorder: A narrative review of conceptual models. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 35, 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2016.1168212
De Wit, H. (2009). Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: A review of underlying processes. Addiction Biology, 14, 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x
Ditre, J. W., Zale, E. L., & LaRowe, L. R. (2019). A reciprocal model of pain and substance use: Transdiagnostic considerations, clinical implications, and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15, 503-528. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095440
Dolnicar, S. (2003). Using cluster analysis for market segmentation - Typical misconceptions, established methodological weaknesses and some recommendations for improvement. Journal of Marketing Research, 11, 5-12. https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=commpapers
Dowell, D., Haegerich, T. M., & Chou, R. (2016). CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain-United States, 2016. JAMA, 315, 1624-1645. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.1464
Edmond, S. N., Snow, J. L., Pomeranz, J., Van Cleve, R., & Becker, W. C. (2022). Arguments for and against a new diagnostic entity for patients with chronic pain on long-term opioid therapy for whom harms outweigh benefits. The Journal of Pain, 23, 958-966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2021.12.006
Esteve, R., Marcos, E., Reyes-Pérez, Á., López-Martínez, A. E., & Ramírez-Maestre, C. (2021). Pain acceptance creates an emotional context that protects against the misuse of prescription opioids: A study in a sample of patients with chronic noncancer pain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 3054. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063054
Esteve, R., Reyes-Pérez, Á., Ramírez-Maestre, C., Gutiérrez-Extremera, A., Fuentes-Bravo, R., de la Vega, R., Ruiz-Párraga, G., Serrano-Ibáñez, E. R., & López-Martínez, A. E. (2022). Diagnostic and predictive capacity of the Spanish versions of the opioid risk tool and the screener and opioid assessment for patients with pain-Revised: A preliminary investigation in a sample of people with noncancer chronic pain. Pain and Therapy, 11, 493-510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-022-00356-2
Evren, C., & Bozkurt, M. (2017). Impulsivity and opioid use disorder. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 30, 75-78. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN20173002001
Feldner, M. T., Lewis, S. F., Leen-Feldner, E. W., Schnurr, P. P., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2006). Anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of the relation between trauma exposure frequency and posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 201-213. https://doi.org/10.1891/jcop.20.2.201
Garland, E. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2019). Positive psychological states in the arc from mindfulness to self-transcendence: Extensions of the mindfulness-to-meaning theory and applications to addiction and chronic pain treatment. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 184-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.004
Garland, E. L., Trøstheim, M., Eikemo, M., Ernst, G., & Leknes, S. (2020). Anhedonia in chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse. Psychological Medicine, 50, 1977-1988. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719002010
Gjerde, L. C., Skurtveit, S., Handal, M., Nesvåg, R., Clausen, T., Lid, T. G., Hamina, A., Borchgrevink, P. C., & Odsbu, I. (2023). Mental disorder prevalence in chronic pain patients using opioid versus non-opioid analgesics: A registry-linkage study. European Journal of Pain, 27, 884-895. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.2121
Grant, D. M., Beck, J. G., Marques, L., Palyo, S. A., & Clapp, J. D. (2008). The structure of distress following trauma: Posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 662-672. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012591
Guildford, B. J., Daly-Eichenhardt, A., Hill, B., Sanderson, K., & McCracken, L. M. (2018). Analgesic reduction during an interdisciplinary pain management programme: Treatment effects and processes of change. British Journal of Pain, 12, 72-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/20494637177340
Gutiérrez, S., Sanz, J., Espinosa, R., & Gesteira, C. (2016). The Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale: Norms for the Spanish general population and development of a short version. Anales de Psicología, 32, 206-217. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.1.185471
Häuser, W., Buchser, E., Finn, D. P., Dom, G., Fors, E., Heiskanen, T., Jarlbaek, L., Knaggs, R. D., Kosek, E., Krcevski-Škvarč, N., Pakkonen, K., Perrot, S., Trouvin, A. P., & Morlion, B. (2021). Is Europe also facing an opioid crisis?-A survey of European pain federation chapters. European Journal of Pain, 25, 1760-1769. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1786
Huhn, A. S., & Finan, P. H. (2022). Sleep disturbance as a therapeutic target to improve opioid use disorder treatment. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 30, 1024-1035. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000477
Hwang, S. D., Jun, S. E., & Kang, H. S. (2019). Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 28, 271-285. https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2019.28.3.271
Jensen, M. P., & Karoly, P. (2011). Self-report scales and procedures for assessing pain in adults. In D. C. Turk & R. Melzack (Eds.), Handbook of pain assessment (pp. 19-44). The Guilford Press.
Jones, R. E., Spradlin, A., Robinson, R. J., & Tragesser, S. L. (2014). Development and validation of the opioid prescription medication motives questionnaire: A four-factor model of reasons for use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1290-1296. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037783
Koob, G. F. (2020). Neurobiology of opioid addiction: Opponent process, hyperkatifeia, and negative reinforcement. Biological Psychiatry, 87, 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.023
Lee, R. S., Hoppenbrouwers, S., & Franken, I. (2019). A systematic meta-review of impulsivity and compulsivity in addictive behaviors. Neuropsychology Review, 29, 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-019-09402-x
López-Martínez, A. E., Reyes-Pérez, A., Serrano-Ibáñez, E. R., Esteve, R., & Ramírez-Maestre, C. (2019). Chronic pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, and opioid intake: A systematic review. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 7, 4254-4269. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v7.i24.4254
Marino, E. N., Rosen, K. D., Gutierrez, A., Eckmann, M., Ramamurthy, S., & Potter, J. S. (2013). Impulsivity but not sensation seeking is associated with opioid analgesic misuse risk in patients with chronic pain. Addictive Behaviors, 38, 2154-2157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.01.020
Martel, M. O., Jamison, R. N., Wasan, A. D., & Edwards, R. R. (2014). The association between catastrophizing and craving in patients with chronic pain prescribed opioid therapy: A preliminary analysis. Pain Medicine, 15, 1757-1764. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12416
Martel, M. O., Wasan, A. D., Jamison, R. N., & Edwards, R. R. (2013). Catastrophic thinking and increased risk for prescription opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132, 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.034
McCracken, L. M. (1998). Learning to live with the pain: Acceptance of pain predicts adjustment in persons with chronic pain. Pain, 74, 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00146-2
McCracken, L. M., Vowles, K. E., & Eccleston, C. (2004). Acceptance of chronic pain: Component analysis and a revised assessment method. Pain, 107, 59-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2003.10.012
Muñoz, M., & Esteve, R. (2005). Reports of memory functioning by chronic pain patients. Clinical Journal of Pain, 21, 287-291. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ajp.0000173993.53733.2e
Oquendo, M. A., Baca-García, E., Graver, R., Morales, M., Montalvan, V., & Mann, J. J. (2001). Spanish adaptation of the Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS-11). The European Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 147-155.
Parisi, A., Landicho, H. L., Hudak, J., Leknes, S., Froeliger, B., & Garland, E. L. (2022). Emotional distress and pain catastrophizing predict cue-elicited opioid craving among chronic pain patients on long-term opioid therapy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 233, 109361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109361
Pattij, T., & De Vries, T. J. (2013). The role of impulsivity in relapse vulnerability. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23, 700-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.023
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 768-774. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679
Peck, K. R., Nighbor, T. D., & Price, M. (2021). Examining associations between impulsivity, opioid use disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder: The additive relation between disorders. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 30, 486-493. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000507
Quintana, J. M., Padierna, A., Esteban, C., Arostegui, I., Bilbao, A., & Ruiz, I. (2003). Evaluation of the psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 107, 216-221. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00062.x
Rajabi, A., Dehghani, M., Shojaei, A., Farjam, M., & Motevalian, S. A. (2019). Association between tobacco smoking and opioid use: A meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 92, 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.043
Ramírez-Maestre, C., López-Martínez, A. E., & Esteve, R. (2021). Predictive variables of prescription opioid misuse in patients with chronic noncancer pain. Development of a risk detection scale: A registered report protocol. PLoS One, 16, e0251586. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251586
Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(86)90143-9
Reyes-Pérez, Á., López-Martínez, A. E., Esteve, R., & Ramírez-Maestre, C. (2022). Spanish validation of the COMM scale to assess the misuse of prescription opioids in patients with chronic noncancer pain. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-15, 3458-3472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00803-3
Rogers, A. H., Garey, L., Raines, A. M., Allan, N. P., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2022). Anxiety sensitivity and opioid use motives among adults with chronic low back pain. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 30, 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000381
Rogers, A. H., Zvolensky, M. J., Ditre, J. W., Buckner, J. D., & Asmundson, G. J. (2021). Association of opioid misuse with anxiety and depression: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 84, 101978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101978
Rogers, A. M., Kauffman, B. M., Bakhshaie, J. M., McHugh, R. K. P., Ditre, J. W. P., & Zvolensky, M. J. P. (2019). Anxiety sensitivity and opioid misuse among opioid-using adults with chronic pain. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45, 470-478. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1569670
Sandín, B., Valiente, R. M., Chorot, P., & Santed-Germán, M. A. (2007). ASI-3: Nueva escala para la evaluación de la sensibilidad a la ansiedad. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 12, 91-104. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.12.num.2.2007.4036
Smit, T., Mayorga, N. A., Rogers, A. H., Nizio, P., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2023). Chronic pain acceptance: Relations to opioid misuse and pain management motives among individuals with chronic low back pain. Addictive Behaviors, 136, 107495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107495
Smit, T., Rogers, A. H., Garey, L., Allan, N. P., Viana, A. G., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020). Anxiety sensitivity and pain intensity independently predict opioid misuse and dependence in chronic pain patients. Psychiatry Research, 294, 113523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113523
Smits, J. A., Berry, A. C., Tart, C. D., & Powers, M. B. (2008). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions for reducing anxiety sensitivity: A meta-analytic review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1047-1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.06.010
Sneath, P. H. A., & Sokal, R. R. (1973). Numerical taxonomy. Freeman.
Stathopoulou, G., Gold, A. K., Hoyt, D. L., Milligan, M., Hearon, B. A., & Otto, M. W. (2021). Does anxiety sensitivity predict addiction severity in opioid use disorder? Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106644
Stokes, A., Berry, K. M., Collins, J. M., Hsiao, C. W., Waggoner, J. R., Johnston, S. S., Ammann, E. M., Scamuffa, R. F., Lee, S., Lundberg, D. J., Solomon, D. H., Felson, D. T., Neogi, T., & Manson, J. E. (2019). The contribution of obesity to prescription opioid use in the United States. Pain, 160, 2255-2262. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001612
Sullivan, M. J., Thorn, B., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Keefe, F., Martin, M., Bradley, L. A., & Lefebvre, J. C. (2001). Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 17, 52-64.
Sullivan, M. J. L., Bishop, S. C., & Pivik, J. (1995). The pain catastrophizing scale: Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 7, 524-532. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.4.524
Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., Abramowith, J. S., Holaway, R. M., Sandín, B., Stewart, S. H., Coles, M., Eng, W., Daly, E. S., Arrindell, W. A., Bouvard, M., & Jurado Cardenas, S. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the anxiety sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3). Psychological Assessment, 19, 176-188. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.176
Vest, N., Reynolds, C. J., & Tragesser, S. L. (2016). Impulsivity and risk for prescription opioid misuse in a chronic pain patient sample. Addictive Behaviors, 60, 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.04.015
Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., & McLellan, A. T. (2016). Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 374, 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1511480
Voon, P., Karamouzian, M., & Kerr, T. (2017). Chronic pain and opioid misuse: A review of reviews. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 12, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-017-0120-7
Vujanovic, A. A., Farris, S. G., Bartlett, B. A., Lyons, R. C., Haller, M., Colvonen, P. J., & Norman, S. B. (2018). Anxiety sensitivity in the association between posttraumatic stress and substance use disorders: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 62, 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.003
Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013). The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) - Standard. [Measurement instrument]. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/
Webster, L. R., & Webster, R. M. (2005). Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: Preliminary validation of the opioid risk tool. Pain Medicine, 6, 432-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2005.00072.x
Weiss, R. D., Griffin, M. L., & Hufford, C. (1995). Craving in hospitalized cocaine abusers as a predictor of outcome. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 21, 289-301. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952999509002698
World Medical Association, Ethics Unit. (2007). Declaration of Helsinki. https://www.wma.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/DoH-Oct2008.pdf
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
Zvolensky, M. J., Rogers, A. H., Shepherd, J. M., Vujanovic, A. A., & Bakhshaie, J. (2020). Anxiety sensitivity and opioid misuse and dependence among trauma-exposed adults with chronic pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 43, 174-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-020-00142-5