Persistent Risk of Developing Autoimmune Diseases Associated With COVID-19: An Observational Study Using an Electronic Medical Record Database in Japan.

Journal

Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases

ISSN: 1536-7355

Titre abrégé: J Clin Rheumatol

Pays: United States

ID NLM: 9518034

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
08 Jan 2024

Historique:

medline: 8 1 2024

pubmed: 8 1 2024

entrez: 8 1 2024

Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

This study aimed to investigate the risk of developing autoimmune diseases associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan, including long-term risks and risks specific to different variants of concern. This observational study used an electronic medical record database in Japan. The COVID-19 group is composed of patients diagnosed with COVID-19, whereas the non-COVID-19 group had data sampled from the database. The outcomes of interest encompassed several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and immunoglobulin G4-related disease, as well as a composite of these diseases (any autoimmune disease). We examined the relative risk of autoimmune diseases using standardized mortality ratio weighting and the Cox proportional hazards model. Subgroup analyses based on epidemic variants were performed. In addition, short- and long-term risks were investigated using piecewise constant hazard models. A total of 90,855 COVID-19 and 459,827 non-COVID-19 patients were included between January 16, 2020, and December 31, 2022. The relative risk of any autoimmune disease was 2.32 (95% confidence interval, 2.08-2.60). All the investigated outcomes showed a significant risk associated with COVID-19. Several autoimmune diseases exhibit a risk associated with COVID-19 in the short to long term, and the long-term risk is substantial for systemic sclerosis and immunoglobulin G4-related disease. The variant-specific risk varied across outcomes. COVID-19 is associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases in the Japanese population, and this effect persists for a long time. This study provides insights into the association between viral infections and autoimmunity.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000002054 PMID: 38190730

pubmed: 38190730

doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000002054

pii: 00124743-990000000-00179

doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

Informations de copyright

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Références

Smatti MK, Cyprian FS, Nasrallah GK, et al. Viruses and autoimmunity: a review on the potential interaction and molecular mechanisms. Viruses. 2019;11:762.

Yao C, Bora SA, Parimon T, et al. Cell-type-specific immune dysregulation in severely ill COVID-19 patients. Cell Rep. 2021;34:108590.

Stephenson E, Reynolds G, Botting RA, et al. Single-cell multi-omics analysis of the immune response in COVID-19. Nat Med. 2021;27:904–916.

Turnquist C, Ryan BM, Horikawa I, et al. Cytokine storms in cancer and COVID-19. Cancer Cell. 2020;38:598–601.

Kalfaoglu B, Almeida-Santos J, Tye CA, et al. T-cell hyperactivation and paralysis in severe COVID-19 infection revealed by single-cell analysis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:589380.

McGonagle D, Ramanan AV, Bridgewood C. Immune cartography of macrophage activation syndrome in the COVID-19 era. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021;17:145–157.

Vanderbeke L, Van Mol P, Van Herck Y, et al. Monocyte-driven atypical cytokine storm and aberrant neutrophil activation as key mediators of COVID-19 disease severity. Nat Commun. 2021;12:4117.

Thorne LG, Reuschl AK, Zuliani-Alvarez L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 sensing by RIG-I and MDA5 links epithelial infection to macrophage inflammation. EMBO J. 2021;40:e107826.

Yin X, Riva L, Pu Y, et al. MDA5 governs the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in lung epithelial cells. Cell Rep. 2021;34:108628.

Zheng M, Karki R, Williams EP, et al. TLR2 senses the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein to produce inflammatory cytokines. Nat Immunol. 2021;22:829–838.

Zhao Y, Kuang M, Li J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with and activates TLR41. Cell Res. 2021;31:818–820.

Wang M, Yu F, Chang W, et al. Inflammasomes: a rising star on the horizon of COVID-19 pathophysiology. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1185233.

Gao Z, Zhang H, Liu C, et al. Autoantibodies in COVID-19: frequency and function. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;20:102754.

Darmarajan T, Paudel KR, Candasamy M, et al. Autoantibodies and autoimmune disorders in SARS-CoV-2 infection: pathogenicity and immune regulation. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2022;29:54072–54087.

Altmann DM, Whettlock EM, Liu S, et al. The immunology of long COVID. Nat Rev Immunol. 2023;23:618–634.

Zheng Z, Chang L, Mu J, et al. Database of synovial T cell repertoire of rheumatoid arthritis patients identifies cross-reactive potential against pathogens including unencountered SARS-CoV-2. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82:438–440.

Kendall EK, Olaker VR, Kaelber DC, et al. Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with new-onset type 1 diabetes among pediatric patients from 2020 to 2021. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:E2233014.

Zamani B, Moeini Taba SM, Shayestehpour M. Systemic lupus erythematosus manifestation following COVID-19: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2021;15:29.

Assar S, Pournazari M, Soufivand P, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus after coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection: case-based review. Egypt Rheumatol. 2022;44:145–149.

Chang R, Yen-Ting Chen T, Wang SI, et al. Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. eClinicalMedicine. 2023;56:101783.

Tesch F, Ehm F, Vivirito A, et al. Incident autoimmune diseases in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a matched cohort study. Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42:2905–2914.

Bernatsky S, Linehan T, Hanly JG. The accuracy of administrative data diagnoses of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. J Rheumatol. 2011;38:1612–1616.

Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, et al. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med Care. 2005;43:1130–1139.

Le Borgne F, Giraudeau B, Querard AH, et al. Comparisons of the performance of different statistical tests for time-to-event analysis with confounding factors: practical illustrations in kidney transplantation. Stat Med. 2016;35:1103–1116.

Xie J, Liu C. Adjusted Kaplan-Meier estimator and log-rank test with inverse probability of treatment weighting for survival data. Stat Med. 2005;24:3089–3110.

Frumento P. pch: Piecewise Constant Hazard Models for Censored and Truncated Data. R package version 2.0. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/package=pch. Published 2021.

Friedman M. Piecewise exponential models for survival data with covariates. Ann Stat. 1982;10:1403–1433.

COVID-19 Management guideline (9th edition) [Japanese]. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. Available at: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000936655.pdf. Published 2023, Accessed August 7, 2023.

Cheng MH, Zhang S, Porritt RA, et al. Superantigenic character of an insert unique to SARS-CoV-2 spike supported by skewed TCR repertoire in patients with hyperinflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117:25254–25262.

Zollner A, Koch R, Jukic A, et al. Postacute COVID-19 is characterized by gut viral antigen persistence in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2022;163:495–506.e8.

Swank Z, Senussi Y, Manickas-Hill Z, et al. Persistent circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike is associated with post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 sequelae. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76:e487–e490.

Su Y, Yuan D, Chen DG, et al. Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Cell. 2022;185:881–895.e20.

Gold JE, Okyay RA, Licht WE, et al. Investigation of long COVID prevalence and its relationship to Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Pathogens. 2021;10:763.

Hui KPY, Ho JCW, Cheung M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant replication in human bronchus and lung ex vivo. Nature. 2022;603:715–720.

Qiu Y, Li Z, Lin F, et al. Comparison of the disease severity with infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) delta and omicron variants: a meta-analysis. MedComm – Futur Med. 2023;2.

Worldometer. Japan Coronavirus. Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/japan/. Accessed August 7, 2023.

Chen X, Pan Z, Yue S, et al. Disease severity dictates SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:180.

Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang HH, et al. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med. 2020;26:1636–1643.

Wallace ZS, Naden RP, Chari S, et al. The 2019 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for IgG4-related disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72:7–19.