Anti-CTLA-4 nanobody as a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy.
Journal
Cell death & disease
ISSN: 2041-4889
Titre abrégé: Cell Death Dis
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101524092
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
08 Jan 2024
08 Jan 2024
Historique:
received:
21
06
2023
accepted:
13
12
2023
revised:
25
11
2023
medline:
9
1
2024
pubmed:
9
1
2024
entrez:
8
1
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Cancer is one of the most common diseases and causes of death worldwide. Since common treatment approaches do not yield acceptable results in many patients, developing innovative strategies for effective treatment is necessary. Immunotherapy is one of the promising approaches that has been highly regarded for preventing tumor recurrence and new metastases. Meanwhile, inhibiting immune checkpoints is one of the most attractive methods of cancer immunotherapy. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) is an essential immune molecule that plays a vital role in cell cycle modulation, regulation of T cell proliferation, and cytokine production. This molecule is classically expressed by stimulated T cells. Inhibition of overexpression of immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 receptors has been confirmed as an effective strategy. In cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint-blocking drugs can be enhanced with nanobodies that target immune checkpoint molecules. Nanobodies are derived from the variable domain of heavy antibody chains. These small protein fragments have evolved entirely without a light chain and can be used as a powerful tool in imaging and treating diseases with their unique structure. They have a low molecular weight, which makes them smaller than conventional antibodies while still being able to bind to specific antigens. In addition to low molecular weight, specific binding to targets, resistance to temperature, pH, and enzymes, high ability to penetrate tumor tissues, and low toxicity make nanobodies an ideal approach to overcome the disadvantages of monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy. In this article, while reviewing the cellular and molecular functions of CTLA-4, the structure and mechanisms of nanobodies' activity, and their delivery methods, we will explain the advantages and challenges of using nanobodies, emphasizing immunotherapy treatments based on anti-CTLA-4 nanobodies.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38191571
doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-06391-x
pii: 10.1038/s41419-023-06391-x
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
17Subventions
Organisme : Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
ID : 50003157
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
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