Short-term effects of community-based marine reserves on green abalone, as revealed by population studies.


Journal

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
10 Jan 2024
Historique:
received: 27 06 2023
accepted: 18 12 2023
medline: 11 1 2024
pubmed: 11 1 2024
entrez: 10 1 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Marine reserves (MRs) are implemented worldwide to protect, restore, and manage marine ecosystems and species. However, it is important to document the positive effects those marine reserves have on slow-growth, temperate invertebrates such as abalone. Abalone, Haliotis spp., are marine gastropods of high economic value extracted worldwide for decades, which has led to fisheries-driven population decreases. In this work, we focused on a case study and assessed the short-term (1-2 years) effects of marine reserves established and managed by a local fishing cooperative at Guadalupe Island, Mexico. We evaluated the population status of green abalone, H. fulgens, by conducting (1) an assessment of the green abalone population around Guadalupe Island through subtidal monitoring and (2) an evaluation of the effect of two recently established marine reserves on population parameters such as the increase in density (individuals·m

Identifiants

pubmed: 38200041
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-50316-9
pii: 10.1038/s41598-023-50316-9
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

955

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Duarte, C. M. et al. Rebuilding marine life. Nature 580, 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2146-7 (2020).
doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2146-7 pubmed: 32238939
Halpern, B. S., Lester, S. E. & Kellner, J. B. Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks. Environ. Conserv. 36, 268–276. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892910000032 (2009).
doi: 10.1017/S0376892910000032
Kahui, V. & Alexander, W. R. J. A bioeconomic analysis of marine reserves for Paua (abalone) management at Stewart Island, New Zealand. Environ. Resour. Econ. (Dordr.) 40, 339–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-007-9157-9 (2008).
doi: 10.1007/s10640-007-9157-9
Micheli, F. et al. Evidence that marine reserves enhance resilience to climatic impacts. PLoS ONE 7, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040832 (2012).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040832
Lester, S. E. et al. Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 384, 33–46. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08029 (2009).
doi: 10.3354/meps08029
Beger, M., Harborne, A. R., Dacles, T. P., Solandt, J. L. & Ledesma, G. L. A framework of lessons learned from community-based marine reserves and its effectiveness in guiding a new coastal management initiative in the Philippines. Environ. Manag. 34, 786–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0149-z (2004).
doi: 10.1007/s00267-004-0149-z
Edgar, G. J. et al. Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features. Nature 506, 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13022 (2014).
doi: 10.1038/nature13022 pubmed: 24499817
Rowley, R. J., New Zealand, Department of Conservation. Impacts of marine reserves on fisheries: a report and review of the literature (Head Office, Dept. of Conservation, 1992).
Holland, D. & Brazee, R. Marine reserves for fisheries management. Mar. Resour. Econ. 11, 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1086/mre.11.3.42629158 (1996).
doi: 10.1086/mre.11.3.42629158
Grorud-Colvert, K. et al. The MPA guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean. Science 1215, 10. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0861 (2021).
doi: 10.1126/science.abf0861
Côté, I. M., Mosqueira, I. & Reynolds, J. D. Effects of marine reserve characteristics on the protection of fish populations: A meta-analysis. J. Fish Biol. 59, 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb01385.x (2001).
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb01385.x
Micheli, F., Halpern, B. S. & Botsford, L. W. Trajectories and correlates of community change in no-take marine preserves. Ecol. Appl. 14, 1709–1723. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5260 (2004).
doi: 10.1890/03-5260
Halpern, B. S. & Warner, R. R. Marine reserves have rapid and lasting effects. Ecol. Lett. 5, 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00326.x (2002).
doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00326.x
Shears, N. & Babcock, R. Continuing trophic cascade effects after 25 years of no-take marine reserve protection. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 246, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps246001 (2003).
doi: 10.3354/meps246001
Gaines, S. D., White, C., Carr, M. H. & Palumbi, S. R. Designing marine reserve networks for both conservation and fisheries management. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 18286–18293. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906473107 (2010).
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0906473107 pubmed: 20200311 pmcid: 2972919
Molloy, P. P., McLean, I. B. & Côté, I. M. Effects of marine reserve age on fish populations: A global meta-analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 743–751. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01662.x (2009).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01662.x
Sala, E. & Giakoumi, S. No-take marine reserves are the most effective protected areas in the ocean. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 75, 1166–1168. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx059 (2018).
doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsx059
Précoma-de la Mora, M. et al. Integrating biophysical, socio-economic and governance principles into marine reserve design and management in Mexico: From theory to practice. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.778980 (2021).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.778980
McCay, B. J. et al. Cooperatives, concessions, and co-management on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Mar. Policy 44, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.001 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.001
Villaseñor-Derbez, J. C., Amador-Castro, I. G., Hernández-Velasco, A., Torre, J. & Fulton, S. Two decades of community-based marine conservation provide the foundations for future action. Front. Mar. Sci. 9, 893104. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.893104 (2022).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.893104
Álvarez, P., Espejel, I., Bocco, G., Cariño, M. & Seingier, G. Environmental history of Mexican North Pacific fishing communities. Ocean Coast. Manag. 165, 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.08.029 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.08.029
Sáenz-Arroyo, A., Torre, J., Bourillón, L. & Kleiberg, M. A community-based marine reserve network in Northwestern Mexico. In Proceedings of the Symposium and Workshop of the North American Marine Protected Areas Network, 19 (North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 2005)
Smith, A. et al. Rapid recovery of depleted abalone in Isla Natividad, Baja California, Mexico. Ecosphere 13, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4002 (2022).
doi: 10.1002/ecs2.4002
Cook, P. A. Worldwide abalone production statistics. J. Shellfish Res. 38, 401–404. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.038.0222 (2019).
doi: 10.2983/035.038.0222
Cook, P. A. Worldwide abalone production: An update. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2023.2261869 (2023).
doi: 10.1080/00288330.2023.2261869
Aalto, E. A. et al. Catastrophic mortality, Allee effects, and marine protected areas. Am. Nat. https://doi.org/10.1086/701781 (2019).
doi: 10.1086/701781 pubmed: 30794455
Courchamp, F. et al. Rarity value and species extinction: The anthropogenic Allee effect. PLoS Biol. 4, 2405–2410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040415 (2006).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040415
Catton, C. A., Stierhoff, K. L. & Rogers-Bennett, L. Population status assessment and restoration modeling of white abalone Haliotis sorenseni in California. J. Shellfish Res. 35, 593–599. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.035.0304 (2016).
doi: 10.2983/035.035.0304
Morales-Bojórquez, E., Muciño-Díaz, M. O. & Vélez-Barajas, J. A. Analysis of the decline of the abalone fishery (Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata) along the Westcentral Coast of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. J. Shellfish Res. 27, 865–870. https://doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[865:AOTDOT]2.0.CO;2 (2008).
doi: 10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[865:AOTDOT]2.0.CO;2
Edgar, G. J. & Barrett, N. S. Short term monitoring of biotic change in Tasmanian marine reserves. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 213, 261–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02769-4 (1997).
doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02769-4
Spalding, M. D. et al. Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. Bioscience 57, 573–583. https://doi.org/10.1641/B570707 (2007).
doi: 10.1641/B570707
Sáenz-Arroyo, A. & Revollo-Fernández, D. Local ecological knowledge concurs with fishing statistics: An example from the abalone fishery in Baja California, Mexico. Mar. Policy 71, 217–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.06.006 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.06.006
Babcock, R. & Keesing, J. Fertilization biology of the abalone Haliotis laevigata: Laboratory and field studies. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56, 1668–1678. https://doi.org/10.1139/f99-106 (1999).
doi: 10.1139/f99-106
Shepherd, S. A. Growth, size at sexual maturity, and egg per recruit analysis of the abalone Haliotis fulgens in Baja California. Veliger 34, 324–330 (1991).
Rossetto, M. et al. Reproductive potential can predict recruitment rates in abalone. J. Shellfish Res. 32, 161–169. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.032.0122 (2013).
doi: 10.2983/035.032.0122
Rogers-Bennett, L. et al. Using spatially explicit data to evaluate marine protected areas for abalone in southern California. Conservation 16, 1308–1317. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01002.x (2002).
doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01002.x
Osenberg, C. W., Bolker, B. M., White, J. S., St Mary, C. M. & Shima, J. S. Statistical issues and study design in ecological restorations: Lessons learned from marine reserves. Found. Restor. Ecol. 280, 280–302 (2006).
Russ, G. R., Alcala, A. C. & Cabanban, A. S. Marine reserves and fisheries management on coral reefs with preliminary modelling of the effects on yield per recruit. In Proceedings of the Seventh international Coral Reef Symposium, Vol. 2, 978–985 (1992).
Gell, F. R. & Roberts, C. M. Benefits beyond boundaries: The fishery effects of marine reserves. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18, 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00189-7 (2003).
doi: 10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00189-7
Parnell, P. E., Lennert-Cody, C. E., Geelen, L., Stanley, L. D. & Dayton, P. K. Effectiveness of a small marine reserve in southern California. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 296, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps296039 (2005).
doi: 10.3354/meps296039
Rossetto, M., Micheli, F., Saenz-Arroyo, A., Espinoza Montes, A. & De Leo, G. No-take marine reserves can enhance population persistence and support the fishery of abalone. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 72, 1503–1517. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0623 (2015).
doi: 10.1139/cjfas-2013-0623
Wallace, S. Evaluating the effects of three forms of marine reserve on northern abalone populations in British Columbia, Canada. Conserv. Biol. 13, 882–887. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98117.x (1999).
doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98117.x
Hamilton, S. L., Caselle, J. E., Malone, D. P. & Carr, M. H. Incorporating biogeography into evaluations of the Channel Islands marine reserve network. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 18272–18277. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.090809110 (2010).
doi: 10.1073/pnas.090809110 pubmed: 20176956 pmcid: 2973008
Caselle, J. E., Rassweiler, A., Hamilton, S. L. & Warner, R. R. Recovery trajectories of kelp forest animals are rapid yet spatially variable across a network of temperate marine protected areas. Sci. Rep. 5, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14102 (2015).
doi: 10.1038/srep14102
Yates, D. C., Lonhart, S. I. & Hamilton, S. L. Effects of marine reserves on predator−prey interactions in central California kelp forests. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 655, 139–155. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13526 (2020).
doi: 10.3354/meps13526
Shepherd, S. A. & Brown, L. B. What is an abalone stock: Implications for the role of refugia in conservation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 2001–2009. https://doi.org/10.1139/f93-224 (1993).
doi: 10.1139/f93-224
Shepherd, S. A. & Brown, L. D. What is an abalone stock: Implications for the role of refugia in conservation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 2001–2009. https://doi.org/10.1139/f93-224 (2009).
doi: 10.1139/f93-224
Leaf, R. T., Rogers-Bennett, L. & Jiao, Y. Exploring the use of a size-based egg-per-recruit model for the red abalone fishery in California. N. Am. J. Fish Manag. 28, 1638–1647. https://doi.org/10.1577/M07-132.1 (2008).
doi: 10.1577/M07-132.1
Prince, J. D. & Guzmán del Próo, S. A. A stock reduction analysis of the Mexican abalone (Haliotid) fishery. Fish. Res. 16, 25–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(93)90108-J (1993).
doi: 10.1016/0165-7836(93)90108-J
Karpov, K., Haaker, P. L., Taniguchi, I. K. & Rogers-Bennett, L. Serial depletion and the collapse of the California abalone (Haliotis spp.) fishery. In Workshop on Rebuilding Abalone Stocks in British Columbia, Vol. 200, 11–24 (2000).
White, J. W., Botsford, L. W., Hastings, A. & Largier, J. L. Population persistence in marine reserve networks: Incorporating spatial heterogeneities in larval dispersal. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 398, 49–67. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08327 (2010).
doi: 10.3354/meps08327
Botsford, L. W., White, J. W., Carr, M. H. & Caselle, J. E. Marine protected area networks in California, USA. In: Advances in Marine Biology, Vol. 69, 205–251 (Academic Press, 2014).
Miyake, Y., Kimura, S., Horii, T. & Kawamura, T. Larval dispersal of abalone and its three modes: A review. J. Shellfish Res. 36, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.036.0116 (2017).
doi: 10.2983/035.036.0116
Gutiérrez-González, J. L., Cruz, P., Del Rio-Portilla, M. A. & Perez-Enriquéz, R. Genetic structure of green abalone Haliotis fulgens population off Baja California, Mexico. J. Shellfish Res. 26, 839–846. https://doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[839:GSOGAH]2.0.CO;2 (2007).
doi: 10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[839:GSOGAH]2.0.CO;2
Mejía-Ruíz, P., Perez-Enriquez, R., Mares-Mayagoitia, J. A. & Valenzuela-Quiñonez, F. Population genomics reveals a mismatch between management and biological units in green abalone (Haliotis fulgens). PeerJ https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9722 (2020).
doi: 10.7717/peerj.9722 pubmed: 32879800 pmcid: 7443094
Oliver, E. C. J. et al. Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century. Nat. Commun. 9, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9 (2018).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9
Low, N. H. N. et al. Variable coastal hypoxia exposure and drivers across the southern California Current. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89928-4 (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89928-4
Arafeh-Dalmau, N. et al. Extreme marine heatwaves alter kelp forest community near its equatorward distribution limit. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00499 (2019).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00499
Hastings, A. & Botsford, L. W. Comparing designs of marine reserves for fisheries and for biodiversity. Ecol. Appl. 13, 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0065:CDOMRF]2.0.CO;2 (2003).
doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0065:CDOMRF]2.0.CO;2
Neubert, M. G. Marine reserves and optimal harvesting. Ecol. Lett. 6, 843–849. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00493.x (2003).
doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00493.x
Botsford, L. W., Micheli, F. & Hastings, A. Principles for the design of marine reserves. Ecol. Appl. 13, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0025:PFTDOM]2.0.CO;2 (2003).
doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0025:PFTDOM]2.0.CO;2
Buxton, C. D., Hartmann, K., Kearney, R. & Gardner, C. When is spillover from marine reserves likely to benefit fisheries?. PLoS ONE 9, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107032 (2014).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107032
Conrad, J. M. The bioeconomics of marine sanctuaries. J. Bioecon. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010039031324 (1999).
doi: 10.1023/A:1010039031324
Anderson, L. G. A comparison of the utilization of stocks with patchy distribution and migration under open access and marine reserves: An extended analysis. Mar. Res. Econ. https://doi.org/10.1086/mre.17.4.42629370 (2002).
doi: 10.1086/mre.17.4.42629370
Stier, A. C. et al. Avoiding critical thresholds through effective monitoring. Proc. R. Soc. B 289, 20220526. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0526 (2022).
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0526 pubmed: 35703054 pmcid: 9198780
Claudet, J. et al. Marine reserves: Fish life history and ecological traits matter. Ecol. Appl. 20, 830–839. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2131.1 (2010).
doi: 10.1890/08-2131.1 pubmed: 20437967
Florko, K. R. N. et al. Tracking movements of decapod crustaceans: A review of a half-century of telemetry-based studies. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 679, 219–239. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13904 (2021).
doi: 10.3354/meps13904
White, E. R. Minimum time required to detect population trends: The need for long-term monitoring programs. Bioscience 69, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy144 (2019).
doi: 10.1093/biosci/biy144
Coates, J. H., Hovel, K. A., Butler, J. L., Klimley, P. A. & Morgan, S. G. Movement and home range of pink abalone Haliotis corrugata: Implications for restoration and population recovery. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 486, 189–201. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10365 (2013).
doi: 10.3354/meps10365
Wilson, J. R., Bradley, D., Phipps, K. & Gleason, M. G. Beyond protection: Fisheries co-benefits of no-take marine reserves. Mar. Policy 122, 104224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104224 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104224
Crowder, L. B. & Figueira, W. F. Source-sink population dynamics and the problem of siting marine reserves. Bull. Mar. Sci. 66, 799–820 (2000).
Roberts, C. & Hawkins, J. P. Fully-protected marine reserves: A guide. In WWF Endangered Seas Campaign (Environment Department, University of York, 2000).
Osenberg, C. W., Shima, J. S., Miller, S. L. & Stier, A. C. Ecology: Assessing effects of marine protected areas: confounding in space and possible solutions. In: Marine Protected Areas: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 143–167 (2011).
Miller, K. I. & Russ, G. R. Studies of no-take marine reserves: Methods for differentiating reserve and habitat effects. Ocean Coast. Manag. 96, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.05.003 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.05.003
Taniguchi, I. K., Stein, D., Lampson, K. & Rogers-Bennett, L. Testing translocation as a recovery tool for pink (Haliotis corrugata) and green (Haliotis fulgens) abalone in Southern California. J. Shellfish Res. 32, 209–216. https://doi.org/10.2983/35.032.0127 (2013).
doi: 10.2983/35.032.0127
Bauer, J. et al. The effects of depth and diet on red abalone growth and survival in cage mariculture at San Jeronimo Island Baja California Mexico. Cienc Mar 46, 343–357. https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v46i4.3117 (2020).
doi: 10.7773/cm.v46i4.3117
Searcy-Bernal, R., Anguiano-Beltrán, C., Espinoza-Montes, J. A. & Carpizo-Ituarte, E. Restocking of abalone populations (Haliotis spp.) in Mexico. J. Shellfish Res. 32, 189–195. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.032.0125 (2013).
doi: 10.2983/035.032.0125
Rogers-Bennett, L. et al. Implementing a restoration program for the endangered white abalone (Haliotis sorenseni) in California. J. Shellfish Res. 35, 611–618. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.035.0306 (2016).
doi: 10.2983/035.035.0306
Kitada, S. Lessons from Japan marine stock enhancement and sea ranching programmes over 100 years. Rev. Aquacult. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12418 (2020).
doi: 10.1111/raq.12418
Guzmán-Del Próo, S. A. et al. Time series of juvenile and adult green abalone (Haliotis fulgens) in Bahía Tortugas, Mexico: Its potential application as a forecast of future stock abundance. J. Shellfish Res. 32, 217–221. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.032.0128 (2013).
doi: 10.2983/035.032.0128
Davis, G. E., Haaker, P. L. & Richards, D. V. Status and trends of white abalone at the California Channel Islands. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 125, 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125%3c0042:SATOWA%3e2.3.CO;2 (1996).
doi: 10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0042:SATOWA>2.3.CO;2
Rogers-Bennett, L., Allen, B. L. & Davis, G. E. Measuring abalone (Haliotis spp.) recruitment in California to examine recruitment overfishing and recovery criteria. J. Shellfish Res. 23, 1201–1207 (2004).

Auteurs

Jeremie Bauer (J)

Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores de Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.

Jaime Segovia-Rendón (J)

Proyectos y Servicios Marinos (PROSEMAR), Colinas de Ensenada 209, 22760, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.

Julio Lorda (J)

Facultad de Ciencias, UABC, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve, 301 Caspian Way, Imperial Beach, CA, 91932, USA.

Alicia Abadía-Cardoso (A)

Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.

Luis Malpica-Cruz (L)

Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, UABC, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
ECOCIMATI, A.C., Av. Del Puerto 2270 Colonia Hidalgo, 22880, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.

Patricia Alvarado-Graef (P)

Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.

Ricardo Searcy-Bernal (R)

Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, UABC, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.

Leonardo Vázquez-Vera (L)

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Carretera al Sur KM 5.5, 23080, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.

Rodrigo Beas-Luna (R)

Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. rbeas@uabc.edu.mx.

Classifications MeSH