Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage over Metallic Bismuth-Based Materials.

Bismuth (Bi) has been prompted many investigations into the development of next-generation energy storage systems on account of its unique physicochemical properties. Although there are still some challenges, the application of metallic Bi-based materials in the field of energy storage still has good prospects. Herein, we systematically review the application and development of metallic Bi-based anode in lithium ion batteries and beyond-lithium ion batteries. The reaction mechanism, modification methodologies and their relationship with electrochemical performance are discussed in detail. Additionally, owing to the unique physicochemical properties of Bi and Bi-based alloys, some innovative investigations of metallic Bi-based materials in alkali metal anode modification and sulfur cathodes are systematically summarized for the first time. Following the obtained insights, the main unsolved challenges and research directions are pointed out on the research trend and potential applications of the Bi-based materials in various energy storage fields in the future.