Time to Service and Its Relationship with Outcomes in Workers with Compensated Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Scoping Review.
Low back pain
Musculoskeletal condition
Time-to-service
Workers' compensation
Journal
Journal of occupational rehabilitation
ISSN: 1573-3688
Titre abrégé: J Occup Rehabil
Pays: Netherlands
ID NLM: 9202814
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
12 Jan 2024
12 Jan 2024
Historique:
accepted:
23
11
2023
medline:
12
1
2024
pubmed:
12
1
2024
entrez:
12
1
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
A comprehensive review of the literature on the time between the onset of symptoms and the first episode of care and its effects on important worker outcomes in compensated musculoskeletal conditions is currently lacking. This scoping review aimed to summarize the factors associated with time to service and describe outcomes in workers with workers' compensation accepted claims for musculoskeletal conditions. We used the JBI guidelines for scoping reviews and reported following the PRISMA-ScR protocol. We included peer-reviewed articles published in English that measured the timing of health service initiation. We conducted searches in six databases, including Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO, Cinahl Plus (EBSCOhost), Scopus, and the Web of Science. Peer-reviewed articles published up to November 01, 2022 were included. The evidence was summarized using a narrative synthesis. Out of the 3502 studies identified, 31 were included. Eight studies reported the factors associated with time to service. Male workers, availability of return to work programmes, physically demanding occupations, and greater injury severity were associated with a shorter time to service, whereas female workers, a high number of employees in the workplace, and having legal representation were associated with a longer time to service. The relationship between time service and worker outcomes was observed in 25 studies, with early access to physical therapy and biopsychosocial interventions indicating favourable outcomes. Conversely, early opioids, and MRI in the absence of severe underlying conditions were associated with a longer duration of disability, higher claim costs, and increased healthcare utilization. Existing evidence suggests that the time to service for individuals with compensated musculoskeletal conditions was found to be associated with several characteristics. The relationship between time to service and worker outcomes was consistently indicated in the majority of the studies. This review highlights the need to consider patient-centred treatments and develop strategies to decrease early services with negative effects and increase access to early services with better outcomes.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38214782
doi: 10.1007/s10926-023-10160-0
pii: 10.1007/s10926-023-10160-0
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Loisel P, Anema JR. Handbook of Work Disability Prevention and Management. New York 2013.
Collie A, Lane T, Hatherell L, McLeod C. Compensation policy and return to work effectiveness (ComPARE) project: introductory report. In.: Research Report; 2015.
Lipscomb HJ, Schoenfisch AL, Cameron W, Kucera KL, Adams D, Silverstein BA. Contrasting patterns of care for musculoskeletal disorders and injuries of the upper extremity and knee through workers’ compensation and private health care insurance among union carpenters in Washington State, 1989 to 2008. Am J Ind Med. 2015;58(9):955–963.
pubmed: 25939759
doi: 10.1002/ajim.22455
Oakman J, Clune S, Stuckey R. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Australia. Safe Work Australia: Canberra, Australia 2019.
Macpherson RA, Lane TJ, Collie A, McLeod CB. Age, sex, and the changing disability burden of compensated work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Canada and Australia. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1–11.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5590-7
Safe Work Australia. : Australian Workers’ Compensation Statistics. Available at: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-12/australian_workers_compensation_statistics_2020-21.pdf . 2020–2021.
Safe Work Australia. : Comparative Performance Monitoring (CPM) 24th edition indicators. Workers’ compensation funding. Available at: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-12/cpm_24_-_workers_compensation_funding .
Health and Safety Executive. Health and safety at work. Key facts. Summary statistics for Great Britain 2022. https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/overall/hssh2122.pdf .
Kosny A, Lifshen M, Yanar B, Tonima S, MacEachen E, Furlan A, Koehoorn M, Beaton D, Cooper J, Neis B. The role of healthcare providers in return to work. Int J Disabil Manag. 2018;13:e3.
doi: 10.1017/idm.2018.4
Xia T, Collie A, Newnam S, Lubman DI, Iles R. Timing of health service use among truck drivers after a work-related injury or Illness. J Occup Rehabil. 2021;31(4):744–753.
pubmed: 34495446
pmcid: 8558191
doi: 10.1007/s10926-021-10001-y
Safe Work Australia. Comparison of worker’ compensation arrangements in Australia and New Zealand: Australian Government-Safe Work Australia, 2012.
Wickizer TM, Franklin G, Plaeger-Brockway R, Mootz RD. Improving the quality of workers’ compensation health care delivery: the Washington State Occupational Health Services Project. Milbank Q. 2001;79(1):5–33.
pubmed: 11286095
pmcid: 2751183
doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.00194
van Duijn M, Eijkemans MJ, Koes BW, Koopmanschap MA, Burton KA, Burdorf A. The effects of timing on the cost-effectiveness of interventions for workers on sick leave due to low back pain. Occup Environ Med. 2010;67(11):744–50.
pubmed: 20833757
doi: 10.1136/oem.2009.049874
Stover B, Wickizer TM, Zimmerman F, Fulton-Kehoe D, Franklin G. Prognostic factors of long-term disability in a workers’ compensation system. J Occup Environ Med. 2007;49:31–40.
pubmed: 17215711
doi: 10.1097/01.jom.0000250491.37986.b6
Kominski GF, Pourat N, Roby DH, Cameron ME. Return to work and degree of recovery among injured workers in California’s Workers’ Compensation system. J Occup Environ Med. 2008;50:296–305.
pubmed: 18332779
doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31815d8d9d
Crook J, Moldofsky H. The probability of recovery and return to work from work disability as a function of time. Qual Life Res. 1994;3:97–S109.
doi: 10.1007/BF00433383
Vora RN, Barron BA, Almudevar A, Utell MJ. Work-related chronic low back pain—return-to-work outcomes after referral to interventional pain and spine clinics. Spine. 2012;37(20):E1282–E1289.
pubmed: 22739674
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318265a930
McIntosh G, Frank J, Hogg-Johnson S, Bombardier C, Hall H. 1999 young investigator research award winner: prognostic factors for time receiving workers’ compensation benefits in a cohort of patients with low back pain. Spine. 2000;25(2):147.
pubmed: 10685477
doi: 10.1097/00007632-200001150-00003
Kucera KL, Lipscomb HJ, Silverstein B, Cameron W. Predictors of delayed return to work after back injury: a case–control analysis of union carpenters in Washington State. Am J Ind Med. 2009;52(11):821–830.
pubmed: 19731240
doi: 10.1002/ajim.20747
Kumar D, Neogi T, Peloquin C, Marinko L, Camarinos J, Aoyagi K, Felson DT, Dubreuil M. Delayed timing of physical therapy initiation increases the risk of future opioid use in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a real-world cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-106044 .
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106044
pubmed: 36878665
Voss MR, Homa JK, Singh M, Seidl JA, Griffitt WE. Outcomes of an interdisciplinary work rehabilitation program. Work. 2019;64(3):507–514.
pubmed: 31658084
pmcid: 7029322
doi: 10.3233/WOR-193012
Kosny A, MacEachen E, Ferrier S, Chambers L. The role of health care providers in long term and complicated workers’ compensation claims. J Occup Rehabil. 2011;21(4):582–90.
pubmed: 21468735
doi: 10.1007/s10926-011-9307-3
Elbers NA, Chase R, Craig A, Guy L, Harris IA, Middleton JW, Nicholas MK, Rebbeck T, Walsh J, Willcock S. Health care professionals’ attitudes towards evidence-based medicine in the workers’ compensation setting: a cohort study. BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2017;17:1–12.
Hagen EM, Eriksen HR, Ursin H. Does early intervention with a light mobilization program reduce long-term sick leave for low back pain? Spine. 2000;15:1973–6.
doi: 10.1097/00007632-200008010-00017
Ojha HA, Wyrsta NJ, Davenport TE, Egan WE, Gellhorn AC. Timing of physical therapy initiation for nonsurgical management of musculoskeletal disorders and effects on patient outcomes: a systematic review. J Orthop Sports Phys Therapy. 2016;46(2):56–70.
doi: 10.2519/jospt.2016.6138
Gilbert F, Grant A, Gillan M, Vale L, Scott N, Campbell M, Wardlaw D, Knight D, McIntosh E, Porter R. Does early magnetic resonance imaging influence management or improve outcome in patients referred to secondary care with low back pain? A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess. 2004;8:1.
doi: 10.3310/hta8170
Shraim BA, Shraim MA, Ibrahim AR, Elgamal ME, Al-Omari B, Shraim M. The association between early MRI and length of disability in acute lower back pain: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):1–12.
doi: 10.1186/s12891-021-04863-9
Carnide N, Hogg-Johnson S, Cote P, Irvin E, Van Eerd D, Koehoorn M, Furlan AD. Early prescription opioid use for musculoskeletal disorders and work outcomes. Clin J Pain. 2017;33(7):647–58.
pubmed: 27841835
doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000452
Kucera KL, Lipscomb HJ, Silverstein B. Medical care surrounding work-related back injury claims among Washington State union carpenters, 1989–2003. Work. 2011;39(3):321–30.
pubmed: 21709368
doi: 10.3233/WOR-2011-1180
Cancelliere C, Donovan J, Stochkendahl MJ, Biscardi M, Ammendolia C, Myburgh C, Cassidy JD. Factors affecting return to work after injury or Illness: best evidence synthesis of systematic reviews. Chiropr Man Ther. 2016;24:1–23.
doi: 10.1186/s12998-016-0113-z
Brijnath B, Mazza D, Kosny A, Bunzli S, Singh N, Ruseckaite R, Collie A. Is clinician refusal to treat an emerging problem in injury compensation systems? BMJ open. 2016;6(1):e009423.
pubmed: 26792215
pmcid: 4735202
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009423
Dembe AE. Access to medical care for occupational disorders: difficulties and disparities. J Health Social Policy. 2001;12(4):19–33.
doi: 10.1300/J045v12n04_02
Rudolph L, Dervin K, Cheadle A, Maizlish N, Wickizer T. What do injured workers think about their medical care and outcomes after work injury? J Occup Environ Med. 2002;44:425–34.
pubmed: 12024688
doi: 10.1097/00043764-200205000-00011
Arnold E, La Barrie J, DaSilva L, Patti M, Goode A, Clewley D. The effect of timing of physical therapy for acute low back pain on health services utilization: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;100(7):1324–38.
pubmed: 30684490
doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.11.025
McDevitt AW, Cooper CG, Friedrich JM, Anderson DJ, Arnold EA, Clewley DJ. Effect of physical therapy timing on patient reported outcomes for individuals with acute low back pain: a systematic review with meta analysis of randomized controlled trials. PM&R. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12984 .
doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12984
Zigenfus GC, Yin J, Giang GM, Fogarty WT. Effectiveness of early physical therapy in the treatment of acute low back musculoskeletal disorders. J Occup Environ Med. 2000;42:35–9.
pubmed: 10652686
doi: 10.1097/00043764-200001000-00010
Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, McInerney P, Godfrey CM, Khalil H. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Implement. 2021;19(1):3–10.
pubmed: 33570328
doi: 10.1097/XEB.0000000000000277
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group* P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264–9.
pubmed: 19622511
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
Australian Safety and Compensation Council Type of Occurrence Classification System. Third edition (revision one) May 2008. Available at: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/typeofoccurrenceclassificationsystemtoocs3rdeditionrevision1.pdf .
Ren BO, Rothfusz CA, Faour M, Anderson JT, O’Donnell JA, Haas AR, Percy R, Woods ST, Ahn UM, Ahn NU. Shorter time to surgery is associated with better outcomes for spondylolisthesis in the workers’ compensation population. Orthopedics. 2020;43(3):154–60.
pubmed: 32191949
doi: 10.3928/01477447-20200314-04
Faour M, Anderson JT, Haas AR, Percy R, Woods ST, Ahn UM, Ahn NU. Surgical and functional outcomes after multilevel cervical fusion for degenerative disc disease compared with fusion for radiculopathy: a study of workers’ compensation population. Spine. 2017;42(9):700–6.
pubmed: 28441686
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001877
Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32.
doi: 10.1080/1364557032000119616
The EndNote Team. Endnote. In., EndNote X9 Edn. Philadelphia, PA: Clarivate; 2013.
Covidence systematic review software., Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia. Available at www.covidence.org .
Andersen RM. National health surveys and the behavioral model of health services use. Med Care. 2008;46:647–53.
pubmed: 18580382
doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31817a835d
Transparent Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. PRISMA for Scoping Reviews. Available at: http://www.prisma-statement.org/Extensions/ScopingReviews .
Besen E, Harrell IIIM, Pransky G. Lag times in reporting injuries, receiving medical care, and missing work: associations with the length of work disability in occupational back injuries. J Occup Environ Med. 2016;58(1):53.
pubmed: 26445030
doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000591
Besen E, Young A, Gaines B, Pransky G. Lag times in the work disability process: differences across diagnoses in the length of disability following work-related injury. Work. 2018;60(4):635–48.
pubmed: 30149487
doi: 10.3233/WOR-182771
Côté P, Baldwin ML, Johnson WG. Early patterns of care for occupational back pain. Spine. 2005;30(5):581–7.
pubmed: 15738794
doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000154613.17511.dd
Franklin GM, Stover BD, Turner JA, Fulton-Kehoe D, Wickizer TM. Early opioid prescription and subsequent disability among workers with back injuries: the disability risk identification study cohort. Spine. 2008;33(2):199–204.
pubmed: 18197107
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318160455c
Graves JM, Fulton-Kehoe D, Jarvik JG, Franklin GM. Early imaging for acute low back pain: one-year health and disability outcomes among Washington State workers. Spine. 2012;37(18):1617–27.
pubmed: 22415000
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318251887b
Graves JM, Fulton-Kehoe D, Jarvik JG, Franklin GM. Health care utilization and costs associated with adherence to clinical practice guidelines for early magnetic resonance imaging among workers with acute occupational low back pain. Health Serv Res. 2014;49(2):645–65.
pubmed: 23910019
doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12098
Greenwood JG, Wolf HJ, Pearson RJC, Woon CL, Posey P, Main CF. Early intervention in low back disability among coal miners in West Virginia: negative findings. J Occup Med. 1990;32:1047–52.
pubmed: 2148184
Sinnott P. Administrative delays and chronic disability in patients with acute occupational low back injury. J Occup Environ Med. 2009;51:690–9.
pubmed: 19430316
doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181a033b5
Stover BD, Turner JA, Franklin G, Gluck JV, Fulton-Kehoe D, Sheppard L, Wickizer TM, Kaufman J, Egan K. Factors associated with early opioid prescription among workers with low back injuries. J Pain. 2006;7(10):718–25.
pubmed: 17018332
doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2006.03.004
Tacci JA, Webster BS, Hashemi L, Christiani DC. Healthcare utilization and referral patterns in the initial management of new-onset, uncomplicated, low back workers’ compensation disability claims. J Occup Environ Med. 1998;40:958–63.
pubmed: 9830601
doi: 10.1097/00043764-199811000-00004
Wasiak R, Kim J, Pransky GS. The association between timing and duration of chiropractic care in work-related low back pain and work-disability outcomes. J Occup Environ Med. 2007;49:1124–34.
pubmed: 18000417
doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31814b2e74
Webster BS, Cifuentes M. Relationship of early magnetic resonance imaging for work-related acute low back pain with disability and medical utilization outcomes. J Occup Environ Med. 2010;52:900–7.
pubmed: 20798647
doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181ef7e53
Webster BS, Verma SK, Gatchel RJ. Relationship between early opioid prescribing for acute occupational low back pain and disability duration, medical costs, subsequent Surgery and late opioid use. Spine. 2007;32(19):2127–32.
pubmed: 17762815
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318145a731
Webster BS, Choi Y, Bauer AZ, Cifuentes M, Pransky G. The cascade of medical services and associated longitudinal costs due to nonadherent magnetic resonance imaging for low back pain. Spine. 2014;39(17):1433.
pubmed: 24831502
pmcid: 4105318
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000408
Heins SE, Feldman DR, Bodycombe D, Wegener ST, Castillo RC. Early opioid prescription and risk of long-term opioid use among US workers with back and shoulder injuries: a retrospective cohort study. Inj Prev. 2016;22(3):211–5.
pubmed: 26136461
doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041630
Haight JR, Sears JM, Fulton-Kehoe D, Wickizer TM, Franklin GM. Early high-risk opioid prescribing practices and long-term disability among injured workers in Washington State, 2002 to 2013. J Occup Environ Med. 2020;62(7):538.
pubmed: 32730031
pmcid: 7337121
doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001900
Lavin RA, Tao X, Yuspeh L, Bernacki EJ. Temporal relationship between lumbar spine surgeries, return to work, and workers’ compensation costs in a cohort of injured workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2013;55(5):539–43.
pubmed: 23618888
doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31828515e6
Mahmud MA, Webster BS, Courtney TK, Matz S, Tacci JA, Christiani DC. Clinical management and the duration of disability for work-related low back pain. J Occup Environ Med. 2000;42:1178–87.
pubmed: 11125681
doi: 10.1097/00043764-200012000-00012
Patel MR, Jacob KC, Lynch CP, Cha ED, Patel SD, Prabhu MC, Vanjani NN, Pawlowski H, Singh K. Impact of time to surgery for patients using workers’ compensation insurance undergoing minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar Interbody Fusion: a preliminary analysis of clinical outcomes. World Neurosurg. 2022;160:e421–9.
pubmed: 35033696
doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.01.038
Phillips TD, Shoemaker MJ. Early access to physical therapy and specialty care management for American workers with musculoskeletal injuries. J Occup Environ Med. 2017;59(4):402–11.
pubmed: 28628049
doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000969
Schultz IZ, Crook JM, Berkowitz J, Meloche GR, Prkachin KM, Chlebak CM. Early intervention with compensated lower back-injured workers at risk for work disability: fixed versus flexible approach. Psychol Injury Law. 2013;6(3):258–76.
doi: 10.1007/s12207-013-9165-8
Sinclair SJ, Hogg-Johnson S, Mondloch MV, Shields SA. The effectiveness of an early active intervention program for workers with soft-tissue injuries: the early claimant cohort study. Spine. 1997;22(24):2919–31.
pubmed: 9431628
doi: 10.1097/00007632-199712150-00015
Razmjou H, Boljanovic D, Lincoln S, Geddes C, Macritchie I, Virdo-Cristello C, Richards RR. Examining outcome of early physician specialist assessment in injured workers with shoulder complaints. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;16(1):1–8.
doi: 10.1186/s12891-015-0488-3
Blanchette M-A, Rivard M, Dionne CE, Steenstra I, Hogg-Johnson S. Which characteristics are associated with the timing of the first healthcare consultation, and does the time to care influence the duration of compensation for occupational back pain? J Occup Rehabil. 2017;27(3):359–68.
pubmed: 27638517
doi: 10.1007/s10926-016-9665-y
Busse JW, Ebrahim S, Heels-Ansdell D, Wang L, Couban R, Walter SD. Association of worker characteristics and early reimbursement for physical therapy, chiropractic and opioid prescriptions with workers’ compensation claim duration, for cases of acute low back pain: an observational cohort study. BMJ open. 2015;5(8):e007836.
pubmed: 26310398
pmcid: 4554906
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007836
Carnide N, Hogg-Johnson S, Côté P, Koehoorn M, Furlan AD. Factors associated with early opioid dispensing compared with NSAID and muscle relaxant dispensing after a work-related low back injury. Occup Environ Med. 2020;77(9):637–47.
pubmed: 32636331
doi: 10.1136/oemed-2019-106380
Carnide N, Hogg-Johnson S, Koehoorn M, Furlan AD, Côté P. Relationship between early prescription dispensing patterns and work disability in a cohort of low back pain workers’ compensation claimants: a historical cohort study. Occup Environ Med. 2019;76(8):573–81.
pubmed: 31092628
doi: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105626
Ehrmann-Feldman D, Rossignol M, Abenhaim L, Gobeille D. Physician referral to physical therapy in a cohort of workers compensated for low back pain. Phys Ther. 1996;76(2):150–6.
pubmed: 8592718
doi: 10.1093/ptj/76.2.150
Gross DP, Stephens B, Bhambhani Y, Haykowsky M, Bostick GP, Rashiq S. Opioid prescriptions in Canadian workers’ compensation claimants: prescription trends and associations between early prescription and future recovery. Spine. 2009;34(5):525–31.
pubmed: 19247173
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181971dea
Blanchette M-A, Rivard M, Dionne CE, Hogg-Johnson S, Steenstra I. Association between the type of first healthcare provider and the duration of financial compensation for occupational back pain. J Occup Rehabil. 2017;27:382–92.
pubmed: 27638518
doi: 10.1007/s10926-016-9667-9
Graves JM, Fulton-Kehoe D, Martin DP, Jarvik JG, Franklin GM. Factors associated with early magnetic resonance imaging utilization for acute occupational low back pain: a population-based study from Washington State workers’ compensation. Spine. 2012;37(19):1708–18.
pubmed: 22020590
pmcid: 9626283
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31823a03cc
Grant GM, O’Donnell ML, Spittal MJ, Creamer M, Studdert DM. Relationship between stressfulness of claiming for injury compensation and long-term recovery: a prospective cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(4):446–53.
pubmed: 24522841
doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4023
Ren BO, O’Donnell JA, Anderson JT, Haas AR, Percy R, Woods ST, Ahn UM, Ahn NU. Time to Surgery affects Return to work Rates for workers’ compensation patients with single-level lumbar disk herniation. Orthopedics. 2021;44(1):e43–9.
pubmed: 33284984
doi: 10.3928/01477447-20201202-06
World Health Organization. : Musculoskeletal health 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/musculoskeletal-conditions .
Carrière G, Sanmartin C. Waiting time for medical specialist consultations in Canada, 2007. Health Rep. 2010;21(2):7.
pubmed: 20632519
Hawker GA, Wright JG, Coyte PC, Williams JI, Harvey B, Glazier R, Badley EM. Differences between men and women in the rate of use of hip and knee arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(14):1016–22.
pubmed: 10749964
doi: 10.1056/NEJM200004063421405
Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Requiring Days Away From Work, 2015: News Release. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), U.S. Department of Labor, November 10, 2016.
Wellstood K, Wilson K, Eyles J. Reasonable access’ to primary care: assessing the role of individual and system characteristics. Health Place. 2006;12(2):121–30.
pubmed: 16338628
doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.10.010
Razmjou H, Lincoln S, Macritchie I, Richards RR, Medeiros D, Elmaraghy A. Sex and gender disparity in pathology, disability, referral pattern, and wait time for Surgery in workers with shoulder injury. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17(1):1–9.
doi: 10.1186/s12891-016-1257-7
Feldman DE, Bernatsky S, Haggerty J, Leffondré K, Tousignant P, Roy Y, Xiao Y, Zummer M, Abrahamowicz M. Delay in consultation with specialists for persons with suspected new-onset rheumatoid arthritis: a population‐based study. Arthritis Care Res. 2007;57(8):1419–25.
doi: 10.1002/art.23086
Hon S, Ritter R, Allen DD. Cost-effectiveness and outcomes of direct access to physical therapy for musculoskeletal disorders compared to physician-first access in the United States: systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys TherDoi. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa201 .
doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzaa201
Fritz JM, King JB, McAdams-Marx C. Associations between early care decisions and the risk for long-term opioid use for patients with low back pain with a new physician consultation and initiation of opioid therapy. Clin J Pain. 2018;34(6):552–8.
pubmed: 29135698
doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000571
Oral A. Is multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation effective on pain, disability, and work outcomes in adults with subacute low back pain? A Cochrane Review summary with commentary. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2019;44:102065.
pubmed: 31622862
doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2019.102065
Young JL, Snodgrass SJ, Cleland JA, Rhon DI. Timing of physical therapy for individuals with patellofemoral pain and the influence on healthcare use, costs and recurrence rates: an observational study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):1–9.
pubmed: 33388053
pmcid: 7777410
doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06768-8
Shraim M, Cifuentes M, Willetts JL, Marucci-Wellman HR, Pransky G. Why does the adverse effect of inappropriate MRI for LBP vary by geographic location? An exploratory analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20:1–11.
doi: 10.1186/s12891-019-2964-7
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. : Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng59/resources/low-back-pain-and-sciatica-in-over-16s-assessment-and-management-pdf-183752169363 .
Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT Jr, Shekelle P, Owens DK. Physicians CEASotACo, Panel* tACoPAPSLBPG: diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):478–91.
pubmed: 17909209
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006
Szucs K, Gray SE. Impact of opioid use on duration of time loss after work-related lower limb injury. J Occup Rehabil. 2022;33(1):71–82.
pubmed: 35657441
pmcid: 10025178
doi: 10.1007/s10926-022-10048-5
Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, Hansen RN, Sullivan SD, Blazina I, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Deyo RA. The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(4):276–86.
pubmed: 25581257
doi: 10.7326/M14-2559
Schultz I, Crook J, Berkowitz J, Milner R, Meloche G, Lewis M. A prospective study of the effectiveness of early intervention with high-risk back-injured workers—A pilot study. J Occup Rehabil. 2008;18(2):140–51.
pubmed: 18404361
doi: 10.1007/s10926-008-9130-7
Chiarotto A, Terwee CB, Ostelo RW. Choosing the right outcome measurement instruments for patients with low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2016;30(6):1003–20.
pubmed: 29103546
doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.07.001
Graves JM, Fulton-Kehoe D, Jarvik JG, Franklin GM. Impact of an advanced imaging utilization review program on downstream health care utilization and costs for low back pain. Med Care. 2018;56(6):520–8.
pubmed: 29668650
pmcid: 9667902
doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000917