Levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) near hospitals and schools using leaves and barks of Sambucus nigra and Acacia melanoxylon.
Biomonitor
Emissions sources
HPLC
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Tree species
Journal
Environmental geochemistry and health
ISSN: 1573-2983
Titre abrégé: Environ Geochem Health
Pays: Netherlands
ID NLM: 8903118
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
16 Jan 2024
16 Jan 2024
Historique:
received:
11
09
2023
accepted:
03
12
2023
medline:
16
1
2024
pubmed:
16
1
2024
entrez:
16
1
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most studied organic compounds in urban environments, due to their known threat to human health. This study extends the current knowledge regarding the ability of different vegetative parts of different tree species to accumulate PAHs. Moreover, exposure intensity to PAHs in areas frequented by population susceptible to adverse health effects of air pollution is evaluated. For this, leaves and barks of Sambucus nigra (S. nigra) and Acacia melanoxylon (A. melanoxylon) were collected at urban areas in the Andean city of Quito, at seven points near hospitals and schools. A methodology, previously developed, for the extraction, purification, and quantification of PAHs associated with the leaves and bark of S. nigra was employed and also validated for leaves and bark of A. melanoxylon. The total PAH level varied from 119.65 ng g
Identifiants
pubmed: 38227159
doi: 10.1007/s10653-023-01825-z
pii: 10.1007/s10653-023-01825-z
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
32Subventions
Organisme : Universidad de Las Américas Ecuador
ID : AMB.KAF.21.02
Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s).
Références
Alexandrino, K., Sánchez, N. E., Zalakeviciute, R., Acuña, W., & Viteri, F. (2022). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Araucaria heterophylla Needles in Urban Areas: Evaluation of Sources and Road Characteristics. Plants, 11, 1948. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11151948
doi: 10.3390/plants11151948
Alfani, A., Maisto, G., Prati, M. V., & Baldantoni, D. (2001). Leaves of Quercus ilex L. as biomonitors of PAHs in the air of Naples (Italy). Atmospheric Environment, 35, 3553–3559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00087-5
doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00087-5
Amigo, J. M., Ratola, N., & Alves, A. (2011). Study of geographical trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using pine needles. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 5988–5996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.058
doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.058
Amini, E., Nasrollahi, F., Sattarian, A., Isazadeh-Araei, M., & Habibi, M. (2021). Morphological and anatomical study of the genus Sambucus L. (Adoxaceae) in Iran. Modern Phytomorphology, 15, 14–20.
Armijos, C., Tapia, W., & Alexandrino, K. (2022). Assessment of airborne metal pollution in urban parks and industrial areas using Callistemon citrinus and Acacia melanoxylon. Applied Geochemistry, 139, 105263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2022.105263
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2022.105263
Atkinson, M.D., & Atkinson, E. Sambucus nigra L. List Br. Vasc. Pl. (1958) N
Augusto, S., Máguas, C., Matos, J., Pereira, M. J., & Branquinho, C. (2010). Lichens as an integrating tool for monitoring PAH atmospheric deposition: A comparison with soil, air and pine needles. Environmental Pollution, 158, 483–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.016
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.016
Bakker, M. I., Casado, B., Koerselman, J. W., Tolls, J., & Kolloffel, C. (2000). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and plant samples from the vicinity of an oil refinery. Science of the Total Environment, 263, 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00669-0
doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00669-0
Baldantoni, D., De Nicola, F., & Alfani, A. (2014). Air biomonitoring of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near a cement plant. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 5, 262–269. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.032
doi: 10.5094/APR.2014.032
Birgül, A., Tasdemir, Y., & Cindoruk, S. S. (2011). Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determined using a modified sampler. Atmospheric Research, 101, 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.03.012
doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.03.012
Busso, I. T., Tames, F., Silva, J. A., Ramos, S., Homem, V., Ratola, N., & Carreras, H. (2018). Biomonitoring levels and trends of PAHs and synthetic musks associated with land use in urban environments. Science of the Total Environment, 618, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.295
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.295
Capilla, X., Schwartz, C., Bedell, J. P., Sterckeman, T., Perrodin, Y., & Morel, J. L. (2006). Physicochemical and biological characterisation of different dredged sediment deposit sites in France. Environmental Pollution, 143, 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.11.007
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.11.007
Dat, N. D., & Chang, M. B. (2017). Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies. Science of the Total Environment, 609, 682–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.204
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.204
De Nicola, F., Concha, E., Aboal, J. R., Carballeira, A., Fernández, J., López, P., Prada, D., & Muniategui, S. (2016). PAH detection in Quercus robur leaves and Pinus pinaster needles: A fast method for biomonitoring purpose. Talanta, 153, 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.067
doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.067
Dias, A. P. L., Rinaldi, M. C. S., & Domingos, M. (2016). Foliar accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in native tree species from the Atlantic Forest (SE-Brazil). Science of the Total Environment, 544, 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.092
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.092
Dogan, Y., Ugulu, I., & Baslar, S. (2010). Turkish red pine as a biomonitor: A comparative study of the accumulation of trace elements in the needles and bark. Ekoloji, 19, 88–96. https://doi.org/10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7512
doi: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7512
Fellet, G., Poscic, F., Licen, S., Marchiol, L., Musetti, R., Tolloi, A., Barbieri, P., & Zerbi, G. (2016). PAHs accumulation on leaves of six evergreen urban shrubs: A field experiment. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 7, 915–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.05.007
doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2016.05.007
Fernández, R., Galarraga, F., Benzo, Z., Márquez, G., Fernández, A. J., Requiz, M. G., & Hernández, J. (2011). Lichens as biomonitors for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Caracas Valley. Venezuela. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 91(2014), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067310903198478
doi: 10.1080/03067310903198478
Franzaring, J., & Eerden, L. J. M. (2000). Accumulation of airborne persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in plants. Basic and Applied Ecology, 1, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-1791-00003
doi: 10.1078/1439-1791-00003
Guidotti, M., Stella, D., Owezarek, M., de Marco, A., & de Simona, C. (2003). Lichens as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bioaccumulators used in atmospheric pollution studies. Journal of Chromatography A, 985, 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01452-8
doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01452-8
Holoubek, I., Korˇinek, P., Šeda, Z., Schneiderová, E., Holoubková, I., Trˇiska, J., Cudlin, P., & Šaslawsky, J. (2000). The use of mosses and pine needles to detect persistent organic pollutants at local and regional scales. Environmental Pollution, 109, 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00260-2
doi: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00260-2
Hou, J., Sun, H., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Yin, W., Xu, T., Cheng, J., Chen, W., & Yuan, J. (2018). Environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, kitchen ventilation, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and risk of diabetes among Chinese females. Indoor Air, 28, 383–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12453
doi: 10.1111/ina.12453
Huang, S., Dai, C., Zhou, Y., Peng, H., Yi, K., Qin, P., Luo, S., & Zhang, X. (2018). Comparisons of three plant species in accumulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the atmosphere: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 16548–16566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2167-z
doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-2167-z
Hwang, H.-H., Wade, T. L., & Sericano, J. L. (2003). Concentrations and source characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine needles from Korea, Mexico, and United States. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 2259–2267. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00090-6
doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00090-6
IARC-International Agency for Research on Cancer . Outdoor Air Pollution/IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. IARC-International Agency for Research on Cancer; Lyon, France: 2013. [(accessed on 02 February 2023)]. Available online: https://publications.iarc.fr/_publications/media/download/4317/b1f528f1fca20965a2b48a220f47447c1d94e6d1.pdf .
Kolodziej, B., Maksymiec, N., Drozdzal, K., & Antonkiewicz, J. (2012). Effect of traffic pollution on chemical composition of raw elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). Journal of Elementology, 17, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2012.17.1.06
doi: 10.5601/jelem.2012.17.1.06
Lehndorff, L., & Schwark, L. (2004). Biomonitoring of air quality in the Cologne Conurbation using pines needles as a passive sampler—part II: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Atmospheric Environment, 38, 3793–3808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.065
doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.065
Moeckel, C., Thomas, G. O., Barber, J. L., & Jones, K. C. (2008). Uptake and storage of PCBs by plant cuticles. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1021/es070764f
doi: 10.1021/es070764f
Moretto, L. M., Silvestri, S., Ugo, P., Zorzi, G., Abbondanzi, F., Baiocchi, C., & Lacondini, A. (2005). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation by composting in a soot-contaminated alkaline soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 126, 141–148.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.06.020
Navarro-Ortega, A., Ratola, N., Hildebrandt, A., Alves, A., Lacorte, S., & Barceló, D. (2012). Environmental distribution of PAHs in pine needles, soils, and sediments. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 19, 677–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.06.020
doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.06.020
Niu, L., Xu, C., Zhou, Y., & Liu, W. (2019). Tree bark as a biomonitor for assessing the atmospheric pollution and associated human inhalation exposure risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural China. Environmental Pollution, 246, 398–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.019
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.019
Pereira, G. M., da Silva, S. E., Mota, E. Q., Parra, Y. J., Castro, P., & Vasconcellos, P. D. (2019). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tree barks, gaseous and particulate phase samples collected near an industrial complex in Sao Paulo (Brazil). Chemosphere, 237, 124499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124499
doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124499
Perera, F. P., Chang, H. W., Tang, D., Roen, E. L., Herbstman, J., Margolis, A., Huang, T. J., Miller, R. L., Wang, S., & Rauh, V. (2014). Early-Life Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and ADHD Behavior Problems. PLoS ONE, 9, e111670. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111670
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111670
Piccardo, M. T., Pala, M., Bonaccurso, B., Stella, A., Redaelli, A., Paola, G., & Valerio, F. (2005). Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster needles as passive samplers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Pollution, 133, 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.034
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.034
Prajapati, S. K., & Tripathi, B. D. (2008). Biomonitoring seasonal variation of urban air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using Ficus benghalensis leaves. Environmental Pollution, 151, 543–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.04.013
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.04.013
Preuss, R., Angerer, J., & Drexler, H. (2003). Naphthalene- an environmental and occupational toxicant. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 76, 556–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-003-0458-1
doi: 10.1007/s00420-003-0458-1
Pulster, E. L., Johnson, G., Hollander, D., McCluskey, J., & Harbison, R. (2019). Levels and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons surrounding an oil refinery in Curacao. Journal of Environmental Protection, 10, 431–453. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2019.103025
doi: 10.4236/jep.2019.103025
Ratola, N., Alves, A., & Psillakis, E. (2011a). Biomonitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in the Island of Crete Using Pine Needles. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 5, 189–203.
doi: 10.1007/s11270-010-0469-y
Ratola, N., Amigo, J. M., & Alves, A. (2010). Levels and Sources of PAHs in Selected Sites from Portugal: Biomonitoring with Pinus pinea and Pinus pinaster Needles. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 58, 631–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-009-9462-0
doi: 10.1007/s00244-009-9462-0
Ratola, N., Amigo, J. M., Oliveira, M. S. N., Araújo, R., Silva, J. A., & Alves, A. (2011b). Differences between Pinus pinea and Pinus pinaster as bioindicators of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 72, 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.04.012
doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.04.012
Ratola, N., Herbert, P., & Alves, A. (2012). Microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction to quantify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine trees. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 403, 1761–1769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-5962-2
doi: 10.1007/s00216-012-5962-2
Ratola, N., Lacorte, S., Barcelo, D., & Alves, A. (2009). Microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasonic extraction to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in needles and bark of Pinus inaster Ait. and Pinus pinea L. by GC–MS. Talanta, 77, 1120–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.08.010
doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.08.010
Rodriguez, J. H., Pignata, M. L., Fangmeier, A., & Klumpp, A. (2010). Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements in the bioindicator plants Tillandsia capillaris and Lolium multiflorum exposed at PM
doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.042
Rodriguez, J. H., Wannaz, E. D., Salazar, M. J., Pignata, M. L., Fangmeier, A., & Franzaring, J. (2012). Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in the tree foliage of Eucalyptus rostrata, Pinus radiata and Populus hybridus in the vicinity of a large aluminium smelter in Argentina. Atmospheric Environment, 55, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.026
doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.026
Rumana, H. S., Sharma, R. C., Beniwal, V., & Sharma, A. K. (2014). A retrospective approach to assess human health risks associated with growing air pollution in urbanized area of Thar Desert, Western Rajasthan, India. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 12, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-12-23
doi: 10.1186/2052-336X-12-23
Sari, M. F., Esen, F., & Tasdemir, Y. (2021). Characterization, source apportionment, air/plant partitioning and cancer risk assessment of atmospheric PAHs measured with tree components and passive air sampler. Environmental Research, 194, 110508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110508
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110508
Sawidis, T., Breuste, J., Mitrovic, M., Pavlovic, P., & Tsigaridas, K. (2011). Trees as bioindicator of heavy metal pollution in three European cities. Environmental Pollution, 159, 3560–3570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.008
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.008
Scarr, M.J. The use of stomatal frequency from three Australian evergreen tree species as a proxy indicator of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Thesis. Victoria University, Australia.
Silva, J. A., Ratola, N., Ramos, S., Homem, V., Santos, L., & Alves, A. (2015). An analytical multi-residue approach for the determination of semi-volatile organic pollutants in pine needles. Analytica Chimica Acta, 858, 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.042
doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.042
Simonich, S. L., & Hites, R. A. (1995). Organic pollutant accumulation in vegetation. Environmental Science & Technology, 29, 2095–2103. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00012a004
doi: 10.1021/es00012a004
Solgi, E., Keramaty, M., & Solgi, M. (2020). Biomonitoring of airborne Cu, Pb, and Zn in an urban area employing a broad leaved and a conifer tree species. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 208, 106400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106400
doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106400
Tao, Z., & Hornbuckle, K. C. (2001). Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) by broad leaves: Analysis of kinetic limitations. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 1, 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013136028586
doi: 10.1023/A:1013136028586
Tham, Y. W. F., Takeda, K., & Sakugawa, H. (2008). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with atmospheric particles in Higashi Hiroshima, Japan: Influence of meteorological conditions and seasonal variations. Atmospheric Research, 88, 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.10.015
doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.10.015
Tian, L., Yin, S., Ma, Y., Kang, H., Zhang, X., Tan, M., & H., & Liu, C. (2019). Impact factor assessment of the uptake and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by plant leaves: Morphological characteristics have the greatest impact. Science of the Total Environment, 652, 1149–1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.357
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.357
Tomashuk, T. A., Truong, T. M., Mantha, M., & McGowin, A. E. (2012). Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon profiles and sources in pine needles and particulate matter in Dayton, Ohio, USA. Atmospheric Environment, 51, 196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.028
doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.028
Topolska, J., Kostecka-Gugała, A., Ostachowicz, B., & Latowski, D. (2020). Selected metal content and antioxidant capacity of Sambucus nigra flowers from the urban areas versus soil parameters and traffic intensity. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 668–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06921-1
doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06921-1
Uribe, D. M., Ortega, L. M., Grassi, M. T., Dolatto, R. G., & Sánchez, N. E. (2023). Lichns as bio-monitors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Measuring the impact of features and traffic patterns. Heliyon, 9, e20087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20087
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20087
Viteri, F., Sánchez, N. E., & Alexandrino, K. (2023). Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in leaf and bark samples of Sambucus nigra using high-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Methods and Protocols., 6, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps6010017
doi: 10.3390/mps6010017
Yamamoto, S. S., Phalkey, R., & Malik, A. A. (2014). A systematic review of air pollution as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in South Asia: Limited evidence from India and Pakistan. International Journal of Hygiene Environmental Health, 217, 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.003
doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.003
van Drooge, B. L., Garriga, G., & Grimalt, J. O. (2014). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine needles (Pinus halepensis) along a spatial gradient between a traffic intensive urban area (Barcelona) and a nearby natural park. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 5, 398–403. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.046
doi: 10.5094/APR.2014.046
Wang, Z., Chen, J., Yang, P., Tian, F., Qiao, X., Bian, H., & Ge, L. (2009). Distribution of PAHs in pine (Pinus thunbergii) needles and soils correlates with their gas-particle partitioning. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 1336–1341. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802067e
doi: 10.1021/es802067e
Warwick, R. M. A., & biomass comparison method,. (2008). In S. V. Jorgensen & B. Fath (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Ecology (pp. 11–15). Elsevier.
doi: 10.1016/B978-008045405-4.00084-7
Wu, C.Y., Cabrera-Rivera, O., Dettling, J., Asselmeier, D., McGeen, D., Ostrander, A., Lax, J., Mancilla, C., Velalis, T., Bates, J., Wong, P., & Doan, C. (2012). An Assessment of Benzo(a)pyrene Air Emissions in the Great Lakes Region.
Wu, X., Liu, H., Yuan, Z., Wang, S., Chen, A., & He, B. (2019). Concentration, exchange and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil, air and tree bark from the Middle-Lower Yangtze. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10, 1276–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.02.011
doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2019.02.011
Yang, P., Chen, J., Wang, Z., Qiao, X., Cai, X., Tian, F., & Ge, L. (2007). Contributions of deposited particles to pine needle polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Environment Monitoring, 9, 1248–1253. https://doi.org/10.1039/B708508G
doi: 10.1039/B708508G
Yang, P., Wang, Z., Chen, J. W., Tian, F. L., & Ge, L. K. (2008). Influences of pine needles physiological properties on the PAH accumulation. Huanj Jing Ke Xue, 29, 2019–2023.
Yin, H., Tan, Q., Chen, Y., Lv, G., & Hou, X. (2011). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution recorded in annual rings of gingko (Gingko biloba L.): Determination of PAHs by GC/MS after accelerated solvent extraction. Microchemical Journal, 97, 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2010.08.008
doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2010.08.008
Zapata-Carbonell, J., Bégeot, C., Carry, N., Choulet, F., Delhautal, P., Gillet, F., Girardclos, O., Mouly, A., & Chalot, M. (2019). Spontaneous ecological recovery of vegetation in a red gypsum landfill: Betula pendula dominates after 10 years of inactivity. Ecological Engineering, 132, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.03.013
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.03.013