METhodological RadiomICs Score (METRICS): a quality scoring tool for radiomics research endorsed by EuSoMII.

Artificial intelligence Deep learning Guideline Machine learning Radiomics

Journal

Insights into imaging
ISSN: 1869-4101
Titre abrégé: Insights Imaging
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 101532453

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
17 Jan 2024
Historique:
received: 01 08 2023
accepted: 20 11 2023
medline: 17 1 2024
pubmed: 17 1 2024
entrez: 16 1 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

To propose a new quality scoring tool, METhodological RadiomICs Score (METRICS), to assess and improve research quality of radiomics studies. We conducted an online modified Delphi study with a group of international experts. It was performed in three consecutive stages: Stage#1, item preparation; Stage#2, panel discussion among EuSoMII Auditing Group members to identify the items to be voted; and Stage#3, four rounds of the modified Delphi exercise by panelists to determine the items eligible for the METRICS and their weights. The consensus threshold was 75%. Based on the median ranks derived from expert panel opinion and their rank-sum based conversion to importance scores, the category and item weights were calculated. In total, 59 panelists from 19 countries participated in selection and ranking of the items and categories. Final METRICS tool included 30 items within 9 categories. According to their weights, the categories were in descending order of importance: study design, imaging data, image processing and feature extraction, metrics and comparison, testing, feature processing, preparation for modeling, segmentation, and open science. A web application and a repository were developed to streamline the calculation of the METRICS score and to collect feedback from the radiomics community. In this work, we developed a scoring tool for assessing the methodological quality of the radiomics research, with a large international panel and a modified Delphi protocol. With its conditional format to cover methodological variations, it provides a well-constructed framework for the key methodological concepts to assess the quality of radiomic research papers. A quality assessment tool, METhodological RadiomICs Score (METRICS), is made available by a large group of international domain experts, with transparent methodology, aiming at evaluating and improving research quality in radiomics and machine learning. • A methodological scoring tool, METRICS, was developed for assessing the quality of radiomics research, with a large international expert panel and a modified Delphi protocol. • The proposed scoring tool presents expert opinion-based importance weights of categories and items with a transparent methodology for the first time. • METRICS accounts for varying use cases, from handcrafted radiomics to entirely deep learning-based pipelines. • A web application has been developed to help with the calculation of the METRICS score ( https://metricsscore.github.io/metrics/METRICS.html ) and a repository created to collect feedback from the radiomics community ( https://github.com/metricsscore/metrics ).

Identifiants

pubmed: 38228979
doi: 10.1186/s13244-023-01572-w
pii: 10.1186/s13244-023-01572-w
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Pagination

8

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Gillies RJ, Kinahan PE, Hricak H (2016) Radiomics: images are more than pictures, they are data. Radiology 278:563–577. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2015151169
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2015151169 pubmed: 26579733
Kocak B, Baessler B, Cuocolo R et al (2023) Trends and statistics of artificial intelligence and radiomics research in Radiology, Nuclear Medicine, and Medical Imaging: bibliometric analysis. Eur Radiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-023-09772-0
doi: 10.1007/s00330-023-09772-0 pubmed: 37740080
Kocak B, Bulut E, Bayrak ON et al (2023) NEgatiVE results in Radiomics research (NEVER): a meta-research study of publication bias in leading radiology journals. Eur J Radiol 163:110830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.110830
doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.110830 pubmed: 37119709
Pinto Dos Santos D, Dietzel M, Baessler B (2021) A decade of radiomics research: are images really data or just patterns in the noise? Eur Radiol 31:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07108-w
doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07108-w pubmed: 32767103
Papanikolaou N, Matos C, Koh DM (2020) How to develop a meaningful radiomic signature for clinical use in oncologic patients. Cancer Imaging 20:33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40644-020-00311-4
doi: 10.1186/s40644-020-00311-4 pubmed: 32357923 pmcid: 7195800
Buvat I, Orlhac F (2019) The dark side of radiomics: on the paramount importance of publishing negative results. J Nucl Med 60:1543–1544. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.235325
doi: 10.2967/jnumed.119.235325 pubmed: 31541033
Vallières M, Zwanenburg A, Badic B et al (2018) Responsible radiomics research for faster clinical translation. J Nucl Med 59:189–193. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.117.200501
doi: 10.2967/jnumed.117.200501 pubmed: 29175982 pmcid: 5807530
Kocak B, Yardimci AH, Yuzkan S et al (2022) Transparency in artificial intelligence research: a systematic review of availability items related to open science in radiology and nuclear medicine. Acad Radiol S1076–6332(22):00635–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2022.11.030
doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2022.11.030
deSouza NM, van der Lugt A, Deroose CM et al (2022) Standardised lesion segmentation for imaging biomarker quantitation: a consensus recommendation from ESR and EORTC. Insights Imaging 13:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-022-01287-4
doi: 10.1186/s13244-022-01287-4 pubmed: 36194301 pmcid: 9532485
Lambin P, Leijenaar RTH, Deist TM et al (2017) Radiomics: the bridge between medical imaging and personalized medicine. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 14:749–762. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.141
doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.141 pubmed: 28975929
Spadarella G, Stanzione A, Akinci D’Antonoli T et al (2023) Systematic review of the radiomics quality score applications: an EuSoMII Radiomics Auditing Group Initiative. Eur Radiol 33:1884–1894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-022-09187-3
doi: 10.1007/s00330-022-09187-3 pubmed: 36282312
Sanduleanu S, Woodruff HC, de Jong EEC et al (2018) Tracking tumor biology with radiomics: a systematic review utilizing a radiomics quality score. Radiother Oncol 127:349–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2018.03.033
doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.03.033 pubmed: 29779918
Akinci D’Antonoli T, Cavallo AU, Vernuccio F et al (2023) Reproducibility of radiomics quality score: an intra- and inter-rater reliability study. Eur Radiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-023-10217-x
doi: 10.1007/s00330-023-10217-x pubmed: 37740080
Welch ML, McIntosh C, Haibe-Kains B et al (2019) Vulnerabilities of radiomic signature development: the need for safeguards. Radiother Oncol 130:2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2018.10.027
doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.10.027 pubmed: 30416044
Kocak B, Baessler B, Bakas S et al (2023) CheckList for EvaluAtion of Radiomics research (CLEAR): a step-by-step reporting guideline for authors and reviewers endorsed by ESR and EuSoMII. Insights Imaging 14:75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-023-01415-8
doi: 10.1186/s13244-023-01415-8 pubmed: 37142815 pmcid: 10160267
Caulley L, Catalá-López F, Whelan J et al (2020) Reporting guidelines of health research studies are frequently used inappropriately. J Clin Epidemiol 122:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.03.006
doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.03.006 pubmed: 32184126
Logullo P, MacCarthy A, Kirtley S, Collins GS (2020) Reporting guideline checklists are not quality evaluation forms: they are guidance for writing. Health Sci Rep 3:e165. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.165
doi: 10.1002/hsr2.165 pubmed: 32373717 pmcid: 7196677
Moher D, Schulz KF, Simera I, Altman DG (2010) Guidance for developers of health research reporting guidelines. PLoS Med 7:e1000217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000217
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000217 pubmed: 20169112 pmcid: 2821895
Diamond IR, Grant RC, Feldman BM et al (2014) Defining consensus: a systematic review recommends methodologic criteria for reporting of Delphi studies. J Clin Epidemiol 67:401–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002
doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002 pubmed: 24581294
Roszkowska E (2013) Rank Ordering Criteria Weighting Methods – a Comparative Overview. Optim Stud Ekon 14–33
Stillwell WG, Seaver DA, Edwards W (1981) A comparison of weight approximation techniques in multiattribute utility decision making. Organ Behav Hum Perform 28:62–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(81)90015-5
doi: 10.1016/0030-5073(81)90015-5
Whiting PF, Rutjes AWS, Westwood ME et al (2011) QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med 155:529–536. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009 pubmed: 22007046
Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE et al (2015) STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies. BMJ 351:h5527. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h5527
doi: 10.1136/bmj.h5527 pubmed: 26511519 pmcid: 4623764
Collins GS, Reitsma JB, Altman DG, Moons KG (2015) Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD Statement. BMC Med 13:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0241-z
doi: 10.1186/s12916-014-0241-z pubmed: 25563062 pmcid: 4284921
Luo W, Phung D, Tran T et al (2016) Guidelines for developing and reporting machine learning predictive models in biomedical research: a multidisciplinary view. J Med Internet Res 18:e323. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5870
doi: 10.2196/jmir.5870 pubmed: 27986644 pmcid: 5238707
Martin J (2017) © Joanna Briggs Institute 2017 Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies
Mongan J, Moy L, Kahn CE (2020) Checklist for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging (CLAIM): a guide for authors and reviewers. Radiol Artif Intell 2:e200029. https://doi.org/10.1148/ryai.2020200029
doi: 10.1148/ryai.2020200029 pubmed: 33937821 pmcid: 8017414
Zwanenburg A, Vallières M, Abdalah MA et al (2020) The image biomarker standardization initiative: standardized quantitative radiomics for high-throughput image-based phenotyping. Radiology 295:328–338. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020191145
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020191145 pubmed: 32154773
Orlhac F, Nioche C, Klyuzhin I et al (2021) Radiomics in PET imaging: a practical guide for newcomers. PET Clin 16:597–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpet.2021.06.007
doi: 10.1016/j.cpet.2021.06.007 pubmed: 34537132
Pfaehler E, Zhovannik I, Wei L et al (2021) A systematic review and quality of reporting checklist for repeatability and reproducibility of radiomic features. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 20:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phro.2021.10.007
doi: 10.1016/j.phro.2021.10.007 pubmed: 34816024 pmcid: 8591412
Shur JD, Doran SJ, Kumar S et al (2021) Radiomics in Oncology: a practical guide. Radiographics 41:1717–1732. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021210037
doi: 10.1148/rg.2021210037 pubmed: 34597235
Sollini M, Cozzi L, Ninatti G et al (2021) PET/CT radiomics in breast cancer: mind the step. Methods 188:122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.01.007
doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.01.007 pubmed: 31978538
Volpe S, Pepa M, Zaffaroni M et al (2021) Machine learning for head and neck cancer: a safe bet?-a clinically oriented systematic review for the radiation oncologist. Front Oncol 11:772663. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.772663
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.772663 pubmed: 34869010 pmcid: 8637856
Jha AK, Bradshaw TJ, Buvat I et al (2022) Nuclear medicine and artificial intelligence: best practices for evaluation (the RELAINCE Guidelines). J Nucl Med 63:1288–1299. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.121.263239
doi: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263239 pubmed: 35618476 pmcid: 9454473
Hatt M, Krizsan AK, Rahmim A et al (2023) Joint EANM/SNMMI guideline on radiomics in nuclear medicine: jointly supported by the EANM Physics Committee and the SNMMI Physics, Instrumentation and Data Sciences Council. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag 50:352–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-022-06001-6
doi: 10.1007/s00259-022-06001-6
Cerdá-Alberich L, Solana J, Mallol P et al (2023) MAIC–10 brief quality checklist for publications using artificial intelligence and medical images. Insights Imaging 14:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-022-01355-9
doi: 10.1186/s13244-022-01355-9 pubmed: 36645542 pmcid: 9842808
Heus P, Damen JAAG, Pajouheshnia R et al (2019) Uniformity in measuring adherence to reporting guidelines: the example of TRIPOD for assessing completeness of reporting of prediction model studies. BMJ Open 9:e025611. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025611
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025611 pubmed: 31023756 pmcid: 6501951
Tejani AS, Klontzas ME, Gatti AA et al (2023) Updating the Checklist for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging (CLAIM) for reporting AI research. Nat Mach Intell 5:950–951. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-023-00717-2
doi: 10.1038/s42256-023-00717-2
Klontzas ME, Gatti AA, Tejani AS, Kahn CE (2023) AI Reporting Guidelines: how to select the best one for your research. Radiol Artif Intell 5:e230055. https://doi.org/10.1148/ryai.230055
doi: 10.1148/ryai.230055 pubmed: 37293341 pmcid: 10245184
Gidwani M, Chang K, Patel JB et al (2023) Inconsistent partitioning and unproductive feature associations yield idealized radiomic models. Radiology 307:e220715. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.220715
doi: 10.1148/radiol.220715 pubmed: 36537895
Zwanenburg A (2019) Radiomics in nuclear medicine: robustness, reproducibility, standardization, and how to avoid data analysis traps and replication crisis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag 46:2638–2655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04391-8
doi: 10.1007/s00259-019-04391-8
Park JE, Park SY, Kim HJ, Kim HS (2019) Reproducibility and generalizability in radiomics modeling: possible strategies in radiologic and statistical perspectives. Korean J Radiol 20:1124–1137. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2018.0070
doi: 10.3348/kjr.2018.0070 pubmed: 31270976 pmcid: 6609433
National Academies of Sciences Engineering, Medicine (2019) Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC
Kocak B, Keles A, Akinci D’Antonoli T (2023) Self-reporting with checklists in artificial intelligence research on medical imaging: a systematic review based on citations of CLAIM. Eur Radiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-023-10243-9
doi: 10.1007/s00330-023-10243-9 pubmed: 37740080
Akinci D’Antonoli T, Mercaldo ND (2023) Obsolescence of nomograms in radiomics research. Eur Radiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-023-09728-4
doi: 10.1007/s00330-023-09728-4 pubmed: 37740080

Auteurs

Burak Kocak (B)

Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Basaksehir, Istanbul, Turkey.

Tugba Akinci D'Antonoli (T)

Institute of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland. tugba.akincidantonoli@unibas.ch.

Nathaniel Mercaldo (N)

Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Angel Alberich-Bayarri (A)

Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers in Medicine (Quibim), Valencia, Spain.

Bettina Baessler (B)

Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

Ilaria Ambrosini (I)

Department of Translational Research, Academic Radiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Anna E Andreychenko (AE)

Laboratory for Digital Public Health Technologies, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.

Spyridon Bakas (S)

Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Center for Federated Learning in Precision Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Regina G H Beets-Tan (RGH)

Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.

Keno Bressem (K)

Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

Irene Buvat (I)

Institut Curie, Inserm, PSL University, Laboratory of Translational Imaging in Oncology, Orsay, France.

Roberto Cannella (R)

Section of Radiology - Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.

Luca Alessandro Cappellini (LA)

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.

Armando Ugo Cavallo (AU)

Division of Radiology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI) IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

Leonid L Chepelev (LL)

Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Linda Chi Hang Chu (LCH)

The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.

Aydin Demircioglu (A)

Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital , Essen, Germany.

Nandita M deSouza (NM)

Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
Department of Imaging, The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK.

Matthias Dietzel (M)

Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.

Salvatore Claudio Fanni (SC)

Department of Translational Research, Academic Radiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Andrey Fedorov (A)

Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Laure S Fournier (LS)

Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, PARCC UMRS 970, INSERM, Paris, France.

Valentina Giannini (V)

Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.

Rossano Girometti (R)

Institute of Radiology, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, University Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy.

Kevin B W Groot Lipman (KBW)

Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Department of Thoracic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Georgios Kalarakis (G)

Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Clinical Science, Division of Radiology, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.

Brendan S Kelly (BS)

Department of Radiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
Insight Centre for Data Analytics, UCD, Dublin, Ireland.
School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

Michail E Klontzas (ME)

Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, FORTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

Dow-Mu Koh (DM)

Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK.

Elmar Kotter (E)

Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Ho Yun Lee (HY)

Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.

Mario Maas (M)

Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Luis Marti-Bonmati (L)

Medical Imaging Department and Biomedical Imaging Research Group, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe and Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.

Henning Müller (H)

University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais), Sierra, Switzerland.
Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva (UniGe), Geneva, Switzerland.

Nancy Obuchowski (N)

Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Fanny Orlhac (F)

Institut Curie, Inserm, PSL University, Laboratory of Translational Imaging in Oncology, Orsay, France.

Nikolaos Papanikolaou (N)

Computational Clinical Imaging Group, Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal.
Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.

Ekaterina Petrash (E)

Radiology department, Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology n. a. L.A. Durnov, National Medical Research Center of Oncology n. a. N.N. Blokhin Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Medical Department IRA-Labs, Moscow, Russia.

Elisabeth Pfaehler (E)

Institute for advanced simulation (IAS-8): Machine learning and data analytics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.

Daniel Pinto Dos Santos (D)

Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Goethe-University Frankfurt Am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.

Andrea Ponsiglione (A)

Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.

Sebastià Sabater (S)

Department of Radiation Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.

Francesco Sardanelli (F)

Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.

Philipp Seeböck (P)

Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Nanna M Sijtsema (NM)

Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Arnaldo Stanzione (A)

Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.

Alberto Traverso (A)

Department of Radiotherapy, Maastro Clinic, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.

Lorenzo Ugga (L)

Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.

Martin Vallières (M)

Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.

Lisanne V van Dijk (LV)

Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Joost J M van Griethuysen (JJM)

Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Robbert W van Hamersvelt (RW)

Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Peter van Ooijen (P)

Department of Radiotherapy, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Federica Vernuccio (F)

Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (Bi.N.D), University of Palermo, Palermo, 90127, Italy.

Alan Wang (A)

Centre for Medical Imaging & Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Stuart Williams (S)

Department of Radiology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.

Jan Witowski (J)

Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA.

Zhongyi Zhang (Z)

School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Australia.

Alex Zwanenburg (A)

National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany.
OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.

Renato Cuocolo (R)

Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.

Classifications MeSH