Surviving Sepsis Campaign Research Priorities 2023.
Journal
Critical care medicine
ISSN: 1530-0293
Titre abrégé: Crit Care Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0355501
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 Feb 2024
01 Feb 2024
Historique:
medline:
19
1
2024
pubmed:
19
1
2024
entrez:
19
1
2024
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
To identify research priorities in the management, epidemiology, outcome, and pathophysiology of sepsis and septic shock. Shortly after publication of the most recent Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines, the Surviving Sepsis Research Committee, a multiprofessional group of 16 international experts representing the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine and the Society of Critical Care Medicine, convened virtually and iteratively developed the article and recommendations, which represents an update from the 2018 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Research Priorities. Each task force member submitted five research questions on any sepsis-related subject. Committee members then independently ranked their top three priorities from the list generated. The highest rated clinical and basic science questions were developed into the current article. A total of 81 questions were submitted. After merging similar questions, there were 34 clinical and ten basic science research questions submitted for voting. The five top clinical priorities were as follows: 1) what is the best strategy for screening and identification of patients with sepsis, and can predictive modeling assist in real-time recognition of sepsis? 2) what causes organ injury and dysfunction in sepsis, how should it be defined, and how can it be detected? 3) how should fluid resuscitation be individualized initially and beyond? 4) what is the best vasopressor approach for treating the different phases of septic shock? and 5) can a personalized/precision medicine approach identify optimal therapies to improve patient outcomes? The five top basic science priorities were as follows: 1) How can we improve animal models so that they more closely resemble sepsis in humans? 2) What outcome variables maximize correlations between human sepsis and animal models and are therefore most appropriate to use in both? 3) How does sepsis affect the brain, and how do sepsis-induced brain alterations contribute to organ dysfunction? How does sepsis affect interactions between neural, endocrine, and immune systems? 4) How does the microbiome affect sepsis pathobiology? 5) How do genetics and epigenetics influence the development of sepsis, the course of sepsis and the response to treatments for sepsis? Knowledge advances in multiple clinical domains have been incorporated in progressive iterations of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines, allowing for evidence-based recommendations for short- and long-term management of sepsis. However, the strength of existing evidence is modest with significant knowledge gaps and mortality from sepsis remains high. The priorities identified represent a roadmap for research in sepsis and septic shock.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38240508
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000006135
pii: 00003246-202402000-00011
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
268-296Subventions
Organisme : none
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2024 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
Drs. De Backer, Pontes Azevedo, and Tissieres received funding from Baxter. Dr. De Backer received funding from Edwards Lifesciences, Phillips, and Viatris Pharmazz. Dr. Deutschman received funding from Elsevier, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics (Tarrytown, NY), Enliven (Jerusalem, Israel), The Society of Critical Care Medicine, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and La Jolla Pharmaceuticals; he received support for article research form the National Institutes of Health (NIH); he received Giapreza (angiotensin II infusion) for experimental use from La Jolla Pharmaceuticals (La Jolla, CA); and he received honorarium for serving as Scientific Editor of the journal Critical Care Medicine. Dr. Ostermann received research funding from Baxter, Fresenius Medical, bioMerieux, and La Jolla Pharma. Dr. Talmor received funding from NIH, Clew Medical, Mindray, and STIMIT. Dr. Prescott’s institution received funding from the NIH, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the Agency for Healthcare and Research and Quality, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Blue Cross Blue Shield Michigan; she disclosed government work. Dr. Antonelli received funding from General Electrics, Fisher & Paykel, Menarini, and Pfizer. Dr. Pontes Azevedo received funding from Merck Sharp Dohme (MSD) and Nestle. Dr. Loeches received funding from ThermoFisher, Polyphor, MSD, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead, Clinigen, Biotest, Accelerate, and bioMérieux. Dr. Tissieres received funding from Sanofi, bioMerieux, Abionic, Sedana, and ThermoFisher. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.
Références
Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al.: The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016; 315:801–810
Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, et al.: Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: Analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet. 2020; 395:200–211
Fleischmann-Struzek C, Mellhammar L, Rose N, et al.: Incidence and mortality of hospital- and ICU-treated sepsis: Results from an updated and expanded systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46:1552–1562
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al.: Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021; 47:1181–1247
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al.: Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021; 49:e1063–e1143
Coopersmith CM, De Backer D, Deutschman CS, et al.: Surviving sepsis campaign: Research priorities for sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2018; 44:1400–1426
Coopersmith CM, De Backer D, Deutschman CS, et al.: Surviving sepsis campaign: Research priorities for sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2018; 46:1334–1356
Deutschman CS, Hellman J, Ferrer Roca R, et al.; Research Committee of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign: The surviving sepsis campaign: Basic/translational science research priorities. Crit Care Med. 2020; 48:1217–1232
Deutschman CS, Hellman J, Roca RF, et al.; Research Committee of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign: The surviving sepsis campaign: Basic/translational science research priorities. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2020; 8:31
Lat I, Coopersmith CM, De Backer D; Research Committee of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign: The surviving sepsis campaign: Fluid resuscitation and vasopressor therapy research priorities in adult patients. Crit Care Med. 2021; 49:623–635
Lat I, Coopersmith CM, De Backer D, et al.; Research Committee of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign: The surviving sepsis campaign: Fluid resuscitation and vasopressor therapy research priorities in adult patients. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2021; 9:10
Martin-Loeches I, Nunnally ME, Hellman J, et al.: Surviving sepsis campaign: Research opportunities for infection and blood purification therapies. Crit Care Explor. 2021; 3:e0511
Nunnally ME, Ferrer R, Martin GS, et al.; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Reasearch Committee: The surviving sepsis campaign: Research priorities for the administration, epidemiology, scoring and identification of sepsis. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2021; 9:34
Coopersmith CM, Antonelli M, Bauer SR, et al.: The surviving sepsis campaign: Research priorities for coronavirus disease 2019 in critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2021; 49:598–622
Seymour C, Gesten F, Prescott H, et al.: Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376:2235–2244
Liu VX, Fielding-Singh V, Greene JD, et al.: The timing of early antibiotics and hospital mortality in sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 196:856–863
Peltan ID, Brown SM, Bledsoe JR, et al.: ED door-to-antibiotic time and long-term mortality in sepsis. Chest. 2019; 155:938–946
Ogawa K, Shiraishi Y, Karashima R, et al.: Prolonged door-to-antibiotics time is associated with high hospital mortality in patients with perforated colorectal peritonitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2023; 408:220
Tarabichi Y, Cheng A, Bar-Shain D, et al.: Improving timeliness of antibiotic administration using a provider and pharmacist facing sepsis early warning system in the emergency department setting: A randomized controlled quality improvement initiative. Crit Care Med. 2022; 50:418–427
Casserly B, Phillips GS, Schorr C, et al.: Lactate measurements in sepsis-induced tissue hypoperfusion: Results from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign database. Crit Care Med. 2015; 43:567–573
Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Pilcher D, et al.: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in defining severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372:1629–1638
Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, et al.: Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: For the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016; 315:762–774
Churpek MM, Snyder A, Han X, et al.: Quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and early warning scores for detecting clinical deterioration in infected patients outside the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 195:906–911
Wang C, Xu R, Zeng Y, et al.: A comparison of qSOFA, SIRS and NEWS in predicting the accuracy of mortality in patients with suspected sepsis: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2022; 17:e0266755
Oanesa RD, Su TW, Weissman A: Evidence for use of validated sepsis screening tools in the prehospital population: A scoping review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2023; 1:1–9
Mao Q, Jay M, Hoffman JL, et al.: Multicentre validation of a sepsis prediction algorithm using only vital sign data in the emergency department, general ward and ICU. BMJ Open. 2018; 8:e017833
Shashikumar SP, Josef CS, Sharma A, et al.: DeepAISE—an interpretable and recurrent neural survival model for early prediction of sepsis. Artif Intell Med. 2021; 113:102036
Bedoya AD, Futoma J, Clement ME, et al.: Machine learning for early detection of sepsis: An internal and temporal validation study. JAMIA Open. 2020; 3:252–260
Despins LA: Automated detection of sepsis using electronic medical record data: A systematic review. J Healthc Qual. 2017; 39:322–333
Giannini HM, Ginestra JC, Chivers C, et al.: A machine learning algorithm to predict severe sepsis and septic shock: Development, implementation, and impact on clinical practice. Crit Care Med. 2019; 47:1485–1492
Burdick H, Pino E, Gabel-Comeau D, et al.: Effect of a sepsis prediction algorithm on patient mortality, length of stay and readmission: A prospective multicentre clinical outcomes evaluation of real-world patient data from US hospitals. BMJ Health Care Inform. 2020; 27:e100109
Wong A, Otles E, Donnelly JP, et al.: External validation of a widely implemented proprietary sepsis prediction model in hospitalized patients. JAMA Intern Med. 2021; 181:1065–1070
Mogri M, Grant RW, Liu VX: Use of sepsis clinical prediction models to improve patient care. JAMA Intern Med. 2023; 183:612–615
Warttig S, Alderson P, Evans DJ, et al.: Automated monitoring compared to standard care for the early detection of sepsis in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 6:CD012404
Shimabukuro DW, Barton CW, Feldman MD, et al.: Effect of a machine learning-based severe sepsis prediction algorithm on patient survival and hospital length of stay: A randomised clinical trial. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2017; 4:e000234
Téblick A, Gunst J, Langouche L, et al.: Novel insights in endocrine and metabolic pathways in sepsis and gaps for future research. Clin Sci (Lond). 2022; 136:861–878
Sakr Y, Dubois MJ, De Backer D, et al.: Persistant microvasculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004; 32:1825–1831
Zhang YY, Ning BT: Signaling pathways and intervention therapies in sepsis. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021; 6:407
Preau S, Vodovar D, Jung B, et al.: Energetic dysfunction in sepsis: A narrative review. Ann Intensive Care. 2021; 11:104
Piotti A, Novelli D, Meessen J, et al.: Endothelial damage in septic shock patients as evidenced by circulating syndecan-1, sphingosine-1-phosphate and soluble VE-cadherin: A substudy of ALBIOS. Crit Care. 2021; 25:113
Fang Y, Li C, Shao R, et al.: The role of biomarkers of endothelial activation in predicting morbidity and mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock in intensive care: A prospective observational study. Thromb Res. 2018; 171:149–154
Manfredini A, Constantino L, Pinto MC, et al.: Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with long-term cognitive impairment in an animal sepsis model. Clin Sci (Lond). 2019; 133:1993–2004
Jang DH, Orloski CJ, Owiredu S, et al.: Alterations in mitochondrial function in blood cells obtained from patients with sepsis presenting to an emergency department. Shock. 2019; 51:580–584
Jin K, Ma Y, Manrique-Caballero CL, et al.: Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase during sepsis/inflammation improves survival by preserving cellular metabolic fitness. FASEB J. 2020; 34:7036–7057
Luther T, Bülow-Anderberg S, Persson P, et al.: Renal mitochondrial dysfunction in ovine experimental sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2023; 324:F571–F580
Jennaro TS, Puskarich MA, Evans CR, et al.: Sustained perturbation of metabolism and metabolic subphenotypes are associated with mortality and protein markers of the host response. Crit Care Explor. 2023; 5:e0881
Piel DA, Deutschman CS, Levy RJ: Exogenous cytochrome C restores myocardial cytochrome oxidase activity into the late phase of sepsis. Shock. 2008; 29:612–616
Svistunenko DA, Davies N, Brealey D, et al.: Mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis: An EPR interrogation of individual respiratory chain components. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006; 1757:262–272
Zolfaghari PS, Carre JE, Parker N, et al.: Skeletal muscle dysfunction is associated with derangements in mitochondrial bioenergetics (but not UCP3) in a rodent model of sepsis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 308:E713–E725
Porta F, Takala J, Weikert C, et al.: Effects of prolonged endotoxemia on liver, skeletal muscle and kidney mitochondrial function. Crit Care. 2006; 10:R118
Verma R, Huang Z, Deutschman CS, et al.: Caffeine restores myocardial cytochrome oxidase activity and improves cardiac function during sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2009; 37:1397–1402
Ding X, Tong R, Song H, et al.: Identification of metabolomics-based prognostic prediction models for ICU septic patients. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022; 108:108841
Brands X, Uhel F, van Vught LA, et al.: Immune suppression is associated with enhanced systemic inflammatory, endothelial and procoagulant responses in critically ill patients. PLoS One. 2022; 17:e0271637
Borovikova LV, Ivanova S, Zhang M, et al.: Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nature. 2000; 405:458–462
Joffre J, Wong E, Lawton S, et al.: N-Oleoyl dopamine induces IL-10 via central nervous system TRPV1 and improves endotoxemia and sepsis outcomes. J Neuroinflammation. 2022; 19:118
Falvey A, Palandira SP, Chavan SS, et al.: Electrical stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus regulates inflammation without affecting the heart rate. bioRxiv. Preprint posted online May 20, 2023. doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541191
doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541191
Deutschman CS, Raj NR, McGuire EO, et al.: Orexinergic activity modulates altered vital signs and pituitary hormone secretion in experimental sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2013; 41:e368–e375
Calzavacca P, Bailey M, Velkoska E, et al.: Effects of renal denervation on regional hemodynamics and kidney function in experimental hyperdynamic sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2014; 42:e401–e409
Post EH, Su F, Hosokawa K, et al.: The effects of acute renal denervation on kidney perfusion and metabolism in experimental septic shock. BMC Nephrol. 2017; 18:182
Huston JM, Gallowitsch-Puerta M, Ochani M, et al.: Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation reduces serum high mobility group box 1 levels and improves survival in murine sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2007; 35:2762–2768
Wu Z, Zhang X, Cai T, et al.: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation reduces cytokine production in sepsis: An open double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot study. Brain Stimul. 2023; 16:507–514
Moreno R, Vincent JL, Matos R, et al.: The use of maximum SOFA score to quantify organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care results of a prospective, multicentre study working group on sepsis related problems of the ESICM. Intensive Care Med. 1999; 25:686–696
Moreno R, Rhodes A, Piquilloud L, et al.: The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score: Has the time come for an update? Crit Care. 2023; 27:15
Amalakuhan B, Habib SA, Mangat M, et al.: Endothelial adhesion molecules and multiple organ failure in patients with severe sepsis. Cytokine. 2016; 88:267–273
Wang R, Zhao J, Wei Q, et al.: Potential of circulating lncRNA CASC2 as a biomarker in reflecting the inflammatory cytokines, multi-organ dysfunction, disease severity, and mortality in sepsis patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022; 36:e24569
Huang Q, Wang Y, He F: Blood long non-coding RNA intersectin 1-2 is highly expressed and links with increased Th17 cells, inflammation, multiple organ dysfunction, and mortality risk in sepsis patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022; 36:e24330
Jiang W, Li X, Ding H, et al.: PD-1 in Tregs predicts the survival in sepsis patients using sepsis-3 criteria: A prospective, two-stage study. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020; 89:107175
Leśnik P, Łysenko L, Fleszar MG, et al.: Measurement of serum levels of 5 amino acids and dimethylamine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in patients without septic associated acute kidney injury and with septic associated acute kidney injury requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. Med Sci Monit. 2022; 28:e937784
de Roquetaillade C, Dupuis C, Faivre V, et al.: Monitoring of circulating monocyte HLA-DR expression in a large cohort of intensive care patients: Relation with secondary infections. Ann Intensive Care. 2022; 12:39
Chen J, Wang H, Guo R, et al.: Early expression of functional markers on CD4(+) T cells predicts outcomes in ICU patients with sepsis. Front Immunol. 2022; 13:938538
Lin SF, Lin HA, Pan YH, et al.: A novel scoring system combining modified early warning score with biomarkers of monocyte distribution width, white blood cell counts, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to improve early sepsis prediction in older adults. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2023; 61:162–172
Malinovska A, Hernried B, Lin A, et al.: Monocyte distribution width as a diagnostic marker for infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2023; 164:101–113
Vélez-Páez JL, Legua P, Vélez-Páez P, et al.: Mean platelet volume and mean platelet volume to platelet count ratio as predictors of severity and mortality in sepsis. PLoS One. 2022; 17:e0262356
Li X, Yin Z, Yan W, et al.: Baseline red blood cell distribution width and perforin, dynamic levels of interleukin 6 and lactate are predictors of mortality in patients with sepsis. J Clin Lab Anal. 2023; 37:e24838
Kim JH, Lee Y, Cho YS, et al.: A modified simple scoring system using the red blood cell distribution width, delta neutrophil index, and mean platelet volume-to-platelet count to predict 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis. J Intensive Care Med. 2021; 36:873–878
Kuttab HI, Lykins JD, Hughes MD, et al.: Evaluation and predictors of fluid resuscitation in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2019; 47:1582–1590
Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, et al.; ProCESS Investigators: A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370:1683–1693
Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, et al.; ARISE Investigators: Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371:1496–1506
Meyhoff TS, Hjortrup PB, Wetterslev J, et al.; CLASSIC Trial Group: Restriction of intravenous fluid in ICU patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2022; 386:2459–2470
Shapiro NI, Douglas IS, Brower RG, et al.: Early restrictive or liberal fluid management for sepsis-induced hypotension. N Engl J Med. 2023; 9:499–510
Douglas IS, Alapat PM, Corl KA, et al.: Fluid response evaluation in sepsis hypotension and shock: A randomized clinical trial. Chest. 2020; 158:1431–1445
Kjær MN, Meyhoff TS, Sivapalan P, et al.: Long-term effects of restriction of intravenous fluid in adult ICU patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2023; 49:820–830
Vincent JL, Singer M, Einav S, et al.: Equilibrating SSC guidelines with individualized care. Crit Care. 2021; 25:397
Levy MM, Rhodes A, Phillips GS, et al.: Surviving sepsis campaign: Association between performance metrics and outcomes in a 75-year study. Crit Care Med. 2015; 43:3–12
Levy MM, Gesten FC, Phillips GS, et al.: Mortality changes associated with mandated public reporting for sepsis. The results of the New York State Initiative. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018; 198:1406–1412
Townsend SR, Phillips GS, Duseja R, et al.: Effects of compliance with the early management bundle (SEP-1) on mortality changes among Medicare beneficiaries with sepsis: A propensity score matched cohort study. Chest. 2022; 161:392–406
Ospina-Tascón GA, Hernandez G, Alvarez I, et al.: Effects of very early start of norepinephrine in patients with septic shock: A propensity score-based analysis. Crit Care. 2020; 24:52
Adda I, Lai C, Teboul JL, et al.: Norepinephrine potentiates the efficacy of volume expansion on mean systemic pressure in septic shock. Crit Care. 2021; 25:302
Hernandez G, Ospina-Tascon GA, Damiani LP, et al.; The ANDROMEDA SHOCK Investigators and the Latin America Intensive Care Network (LIVEN): Effect of a resuscitation strategy targeting peripheral perfusion status vs serum lactate levels on 28-day mortality among patients with septic shock: The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019; 321:654–664
Sakr Y, Rubatto Birri PN, Kotfis K, et al.; Intensive Care Over Nations Investigators: Higher fluid balance increases the risk of death from sepsis: Results from a large international audit. Crit Care Med. 2017; 45:386–394
De Backer D, Aissaoui N, Cecconi M, et al.: How can assessing hemodynamics help to assess volume status? Intensive Care Med. 2022; 48:1482–1494
Alvarado Sánchez JI, Caicedo Ruiz JD, Diaztagle Fernández JJ, et al.: Predictors of fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients mechanically ventilated at low tidal volumes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intensive Care. 2021; 11:28
Monnet X, Shi R, Teboul JL: Prediction of fluid responsiveness. What’s new? Ann Intensive Care. 2022; 12:46
Teboul JL, Monnet X, Chemla D, et al.: Arterial pulse pressure variation with mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 199:22–31
Vignon P, Repesse X, Begot E, et al.: Comparison of echocardiographic indices used to predict fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016; 195:1022–1032
Monnet X, Osman D, Ridel C, et al.: Predicting volume responsiveness by using the end-expiratory occlusion in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med. 2009; 37:951–956
Myatra SN, Prabu NR, Divatia JV, et al.: The changes in pulse pressure variation or stroke volume variation after a “tidal volume challenge” reliably predict fluid responsiveness during low tidal volume ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2017; 45:415–421
Messina A, Colombo D, Barra FL, et al.: Sigh maneuver to enhance assessment of fluid responsiveness during pressure support ventilation. Crit Care. 2019; 23:31
Lai C, Shi R, Beurton A, et al.: The increase in cardiac output induced by a decrease in positive end-expiratory pressure reliably detects volume responsiveness: The PEEP-test study. Crit Care. 2023; 27:136
De Backer D, Heenen S, Piagnerelli M, et al.: Pulse pressure variations to predict fluid responsiveness: Influence of tidal volume. Intensive Care Med. 2005; 31:517–523
Mahjoub Y, Pila C, Friggeri A, et al.: Assessing fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients: False-positive pulse pressure variation is detected by Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of the right ventricle. Crit Care Med. 2009; 37:2570–2575
Monnet X, Teboul JL: Passive leg raising. Intensive Care Med. 2008; 34:659–663
Beurton A, Teboul JL, Gavelli F, et al.: The effects of passive leg raising may be detected by the plethysmographic oxygen saturation signal in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2019; 23:19
Jacquet-Lagreze M, Bouhamri N, Portran P, et al.: Capillary refill time variation induced by passive leg raising predicts capillary refill time response to volume expansion. Crit Care. 2019; 23:281
Huang H, Wu C, Shen Q, et al.: Value of variation of end-tidal carbon dioxide for predicting fluid responsiveness during the passive leg raising test in patients with mechanical ventilation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2022; 26:20
Wang X, Liu S, Gao J, et al.: Does tidal volume challenge improve the feasibility of pulse pressure variation in patients mechanically ventilated at low tidal volumes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2023; 27:45
Cannesson M, Le Manach Y, Hofer CK, et al.: Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of pulse pressure variations for the prediction of fluid responsiveness: A “gray zone” approach. Anesthesiology. 2011; 115:231–241
Bednarczyk JM, Fridfinnson JA, Kumar A, et al.: Incorporating dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness into goal-directed therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2017; 45:1538–1545
Richard JC, Bayle F, Bourdin G, et al.: Preload dependence indices to titrate volume expansion during septic shock: A randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2015; 19:5
Kattan E, Hernández G, Ospina-Tascón G, et al.; ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Study Investigators and the Latin America Intensive Care Network (LIVEN): A lactate-targeted resuscitation strategy may be associated with higher mortality in patients with septic shock and normal capillary refill time: A post hoc analysis of the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK study. Ann Intensive Care. 2020; 10:114
De Backer D, Cecconi M, Lipman J, et al.: Challenges in the management of septic shock: A narrative review. Intensive Care Med. 2019; 45:420–433
Ospina-Tascon GA, Bautista-Rincon DF, Umana M, et al.: Persistently high venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide differences during early resuscitation are associated with poor outcomes in septic shock. Crit Care. 2013; 17:R294
De Backer D, Creteur J, Preiser JC, et al.: Microvascular blood flow is altered in patients with sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002; 166:98–104
Ospina-Tascon G, Neves AP, Occhipinti G, et al.: Effects of fluids on microvascular perfusion in patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2010; 36:949–955
Ospina-Tascon GA, Umana M, Bermudez WF, et al.: Can venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide differences reflect microcirculatory alterations in patients with septic shock? Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42:211–221
Linden K, Ladage D, Dewald O, et al.: Comparison of stroke volumes assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography and transpulmonary thermodilution in a pediatric animal model. J Clin Monit Comput. 2017; 31:353–360
Cecconi M, Hofer C, Teboul JL, et al.: Fluid challenges in intensive care: The FENICE study: A global inception cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2015; 41:1529–1537
Hernandez G, Pedreros C, Veas E, et al.: Evolution of peripheral vs metabolic perfusion parameters during septic shock resuscitation. A clinical-physiologic study. J Crit Care. 2011; 27:283–288
Bakker J, De Backer D, Hernandez G: Lactate-guided resuscitation saves lives: We are not sure. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42:472–474
Duranteau J, De Backer D, Donadello K, et al.: The future of intensive care: The study of the microcirculation will help to guide our therapies. Crit Care. 2023; 27:190
Bruno RR, Wollborn J, Fengler K, et al.: Direct assessment of microcirculation in shock: A randomized-controlled multicenter study. Intensive Care Med. 2023; 49:645–655
Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al.; SMART Investigators and the Pragmatic Critical Care Research Group: Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378:829–839
Bledsoe J, Peltan ID, Bunnell RJ, et al.: Order substitutions and education for balanced crystalloid solution use in an integrated health care system and association with major adverse kidney events. JAMA Netw Open. 2022; 5:e2210046
Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, et al.: Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA. 2012; 308:1566–1572
Zampieri FG, Machado FR, Biondi RS, et al.; BaSICS investigators and the BRICNet members: Effect of intravenous fluid treatment with a balanced solution vs 09% saline solution on mortality in critically ill patients: The BaSICS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021; 326:1–12
Finfer S, Micallef S, Hammond N, et al.; PLUS Study Investigators and the Australian New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group: Balanced multielectrolyte solution versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2022; 386:815–826
Zampieri FG, Machado FR, Biondi RS, et al.: Association between type of fluid received prior to enrollment, type of admission, and effect of balanced crystalloid in critically ill adults: A secondary exploratory analysis of the BaSICS clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022; 205:1419–1428
Jackson KE, Wang L, Casey JD, et al.; SMART Investigators and the Pragmatic Critical Care Research Group: Effect of early balanced crystalloids before ICU admission on sepsis outcomes. Chest. 2021; 159:585–595
Hammond NE, Zampieri FG, Garside T, et al.: Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis. NEJM Evid. 2022; 1:1–12
Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Evans DJ, et al.: Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 8:CD000567
Vincent JL, De Backer D, Wiedermann CJ: Fluid management in sepsis: The potential beneficial effects of albumin. J Crit Care. 2016; 35:161–167
Caironi P, Tognoni G, Masson S, et al.; ALBIOS Study Investigators: Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370:1412–1421
Vincent JL, De Backer D: Saline versus balanced solutions: Are clinical trials comparing two crystalloid solutions really needed? Crit Care. 2016; 20:250
Connor MJ Jr, Coopersmith CM: Does crystalloid composition or rate of fluid administration make a difference when resuscitating patients in the ICU? JAMA. 2021; 326:813
Van Regenmortel N, Verbrugghe W, Roelant E, et al.: Maintenance fluid therapy and fluid creep impose more significant fluid, sodium, and chloride burdens than resuscitation fluids in critically ill patients: A retrospective study in a tertiary mixed ICU population. Intensive Care Med. 2018; 44:409–417
Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, et al.; SAFE Study Investigators: A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350:2247–2256
Bakker J, Kattan E, Annane D, et al.: Current practice and evolving concepts in septic shock resuscitation. Intensive Care Med. 2022; 48:148–163
Maheshwari K, Nathanson BH, Munson SH, et al.: The relationship between ICU hypotension and in-hospital mortality and morbidity in septic patients. Intensive Care Med. 2018; 44:857–867
Vincent JL, Nielsen ND, Shapiro NI, et al.: Mean arterial pressure and mortality in patients with distributive shock: A retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-III database. Ann Intensive Care. 2018; 8:107
Khanna AK, Kinoshita T, Natarajan A, et al.: Association of systolic, diastolic, mean, and pulse pressure with morbidity and mortality in septic ICU patients: A nationwide observational study. Ann Intensive Care. 2023; 13:9
Lavillegrand JR, Dumas G, Bige N, et al.: Should we treat mild hypotension in septic patients in the absence of peripheral tissue hypoperfusion? Intensive Care Med. 2018; 44:1593–1594
Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF, et al.; SEPSISPAM Investigators: High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370:1583–1593
Gershengorn HB, Stelfox HT, Niven DJ, et al.: Association of premorbid blood pressure with vasopressor infusion duration in patients with shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 202:91–99
Lamontagne F, Richards-Belle A, Thomas K, et al.; 65 trial investigators: Effect of reduced exposure to vasopressors on 90-day mortality in older critically ill patients with vasodilatory hypotension: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020; 323:938–949
Wong BT, Chan MJ, Glassford NJ, et al.: Mean arterial pressure and mean perfusion pressure deficit in septic acute kidney injury. J Crit Care. 2015; 30:975–981
Panwar R, Van Haren F, Cazzola F, et al.: Standard care versus individualized blood pressure targets among critically ill patients with shock: A multicenter feasibility and preliminary efficacy study. J Crit Care. 2022; 70:154052
De Backer D, Ricottilli F, Ospina-Tascón GA: Septic shock: A microcirculation disease. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2021; 34:85–91
Rowan KM, Angus DC, Bailey M, et al.; PRISM Investigators: Early, goal-directed therapy for septic shock—a patient-level meta-analysis. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376:2223–2234
De Backer D, Vincent JL: Early goal-directed therapy: Do we have a definitive answer? Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42:1048–1050
Vincent JL, Bakker J: Blood lactate levels in sepsis: In 8 questions. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2021; 27:298–302
Levy B, Gibot S, Franck P, et al.: Relation between muscle Na+K+ ATPase activity and raised lactate concentrations in septic shock: A prospective study. Lancet. 2005; 365:871–875
Rimachi R, Bruzzi C, Orellano-Jimenez C, et al.: Lactate/pyruvate ratio as a marker of tissue hypoxia in circulatory and septic shock. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2012; 40:427–432
Zampieri FG, Damiani LP, Bakker J, et al.: Effect of a resuscitation strategy targeting peripheral perfusion status vs serum lactate levels on 28-day mortality among patients with septic shock: A Bayesian reanalysis of the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 201:423–429
De Backer D, Vieillard-Baron A: Clinical examination: A trigger but not a substitute for hemodynamic evaluation. Intensive Care Med. 2019; 45:269–271
Bauer SR, Gellatly RM, Erstad BL: Precision fluid and vasoactive drug therapy for critically ill patients. Pharmacotherapy. 2023 Jan 6. [online ahead of print]
Bauer SR, Sacha GL, Siuba MT, et al.: Vasopressin response and clinical trajectory in septic shock patients. J Intensive Care Med. 2023; 38:273–279
Nakamura K, Nakano H, Ikechi D, et al.: The Vasopressin Loading for Refractory septic shock (VALOR) study: A prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2023; 27:294
Vincent JL, De Backer D: Circulatory shock. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369:1726–1734
Scheeren TWL, Bakker J, De Backer D, et al.: Current use of vasopressors in septic shock. Ann Intensive Care. 2019; 9:20
Ospina-Tascón GA, Teboul JL, Hernandez G, et al.: Diastolic shock index and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock. Ann Intensive Care. 2020; 10:41
Bai X, Yu W, Ji W, et al.: Early versus delayed administration of norepinephrine in patients with septic shock. Crit Care. 2014; 18:532
Sennoun N, Montemont C, Gibot S, et al.: Comparative effects of early versus delayed use of norepinephrine in resuscitated endotoxic shock. Crit Care Med. 2007; 35:1736–1740
Ospina-Tascón GA, Aldana JL, García Marín AF, et al.: Immediate norepinephrine in endotoxic shock: Effects on regional and microcirculatory flow. Crit Care Med. 2023; 51:e157–e168
Permpikul C, Tongyoo S, Viarasilpa T, et al.: Early use of norepinephrine in septic shock resuscitation (CENSER): A randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 199:1097–1105
Monge García MI, Gil Cano A, Gracia Romero M: Dynamic arterial elastance to predict arterial pressure response to volume loading in preload-dependent patients. Crit Care. 2011; 15:R15
Delaney A, Finnis M, Bellomo R, et al.: Initiation of vasopressor infusions via peripheral versus central access in patients with early septic shock: A retrospective cohort study. Emerg Med Australas. 2020; 32:210–219
Ricard JD, Salomon L, Boyer A, et al.: Central or peripheral catheters for initial venous access of ICU patients: A randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2013; 41:2108–2115
Tian DH, Smyth C, Keijzers G, et al.: Safety of peripheral administration of vasopressor medications: A systematic review. Emerg Med Australas. 2020; 32:220–227
Loubani OM, Green RS: A systematic review of extravasation and local tissue injury from administration of vasopressors through peripheral intravenous catheters and central venous catheters. J Crit Care. 2015; 30:653.e9–653.e17
Yerke JR, Mireles-Cabodevila E, Chen AY, et al.: Peripheral administration of norepinephrine: A prospective observational study. Chest. 2023 Aug 21. [online ahead of print]
Powell SM, Faust AC, George S, et al.: Effect of peripherally infused norepinephrine on reducing central venous catheter utilization. J Infus Nurs. 2023; 46:210–216
Levy B, Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, et al.: Comparison of norepinephrine and dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and gastric tonometric variables in septic shock: A prospective, randomized study. Intensive Care Med. 1997; 23:282–287
Ducrocq N, Kimmoun A, Furmaniuk A, et al.: Comparison of equipressor doses of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and phenylephrine on septic myocardial dysfunction. Anesthesiology. 2012; 116:1083–1091
Myburgh JA, Higgins A, Jovanovska A, et al.: A comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008; 34:2226–2234
Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A, et al.; CATS Study Group: Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: A randomised trial. Lancet. 2007; 370:676–684
Banothu KK, Sankar J, Kumar UV, et al.: A randomized controlled trial of norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine as first-line vasoactive agents in children with fluid refractory cold septic shock. Crit Care Explor. 2023; 5:e0815
Wilkman E, Kaukonen KM, Pettilä V, et al.: Association between inotrope treatment and 90-day mortality in patients with septic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2013; 57:431–442
Sato R, Ariyoshi N, Hasegawa D, et al.: Effects of inotropes on the mortality in patients with septic shock. J Intensive Care Med. 2021; 36:211–219
Levy B, Clere-Jehl R, Legras A, et al.; Collaborators: Epinephrine versus norepinephrine for cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 72:173–182
Russell JA, Lee T, Singer J, et al.: Days alive and free as an alternative to a mortality outcome in pivotal vasopressor and septic shock trials. J Crit Care. 2018; 47:333–337
Sharshar T, Blanchard A, Paillard M, et al.: Circulating vasopressin levels in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31:1752–1758
Jochberger S, Mayr VD, Luckner G, et al.: Serum vasopressin concentrations in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2006; 34:293–299
Jeon K, Song JU, Chung CR, et al.: Incidence of hypotension according to the discontinuation order of vasopressors in the management of septic shock: A prospective randomized trial (DOVSS). Crit Care. 2018; 22:131
Hammond DA, Sacha GL, Bissell BD, et al.: Effects of norepinephrine and vasopressin discontinuation order in the recovery phase of septic shock: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2019; 39:544–552
Taylor A, Jones T, Forehand CC, et al.: Vasopressor discontinuation order in septic shock with reduced left ventricular function. J Pharm Pract. 2022; 35:879–885
Gomes DA, de Almeida Beltrão RL, de Oliveira Junior FM, et al.: Vasopressin and copeptin release during sepsis and septic shock. Peptides. 2021; 136:170437
Jochberger S, Luckner G, Mayr VD, et al.: Course of vasopressin and copeptin plasma concentrations in a patient with severe septic shock. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2006; 34:498–500
Olivier PY, Moal V, Saulnier P, et al.: Renin aldosterone vasopressin and copeptin kinetics in patients with septic shock, a post-hoc Hyper2S randomized trial analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46:808–810
Kloter M, Gregoriano C, Haag E, et al.: Risk assessment of sepsis through measurement of proAVP (copeptin): A secondary analysis of the TRIAGE study. Endocr Connect. 2021; 10:995–1005
Murata J, Buckley M, Lehn J, et al.: Incidence of hypotension associated with two different vasopressin discontinuation strategies in the recovery phase of septic shock. J Pharm Pract. 2023; 36:830–838
Lam SW, Sacha GL, Duggal A, et al.: Abrupt discontinuation versus down-titration of vasopressin in patients recovering from septic shock. Shock. 2021; 55:210–214
Shah FA, Meyer NJ, Angus DC, et al.: A research agenda for precision medicine in sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome: An official American Thoracic Society Research Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021; 204:891–901
De Backer D, Cecconi M, Chew MS, et al.: A plea for personalization of the hemodynamic management of septic shock. Crit Care. 2022; 26:372
Almansa R, Wain J, Tamayo E, et al.: Immunological monitoring to prevent and treat sepsis. Crit Care. 2013; 17:109
Tracey KJ: Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) in the biology of septic shock syndrome. Circ Shock. 1991; 35:123–128
Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D: Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: From cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013; 13:862–874
Pachot A, Monneret G, Voirin N, et al.: Longitudinal study of cytokine and immune transcription factor mRNA expression in septic shock. Clin Immunol. 2005; 114:61–69
Hotchkiss RS, Colston E, Yende S, et al.: Immune checkpoint inhibition in sepsis: A phase 1b randomized study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of nivolumab. Intensive Care Med. 2019; 45:1360–1371
Schrijver DP, Röring RJ, Deckers J, et al.: Resolving sepsis-induced immunoparalysis via trained immunity by targeting interleukin-4 to myeloid cells. Nat Biomed Eng. 2023; 7:1097–1112
Gordon AC, Perkins GD, Singer M, et al.: Levosimendan for the prevention of acute organ dysfunction in sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375:1638–1648
Geri G, Vignon P, Aubry A, et al.: Cardiovascular clusters in septic shock combining clinical and echocardiographic parameters: A post hoc analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2019; 45:657–667
Chotalia M, Ali M, Alderman JE, et al.: Cardiovascular subphenotypes in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2023; 51:460–470
Bhavani SV, Semler M, Qian ET, et al.: Development and validation of novel sepsis subphenotypes using trajectories of vital signs. Intensive Care Med. 2022; 48:1582–1592
Wong HR, Cvijanovich NZ, Anas N, et al.: Developing a clinically feasible personalized medicine approach to pediatric septic shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015; 191:309–315
Davenport EE, Burnham KL, Radhakrishnan J, et al.: Genomic landscape of the individual host response and outcomes in sepsis: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2016; 4:259–271
Scicluna BP, van Vught LA, Zwinderman AH, et al.; MARS consortium: Classification of patients with sepsis according to blood genomic endotype: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2017; 5:816–826
Seymour CW, Kennedy JN, Wang S, et al.: Derivation, validation, and potential treatment implications of novel clinical phenotypes for sepsis. JAMA. 2019; 321:2003–2017
Bhavani SV, Carey KA, Gilbert ER, et al.: Identifying novel sepsis subphenotypes using temperature trajectories. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 200:327–335
Bhavani SV, Wolfe KS, Hrusch CL, et al.: Temperature trajectory subphenotypes correlate with immune responses in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2020; 48:1645–1653
Baghela A, Pena OM, Lee AH, et al.: Predicting sepsis severity at first clinical presentation: The role of endotypes and mechanistic signatures. EBioMedicine. 2022; 75:103776
Cereuil A, Ronflé R, Culver A, et al.: Septic shock: Phenotypes and outcomes. Adv Ther. 2022; 39:5058–5071
Wiersema R, Jukarainen S, Vaara ST, et al.: Two subphenotypes of septic acute kidney injury are associated with different 90-day mortality and renal recovery. Crit Care. 2020; 24:150
Bhatraju PK, Zelnick LR, Herting J, et al.: Identification of acute kidney injury subphenotypes with differing molecular signatures and responses to vasopressin therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 199:863–872
Yamaga S, Kawabata A, Hosokawa K, et al.: Hypothermia, poorly recognized by clinicians, is associated with higher mortality among critically ill patients with infections: A retrospective observational study. J Infect Chemother. 2021; 27:540–543
Bernard GR, Francois B, Mira JP, et al.: Evaluating the efficacy and safety of two doses of the polyclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor-α fragment antibody AZD9773 in adult patients with severe sepsis and/or septic shock: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study*. Crit Care Med. 2014; 42:504–511
Vincent JL, Laterre PF, Cohen J, et al.: A pilot-controlled study of a polymyxin B-immobilized hemoperfusion cartridge in patients with severe sepsis secondary to intra-abdominal infection. Shock. 2005; 23:400–405
van Amstel RBE, Kennedy JN, Scicluna BP, et al.; MARS Consortium: Uncovering heterogeneity in sepsis: A comparative analysis of subphenotypes. Intensive Care Med. 2023; 49:1360–1369
Kattan E, Bakker J, Estenssoro E, et al.: Hemodynamic phenotype-based, capillary refill time-targeted resuscitation in early septic shock: The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK-2 randomized clinical trial study protocol. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2022; 34:96–106
Antcliffe DB, Burnham KL, Al-Beidh F, et al.: Transcriptomic signatures in sepsis and a differential response to steroids from the VANISH randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 199:980–986
Komorowski M, Green A, Tatham KC, et al.: Sepsis biomarkers and diagnostic tools with a focus on machine learning. EBioMedicine. 2022; 86:104394
Kashani KB, Awdishu L, Bagshaw SM, et al.: Digital health and acute kidney injury: Consensus report of the 27th Acute Disease Quality Initiative workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2023 Aug 14. [online ahead of print]
Osuchowski MF, Ayala A, Bahrami S, et al.: Minimum quality threshold in pre-clinical sepsis studies (MQTiPSS): An international expert consensus initiative for improvement of animal modeling in sepsis. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2018; 6:26
Stortz JA, Raymond SL, Mira JC, et al.: Murine models of sepsis and trauma: Can we bridge the gap? ILAR J. 2017; 58:90–105
Sharma N, Chwastek D, Dwivedi DJ, et al.; National Preclinical Sepsis Platform, Sepsis Canada: Development and characterization of a fecal-induced peritonitis model of murine sepsis: Results from a multi-laboratory study and iterative modification of experimental conditions. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2023; 11:45
Mikkelsen ME, Still M, Anderson BJ, et al.: Society of Critical Care Medicine’s international consensus conference on prediction and identification of long-term impairments after critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2020; 48:1670–1679
Xi S, Wang Y, Wu C, et al.: Intestinal epithelial cell exosome launches IL-1β-mediated neuron injury in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021; 11:783049
Fiorentino M, Xu Z, Smith A, et al.; ProCESS and ProGReSS-AKI Investigators: Serial measurement of cell-cycle arrest biomarkers [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] and risk for progression to death, dialysis, or severe acute kidney injury in patients with septic shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 202:1262–1270
Barbosa da Cruz D, Helms J, Aquino LR, et al.: DNA-bound elastase of neutrophil extracellular traps degrades plasminogen, reduces plasmin formation, and decreases fibrinolysis: Proof of concept in septic shock plasma. FASEB J. 2019; 33:14270–14280
Joffre J, Hellman J, Ince C, et al.: Endothelial responses in sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 202:361–370
Lehner KR, Silverman HA, Addorisio ME, et al.: Forebrain cholinergic signaling regulates innate immune responses and inflammation. Front Immunol. 2019; 10:585
Miniet AA, Grunwell JR, Coopersmith CM: The microbiome and the immune system in critical illness. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2021; 27:157–163
Sun Y, Ding X, Cui Y, et al.: Positive effects of neutrophil elastase inhibitor (Sivelestat) on gut microbiome and metabolite profiles of septic rats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022; 12:818391
Fang H, Fang M, Wang Y, et al.: Indole-3-propionic acid as a potential therapeutic agent for sepsis-induced gut microbiota disturbance. Microbiol Spectr. 2022; 10:e0012522
Liang H, Song H, Zhang X, et al.: Metformin attenuated sepsis-related liver injury by modulating gut microbiota. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022; 11:815–828
Fang H, Wang Y, Deng J, et al.: Sepsis-induced gut dysbiosis mediates the susceptibility to sepsis-associated encephalopathy in mice. mSystems. 2022; 7:e0139921
Murai T, Matsuda S: Therapeutic implications of probiotics in the gut microbe-modulated neuroinflammation and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Life (Basel). 2023; 13:1466
Rong L, Ch’ng D, Jia P, et al.: Use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023; 38:1682–1694
Wu R, Xiong R, Li Y, et al.: Gut microbiome, metabolome, host immunity associated with inflammatory bowel disease and intervention of fecal microbiota transplantation. J Autoimmun. 2023:103062
Xin Y, Huang C, Zheng M, et al.: Fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: What we learnt from the explorative clinical trial. J Autoimmun. 2023:103058
Imdad A, Pandit NG, Zaman M, et al.: Fecal transplantation for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023; 4:CD012774
Li S, Guo H, Xu X, et al.: Therapeutic methods for gut microbiota modification in lipopolysaccharide-associated encephalopathy. Shock. 2021; 56:824–831
Chen Y, Zhang F, Ye X, et al.: Association between gut dysbiosis and sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction in patients with sepsis or septic shock. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022; 12:857035
Jagadeesh T, Choudhury S, Gari M, et al.: Sepsis modulates aortic AT1 and P(2)Y(6) receptors to produce vascular hyporeactivity in mice. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2023; 43:37–49
Niu H, Li F, Ma H, et al.: Does tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter -308 A/G polymorphism has any role in the susceptibility to sepsis and sepsis risk? A meta-analysis. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2022; 31:557–565
Nakada TA, Russell JA, Boyd JH, et al.: beta2-Adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism is associated with mortality in septic shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010; 181:143–149
Lambden S, Tomlinson J, Piper S, et al.: Evidence for a protective role for the rs805305 single nucleotide polymorphism of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 2 (DDAH2) in septic shock through the regulation of DDAH activity. Crit Care. 2018; 22:336
Hernandez-Beeftink T, Guillen-Guio B, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, et al.; Genetics of Sepsis (GEN-SEP) Network: A genome-wide association study of survival in patients with sepsis. Crit Care. 2022; 26:341
Sljivancanin Jakovljevic T, Martic J, Jacimovic J, et al.: Association between innate immunity gene polymorphisms and neonatal sepsis development: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Pediatr. 2022; 18:654–670
Harkless R, Singh K, Christman J, et al.: Microvesicle-mediated transfer of DNA methyltransferase proteins results in recipient cell immunosuppression. J Surg Res. 2023; 283:368–376
Wu D, Shi Y, Zhang H, et al.: Epigenetic mechanisms of immune remodeling in sepsis: Targeting histone modification. Cell Death Dis. 2023; 14:112
Córneo E, Michels M, Abatti M, et al.: Enriched environment causes epigenetic changes in hippocampus and improves long-term cognitive function in sepsis. Sci Rep. 2022; 12:11529
Wisler JR, Singh K, McCarty A, et al.: Exosomal transfer of DNA methyl-transferase mRNA induces an immunosuppressive phenotype in human monocytes. Shock. 2022; 57:218–227
Zhang B, Moorlag SJ, Dominguez-Andres J, et al.: Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals induction of distinct trained-immunity programs in human monocytes. J Clin Invest. 2022; 132:e147719
Jentho E, Ruiz-Moreno C, Novakovic B, et al.: Trained innate immunity, long-lasting epigenetic modulation, and skewed myelopoiesis by heme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021; 118:e2102698118
Chen J, Tang J, Nie M, et al.: WNT9A affects late-onset acute respiratory distress syndrome and 28-day survival: Evidence from a three-step multiomics study. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2023; 69:220–229
Puskarich MA, Jennaro TS, Gillies CE, et al.; RACE Investigators: Pharmacometabolomics identifies candidate predictor metabolites of an L-carnitine treatment mortality benefit in septic shock. Clin Transl Sci. 2021; 14:2288–2299
Balch JA, Chen UI, Liesenfeld O, et al.: Defining critical illness using immunological endotypes in patients with and without sepsis: A cohort study. Crit Care. 2023; 27:292
Bodinier M, Monneret G, Casimir M, et al.: Identification of a sub-group of critically ill patients with high risk of intensive care unit-acquired infections and poor clinical course using a transcriptomic score. Crit Care. 2023; 27:158
Binnie A, Tsang JLY, Hu P, et al.: Epigenetics of sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2020; 48:745–756
Falcão-Holanda RB, Leite GGF, Brunialti MKC, et al.: Altered levels of H3K9AC, H3K4ME3, and H3K27ME3 in promoters of differentially expressed genes related to innate immune response in septic patients with different clinical outcomes. Shock. 2023; 59:882–891
Kwok AJ, Allcock A, Ferreira RC, et al.; Emergency Medicine Research Oxford (EMROx): Neutrophils and emergency granulopoiesis drive immune suppression and an extreme response endotype during sepsis. Nat Immunol. 2023; 24:767–779
De Backer D, Dorman T: Surviving sepsis guidelines: A continuous move toward better care of patients with sepsis. JAMA. 2017; 317:807
Dellinger RP, Rhodes A, Evans L, et al.: Surviving sepsis campaign. Crit Care Med. 2023; 51:431–444
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al.: Executive summary: Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for the management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021; 49:1974–1982