Thermoregulation for very preterm infants in the delivery room: a narrative review.
Journal
Pediatric research
ISSN: 1530-0447
Titre abrégé: Pediatr Res
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0100714
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
22 Jan 2024
22 Jan 2024
Historique:
received:
08
05
2023
accepted:
02
11
2023
revised:
28
10
2023
medline:
23
1
2024
pubmed:
23
1
2024
entrez:
22
1
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Abnormal temperature in preterm infants is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Infants born prematurely are at risk of abnormal temperature immediately after birth in the delivery room (DR). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the temperature of newly born infants is maintained between 36.5-37.5
Identifiants
pubmed: 38253875
doi: 10.1038/s41390-023-02902-w
pii: 10.1038/s41390-023-02902-w
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Costeloe, K. et al. The EPICure study: outcomes to discharge from hospital for infants born at the threshold of viability. Pediatrics 106, 659–671 (2000).
pubmed: 11015506
doi: 10.1542/peds.106.4.659
de Almeida, M. F. et al. Hypothermia and early neonatal mortality in preterm infants. J. Pediatr. 164, 271–275.e271 (2014).
pubmed: 24210925
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.09.049
Laptook, A. R. et al. Admission temperature and associated mortality and morbidity among moderately and extremely preterm infants. J. Pediatr. 192, 53–59.e52 (2018).
pubmed: 29246358
pmcid: 5808888
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.09.021
Laptook, A. R., Salhab, W. & Bhaskar, B. Admission temperature of low birth weight infants: predictors and associated morbidities. Pediatrics 119, e643–e649 (2007).
pubmed: 17296783
doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-0943
Lunze, K., Bloom, D. E., Jamison, D. T. & Hamer, D. H. The global burden of neonatal hypothermia: systematic review of a major challenge for newborn survival. BMC Med. 11, 24 (2013).
pubmed: 23369256
pmcid: 3606398
doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-24
Lyu, Y. et al. Association between admission temperature and mortality and major morbidity in preterm infants born at fewer than 33 weeks’ gestation. JAMA Pediatr. 169, e150277 (2015).
pubmed: 25844990
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0277
Medlock, S., Ravelli, A. C., Tamminga, P., Mol, B. W. & Abu-Hanna, A. Prediction of mortality in very premature infants: a systematic review of prediction models. PloS One 6, e23441 (2011).
pubmed: 21931598
pmcid: 3169543
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023441
Miller, S. S., Lee, H. C. & Gould, J. B. Hypothermia in very low birth weight infants: distribution, risk factors and outcomes. J. Perinatol. 31, S49–S56 (2011).
pubmed: 21448204
doi: 10.1038/jp.2010.177
Mullany, L. C. et al. Risk of mortality associated with neonatal hypothermia in southern Nepal. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med 164, 650–656 (2010).
pubmed: 20603466
doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.103
Wilson, E. et al. Admission hypothermia in very preterm infants and neonatal mortality and morbidity. J. Pediatr. 175, 61–67. e64 (2016).
pubmed: 27189680
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.04.016
Cavallin, F. et al. Non-linear association between admission temperature and neonatal mortality in a low-resource setting. Sci. Rep. 10, 20800–20800 (2020).
pubmed: 33247153
pmcid: 7695844
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77778-5
de Siqueira Caldas, J. P. et al. Admission hypothermia, neonatal morbidity, and mortality: evaluation of a multicenter cohort of very low birth weight preterm infants according to relative performance of the center. Eur. J. Pediatr. 178, 1023–1032 (2019).
pubmed: 31056716
doi: 10.1007/s00431-019-03386-9
Demtse, A. G. et al. Hypothermia in preterm newborns: impact on survival. Glob. Pediatr. Health 7, 2333794X20957655 (2020).
pubmed: 32974416
pmcid: 7493265
Chang, H.-Y. et al. Short- and long-term outcomes in very low birth weight infants with admission hypothermia. PloS One 10, e0131976–e0131976 (2015).
pubmed: 26193370
pmcid: 4507863
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131976
Phoya, F., Langton, J., Dube, Q. & Iroh Tam, P.-Y. Association of neonatal hypothermia with morbidity and mortality in a tertiary hospital in Malawi. J. Trop. Pediatr. 66, 470–478 (2020).
pubmed: 32176776
pmcid: 7532991
doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmz086
Lee, N. H., Nam, S. K., Lee, J. & Jun, Y. H. Clinical impact of admission hypothermia in very low birth weight infants: results from Korean neonatal network. Korean. J. Pediatr. 62, 386 (2019).
Perlman, J. M. et al. Part 7: Neonatal resuscitation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations (reprint). Pediatrics 136, S120–S166 (2015).
pubmed: 26471381
doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-3373D
World Health Organisation. Thermal Protection of the Newborn: a Practical Guide. (World Health Organization, 1997).
WHO immediate KMC study group. Immediate “Kangaroo Mother Care” and survival of infants with low birth weight. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 2028–2038 (2021).
Linnér, A. et al. Immediate skin‐to‐skin contact is feasible for very preterm infants but thermal control remains a challenge. Acta Paediatr. 109, 697–704 (2020).
pubmed: 31618466
doi: 10.1111/apa.15062
Linnér, A. et al. Immediate skin‐to‐skin contact may have beneficial effects on the cardiorespiratory stabilisation in very preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 111, 1507–1514 (2022).
pubmed: 35466432
doi: 10.1111/apa.16371
Conde‐Agudelo, A., Belizán, J. M. & Diaz‐Rossello, J. Cochrane Review: Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants. Evid.Based Child Health Cochrane Rev. J. 7, 760–876 (2012).
doi: 10.1002/ebch.1837
Lode-Kolz, K. et al. Immediate skin-to-skin contact after birth ensures stable thermoregulation in very preterm infants in high-resource settings. Acta Paediatr. 112, 934–941 (2023).
Grether, J. K. & Nelson, K. B. Maternal infection and cerebral palsy in infants of normal birth weight. JAMA 278, 207–211 (1997).
pubmed: 9218666
doi: 10.1001/jama.1997.03550030047032
Grether, J. K., Nelson, K. B., Emery, E. S. & Cummins, S. K. Prenatal and perinatal factors and cerebral palsy in very low birth weight infants. J. Pediatr. 128, 407–414 (1996).
pubmed: 8774515
doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70292-5
Baumgart, S. Iatrogenic hyperthermia and hypothermia in the neonate. Clin. Perinatol. 35, 183–197 (2008).
pubmed: 18280882
doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2007.11.002
Amadi, H. O. et al. Neonatal hyperthermia and thermal stress in low- and middle-income countries: a hidden cause of death in extremely low-birthweight neonates. Paediatr. Int. Child Health 35, 273–281 (2015).
pubmed: 25936414
doi: 10.1179/2046905515Y.0000000030
Wyckoff, M. H. et al. Neonatal life support: 2020 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation 142, S185–S221 (2020).
pubmed: 33084392
doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000895
Baker, J. P. The incubator and the medical discovery of the premature infant. J. Perinatol. 20, 321–328 (2000).
pubmed: 10920793
doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7200377
Budin, P. The Nursling; the Feeding and Hygiene of Premature and Full-Term Infants, (Caxton, 1907).
Silverman, W. A. Dunham’s premature infants. Acad. Med. 36, 843 (1961).
Silverman, W. A. & Blanc, W. A. The effect of humidity on survival of newly born premature infants. Pediatrics 20, 477–487 (1957).
pubmed: 13465237
doi: 10.1542/peds.20.3.477
Silverman, W. A., Fertig, J. W. & Berger, A. P. The influence of the thermal environment upon the survival of newly born premature infants. Pediatrics 22, 876–886 (1958).
pubmed: 13600915
doi: 10.1542/peds.22.5.876
Silverman, W. A. & Sinclair, J. C. Temperature regulation in the newborn infant. N. Engl. J. Med. 274, 146–148 (1966).
pubmed: 5322926
doi: 10.1056/NEJM196601202740306
SILVERMAN, W. A., SINCLAIR, J. C. & Agate, F. The oxygen cost of minor changes in heat balance of small newborn infants. Acta Pædiatr. 55, 294–300 (1966).
doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1966.tb17657.x
Jolly, H., Molyneux, P. & Newell, D. A controlled study of the effect of temperature on premature babies. J. Pediatr. 60, 889–894 (1962).
pubmed: 14452190
doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(62)80174-7
Buetow, K. C. & Klein, S. W. Effect of maintenance of” normal” skin temperature on survival of infants of low birth weight. Pediatrics 34, 163–170 (1964).
pubmed: 14211076
doi: 10.1542/peds.34.2.163
Day, R., Curtis, J. & Kelly, M. Respiratory metabolism in infancy and in childhood: XXVII. Regulation of body temperature of premature infants. Am. J. Dis. Child. (1911) 65, 376–398 (1943).
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1943.02010150024003
Baum, J. & Scopes, J. The silver swaddler: device for preventing hypothermia in the newborn. Lancet 291, 672–673 (1968).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(68)92105-3
Besch, N. J., Perlstein, P. H., Edwards, N. K., Keenan, W. J. & Sutherland, J. M. The transparent baby bag: a shield against heat loss. N. Engl. J. Med. 284, 121–124 (1971).
pubmed: 5538679
doi: 10.1056/NEJM197101212840302
Baumgart, S. Radiant energy and insensible water loss in the premature newborn infant nursed under a radiant warmer. Clin. Perinatol. 9, 483–503 (1982).
pubmed: 6761034
doi: 10.1016/S0095-5108(18)31009-1
Vohra, S., Frent, G., Campbell, V., Abbott, M. & Whyte, R. Effect of polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping on heat loss in very low birth weight infants at delivery: a randomized trial. J. Pediatr. 134, 547–551 (1999).
pubmed: 10228287
doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70238-6
Abiramalatha, T. et al. Delivery room interventions for hypothermia in preterm neonates: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 175, e210775–e210775 (2021).
pubmed: 34028513
pmcid: 8145154
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0775
McCall, E. M., Alderdice, F., Halliday, H. L., Vohra, S. & Johnston, L. Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2, CD004210 (2018).
pubmed: 29431872
Ramaswamy, V. et al. Maintaining normothermia immediately after birth in preterm infants< 34 weeks’ gestation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation, 191, 109934 (2023).
Chawla, S., Amaram, A., Gopal, S. P. & Natarajan, G. Safety and efficacy of trans-warmer mattress for preterm neonates: results of a randomized controlled trial. J. Perinatol. 31, 780–784 (2011).
pubmed: 21527905
doi: 10.1038/jp.2011.33
Trevisanuto, D., Testoni, D. & de Almeida, M. F. B. Maintaining normothermia: why and how? Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 23, 333–339 (2018).
pubmed: 29599071
doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2018.03.009
Reilly, M. C. R. R. T. et al. Randomized trial of occlusive wrap for heat loss prevention in preterm infants. J. Pediatr. 166, 262–268.e262 (2015).
pubmed: 25449224
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.068
Mohamed, S. O. O. et al. Outcomes of neonatal hypothermia among very low birth weight infants: a meta-analysis. Matern. Health Neonatol. Perinatol. 7, 1–14 (2021).
doi: 10.1186/s40748-021-00134-6
Perlman, J. M. Hyperthermia in the delivery: potential impact on neonatal mortality and morbidity. Clin. Perinatol. 33, 55–63 (2006).
pubmed: 16533633
doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2005.11.002
Brophy, H., Tan, G. M. & Yoxall, C. W. Very low birth weight outcomes and admission temperature: does hyperthermia matter? Children 9, 1706 (2022).
pubmed: 36360434
pmcid: 9688442
doi: 10.3390/children9111706
Petrova, A. et al. Association of maternal fever during labor with neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality. Obstet. Gynecol. 98, 20–27 (2001).
pubmed: 11430951
doi: 10.1097/00006250-200112000-00041
Adamson, S. K. Jr & Towell, M. E. Thermal homeostasis in the fetus and newborn. Anesthesiology 26, 531–548 (1965).
pubmed: 14313463
doi: 10.1097/00000542-196507000-00017
Wood, C. & Beard, R. W. Temperature of the human foetus. BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 71, 768–769 (1964).
doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1964.tb04355.x
Evans, N. & Rutter, N. Development of the epidermis in the newborn. Neonatology 49, 74–80 (1986).
doi: 10.1159/000242513
Hammarlund, K. & Sedin, G. Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. III. Relation to gestational age. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 68, 795–801 (1979).
pubmed: 539401
doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1979.tb08214.x
Karlsson, H., Oleåird, R. & Nilsson, K. Regional skin temperature, heat flow and conductance in preterm neonates nursed in low and in neutral environmental temperature. Acta Pædiatr. 85, 81–88 (1996).
pubmed: 8834985
doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb13895.x
Knobel, R. B. Fetal and neonatal thermal physiology. Newborn Infant Nurs. Rev. 14, 45–49 (2014).
doi: 10.1053/j.nainr.2014.03.003
Sjörs, G., Hammarlund, K. & Sedin, G. Thermal balance in term and preterm newborn infants nursed in an incubator equipped with a radiant heat source. Acta Paediatr. 86, 403–409 (1997).
pubmed: 9174228
doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb09031.x
Agate, F. J. Jr & Silverman, W. A. The control of body temperature in the small newborn infant by low-energy infra-red radiation. Pediatrics 31, 725–733 (1963).
pubmed: 14011200
doi: 10.1542/peds.31.5.725
Hammarlund, K., Nilsson, G. E., öBerg, P. Å. & Sedin, G. Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants: vs. evaporation from the skin and heat exchange during the first hours of life. Acta Pædiatr. 69, 385–392 (1980).
doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1980.tb07097.x
Trevisanuto, D. et al. Effective temperature under radiant infant warmer: does the device make a difference? Resuscitation 82, 720–723 (2011).
pubmed: 21439704
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.019
LeBlanc, M. H. Thermoregulation: incubators, radiant warmers, artificial skins, and body hoods. Clin. Perinatol. 18, 403–422 (1991).
pubmed: 1934849
doi: 10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30505-0
Dunne, E. A. et al. Thermal care for very preterm infants in the delivery room in the era of delayed cord clamping. Arch. Dis. Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, fetalneonatal-2021-323477 (2022).
McCarthy, L. K., Molloy, E. J., Twomey, A. R., Murphy, J. F. & O’Donnell, C. P. A randomized trial of exothermic mattresses for preterm newborns in polyethylene bags. Pediatrics 132, e135–e141 (2013).
pubmed: 23776115
doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-0279
Doglioni, N. M. D. et al. Total body polyethylene wraps for preventing hypothermia in preterm infants: a randomized trial. J. Pediatr. 165, 261–266.e261 (2014).
pubmed: 24837862
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.04.010
Cavallin, F. et al. Thermal management with and without servo-controlled system in preterm infants immediately after birth: a multicentre, randomized controlled study. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 106, 572–577 (2021).
pubmed: 33597230
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320567
Carmichael, A., McCullough, S. & Kempley, S. T. Critical dependence of acetate thermal mattress on gel activation temperature. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 92, F44–F45 (2007).
pubmed: 16877478
doi: 10.1136/adc.2006.096297
McCarthy, L. K., Hensey, C. C. & O’Donnell, C. P. In vitro effect of exothermic mattresses on temperature in the delivery room. Resuscitation 83, e201–e202 (2012).
pubmed: 22800861
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.07.004
Ibrahim, C. & Yoxall, C. Use of self-heating gel mattresses eliminates admission hypothermia in infants born below 28 weeks gestation. Eur. J. Pediatr. 169, 795–799 (2010).
pubmed: 19957190
doi: 10.1007/s00431-009-1113-y
Singh, A., Duckett, J., Newton, T. & Watkinson, M. Improving neonatal unit admission temperatures in preterm babies: exothermic mattresses, polythene bags or a traditional approach? J. Perinatol. 30, 45–49 (2010).
pubmed: 19641512
doi: 10.1038/jp.2009.94
Simon, P. et al. Thermal defense of extremely low gestational age newborns during resuscitation: exothermic mattresses vs polyethylene wrap. J. Perinatol. 31, 33–37 (2011).
pubmed: 20410908
doi: 10.1038/jp.2010.56
Dawson, J. A., Owen, L. S., Middleburgh, R. & Davis, P. G. Quantifying temperature and relative humidity of medical gases used for newborn resuscitation. J. Paediatr. Child Health 50, 24–26 (2014).
pubmed: 24397449
doi: 10.1111/jpc.12393
Greenspan, J. S., Wolfson, M. R. & Shaffer, T. H. Airway responsiveness to low inspired gas temperature in preterm neonates. J. Pediatr. 118, 443–445 (1991).
pubmed: 1999789
doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)82165-1
Shearman, A. D., Hou, D., Dunster, K. R. & Jardine, L. Heating of gases during neonatal resuscitation: a bench study. Resuscitation 83, 369–373 (2012).
pubmed: 21958926
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.08.027
Te Pas, A. B., Lopriore, E., Dito, I., Morley, C. J. & Walther, F. J. Humidified and heated air during stabilization at birth improves temperature in preterm infants. Pediatrics 125, e1427–e1432 (2010).
doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-2656
Meyer, M. P., Owen, L. S. & Te Pas, A. B. Use of heated humidified gases for early stabilization of preterm infants: a meta-analysis. Front. Pediatr. 6, 319–319 (2018).
pubmed: 30410876
pmcid: 6209662
doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00319
Meyer, M. P. F. M. D., Hou, D. F., Ishrar, N. N. R. N., Dito, I. R. N. & te Pas, A. B. P. Initial respiratory support with cold, dry gas versus heated humidified gas and admission temperature of preterm infants. J. Pediatr. 166, 245–250.e241 (2015).
pubmed: 25449225
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.049
McGrory, L. et al. A randomized trial of conditioned or unconditioned gases for stabilizing preterm infants at birth. J. Pediatr. 193, 47–53 (2018).
pubmed: 29106924
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.09.006
Jia, Y. S. et al. Effect of delivery room temperature on the admission temperature of premature infants: a randomized controlled trial. J. Perinatol. 33, 264–267 (2013).
pubmed: 22858889
doi: 10.1038/jp.2012.100
Duryea, E. L. et al. The impact of ambient operating room temperature on neonatal and maternal hypothermia and associated morbidities: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 214, 505. e501–505. e507 (2016).
Chitty, H. & Wyllie, J. Importance of maintaining the newly born temperature in the normal range from delivery to admission. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 18, 362–368 (2013).
pubmed: 24055301
doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2013.08.002
Stothers, J. K. Head insulation and heat loss in the newborn. Arch. Dis. Child. 56, 530–534 (1981).
pubmed: 7271287
pmcid: 1627361
doi: 10.1136/adc.56.7.530
Chaput de Saintonge, D. M., Cross, K. W., Shathorn, M. K., Lewis, S. R. & Stothers, J. K. Hats for the newborn infant. Br. Med. J. 2, 570–571 (1979).
pubmed: 387172
pmcid: 1596505
doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6190.570
Shafie, H., Syed Zakaria, S. Z., Adli, A., Shareena, I. & Rohana, J. Polyethylene versus cotton cap as an adjunct to body wrap in preterm infants. Pediatr. Int. 59, 776–780 (2017).
pubmed: 28370991
doi: 10.1111/ped.13285
Trevisanuto, D. M. D. et al. Heat loss prevention in very preterm infants in delivery rooms: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of polyethylene caps. J. Pediatr. 156, 914–917.e911 (2010).
pubmed: 20227728
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.021
Whitelaw, A. & Sleath, K. Myth of the marsupial mother: home care of very low birth weight babies in Bogota, Colombia. Lancet 325, 1206–1208 (1985).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92877-6
Gupta, N., Deierl, A., Hills, E. & Banerjee, J. Systematic review confirmed the benefits of early skin-to-skin contact but highlighted lack of studies on very and extremely preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 110, 2310–2315 (2021).
pubmed: 33973279
doi: 10.1111/apa.15913
Kardum, D., Bell, E. F., Grčić, B. F. & Müller, A. Duration of skin-to-skin care and rectal temperatures in late preterm and term infants. BMC Preg Childbirth 22, 655 (2022).
doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-04983-7
Blank, D. A. et al. Physiologic-based cord clamping maintains core temperature vs. immediate cord clamping in near-term lambs. Front. Pediatr. 8, 584983 (2020).
pubmed: 33194919
pmcid: 7644840
doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.584983
Fogarty, M. et al. Delayed vs early umbilical cord clamping for preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 218, 1–18 (2018).
pubmed: 29097178
doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.10.231
Dunne, E. A., O’Donnell, C. P. & McCarthy, L. K. Temperature in very preterm infants from birth to neonatal intensive care unit admission. Acta Paediatr. 111, 774–775 (2022).
pubmed: 34951049
doi: 10.1111/apa.16218
Badurdeen, S. et al. Physiologically based cord clamping for infants ≥32+ 0 weeks gestation: a randomized clinical trial and reference percentiles for heart rate and oxygen saturation for infants≥ 35+ 0 weeks gestation. PLoS Med. 19, e1004029 (2022).
pubmed: 35737735
pmcid: 9269938
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004029
Brouwer, E. et al. Physiological-based cord clamping in preterm infants using a new purpose-built resuscitation table: a feasibility study. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 104, F396–F402 (2019).
pubmed: 30282674
Kluckow, M. & Hooper, S. B. Using physiology to guide time to cord clamping. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 20, 225–231 (2015).
pubmed: 25818878
doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2015.03.002
Knol, R. et al. Physiological-based cord clamping in very preterm infants—randomized controlled trial on effectiveness of stabilisation. Resuscitation 147, 26–33 (2020).
pubmed: 31874212
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.12.007
Knol, R. et al. Physiological-based cord clamping in very preterm infants: the Aeration, Breathing, Clamping 3 (ABC3) trial-study protocol for a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Trials 23, 838 (2022).
pubmed: 36183143
pmcid: 9526936
doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06789-6
Knol, R. et al. Clinical aspects of incorporating cord clamping into stabilisation of preterm infants. Arch. Dis. Child. - Fetal Neonatal Ed. 103, F493–F497 (2018).
pubmed: 29680790
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-314947
Polglase, G. R. et al. Physiologically based cord clamping stabilises cardiac output and reduces cerebrovascular injury in asphyxiated near-term lambs. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 103, F530–F538 (2018).
pubmed: 29191812
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-313657
Polglase, G. R. et al. Ventilation onset prior to umbilical cord clamping (physiological-based cord clamping) improves systemic and cerebral oxygenation in preterm lambs. PloS One 10, e0117504 (2015).
pubmed: 25689406
pmcid: 4331493
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117504
Katheria, A., Lee, H. C., Knol, R., Irvine, L. & Thomas, S. A review of different resuscitation platforms during delayed cord clamping. J. Perinatol. 41, 1540–1548 (2021).
pubmed: 33850283
pmcid: 8042840
doi: 10.1038/s41372-021-01052-3
Duley, L. et al. Randomized trial of cord clamping and initial stabilisation at very preterm birth. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 103, F6–F14 (2018).
pubmed: 28923985
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-312567
Pratesi, S. et al. Placental circulation intact trial (PCI-T)—resuscitation with the placental circulation intact vs. cord milking for very preterm infants: a feasibility study. Front. Pediatr. 6, 364 (2018).
pubmed: 30538975
pmcid: 6277460
doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00364
Katheria, A. M. D. et al. Neonatal resuscitation with an intact cord: a randomized clinical trial. J. Pediatr. 178, 75–80.e73 (2016).
pubmed: 27574999
pmcid: 5527831
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.07.053