Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients is effective: A systematic review.
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
children
skeletally immature
Journal
Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA
ISSN: 1433-7347
Titre abrégé: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9314730
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
23 Jan 2024
23 Jan 2024
Historique:
received:
27
12
2023
accepted:
28
12
2023
medline:
23
1
2024
pubmed:
23
1
2024
entrez:
23
1
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
The present study evaluated the outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in children with open physes. The outcomes of interest were to compare the increase in joint laxity and PROMs from baseline to the last follow-up, the rate and features of the return to sport and the rate of complications. This study was conducted according to the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. In October 2023, the following databases were accessed: PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Embase. All the clinical studies investigating ACL reconstruction in skeletally immature patients were accessed. Only articles which clearly stated that surgeries were conducted in children with open physis were eligible. Data from 53 studies (1691 procedures) were collected. 35% (597 out of 1691 patients) were women. The mean length of the follow-up was 44.7 ± 31.3 months. The mean age of the patients was 12.7 ± 1.1 years old. All PROMs significantly improved from the baseline values to those at the last follow-up. The mean time to return to sport was 8.3 ± 1.9 months. 89% (690 out of 771 patients) returned to sports, 15% (109 out of 721 patients) reduced their level of sports activity or league, and 84% (651 out of 771 patients) returned to their previous level of sport. 9% (112 out of 1213) of patients experienced re-tear of the reconstructed ACL, and 11% (75 out of 660) of patients underwent a further ACL reoperation. No patients (0 out of 83) demonstrated increased laxity at the last follow-up, and persistent sensation of instability was reported by 5% (11 out of 235) of patients. ACL reconstruction in skeletally immature patients is effective and safe, and is associated with fast recovery and a high rate of return to sport. Level IV.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : None
Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Authors. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy.
Références
Shaw, L. & Finch, C.F. (2017) Trends in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament injuries in Victoria, Australia 2005-2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 599.
Turati, M., Rigamonti, L., Giulivi, A., Gaddi, D., Accadbled, F., Zanchi, N. et al. (2023) Management of anterior cruciate ligament tears in Tanner stage 1 and 2 children: a narrative review and treatment algorithm guided by ACL tear location. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 63, 1218-1226.
Kooy, C.E.W., Jakobsen, R.B., Fenstad, A.M., Persson, A., Visnes, H., Engebretsen, L. et al. (2023) Major increase in incidence of pediatric ACL reconstructions from 2005 to 2021: a study from the Norwegian Knee Ligament Register. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 51, 2891-2899.
Sasaki, S., Sasaki, E., Kimura, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Tsuda, E. & Ishibashi, Y. (2021) Clinical outcomes and postoperative complications after all-epiphyseal double-bundle ACL reconstruction for skeletally immature patients. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9, 232596712110513.
Dingel, A., Aoyama, J., Ganley, T. & Shea, K. (2019) Pediatric ACL tears: natural history. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 39, S47-S49.
Kocher, M.S., Saxon, H.S., Hovis, W.D. & Hawkins, R.J. (2002) Management and complications of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in skeletally immature patients: survey of the Herodicus Society and The ACL Study Group. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 22, 452-457.
James, E.W., Dawkins, B.J., Schachne, J.M., Ganley, T.J., Kocher, M.S., Anderson, C.N. et al. (2021) Early operative versus delayed operative versus nonoperative treatment of pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 49, 4008-4017.
Migliorini, F., Vecchio, G., Eschweiler, J., Schneider, S.M., Hildebrand, F. & Maffulli, N. (2023) Reduced knee laxity and failure rate following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction compared with repair for acute tears: a meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 24, 8.
Longo, U.G., Ciuffreda, M., Casciaro, C., Mannering, N., Candela, V., Salvatore, G. et al. (2017) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients: a systematic review. The Bone & Joint Journal, 99-B, 1053-1060.
Price, M.J., Lazaro, L., Cordasco, F.A. & Green, D.W. (2017) Surgical options for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the young child. Minerva Pediatrics, 69, 337-347.
Anderson, A.F. & Anderson, C.N. (2015) Correlation of meniscal and articular cartilage injuries in children and adolescents with timing of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, 275-281.
Ramski, D.E., Kanj, W.W., Franklin, C.C., Baldwin, K.D. & Ganley, T.J. (2014) Anterior cruciate ligament tears in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of nonoperative versus operative treatment. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 2769-2776.
Ardern, C.L., Taylor, N.F., Feller, J.A. & Webster, K.E. (2014) Fifty-five per cent return to competitive sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including aspects of physical functioning and contextual factors. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48, 1543-1552.
Lai, C.C.H., Ardern, C.L., Feller, J.A. & Webster, K.E. (2018) Eighty-three per cent of elite athletes return to preinjury sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review with meta-analysis of return to sport rates, graft rupture rates and performance outcomes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 128-138.
Howick, J.C.I., Glasziou, P., Greenhalgh, T., Carl, H., Liberati, A. & Moschetti, I. et al. (2011) The 2011 Oxford CEBM Levels of Evidence. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Available from: https://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653
Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C. & Mulrow, C.D. et al. (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71.
Briggs, K.K., Lysholm, J., Tegner, Y., Rodkey, W.G., Kocher, M.S. & Steadman, J.R. (2009) The reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Lysholm score and Tegner activity scale for anterior cruciate ligament injuries of the knee: 25 years later. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37, 890-897.
Tegner, Y. & Lysholm, J. (1985) Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 198, 43-49.
Higgins, L.D., Taylor, M.K., Park, D., Ghodadra, N., Marchant, M., Pietrobon, R. et al. (2007) Reliability and validity of the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form. Joint, Bone, Spine, 74, 594-599.
Agarwalla, A., Liu, J.N., Garcia, G.H., Gowd, A.K., Puzzitiello, R.N., Yanke, A.B. et al. (2021) Return to sport following isolated lateral opening wedge distal femoral osteotomy. Cartilage, 13, 846S-852S.
Jones, K.J., Kelley, B.V., Arshi, A., McAllister, D.R. & Fabricant, P.D. (2019) Comparative effectiveness of cartilage repair with respect to the minimal clinically important difference. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 47, 3284-3293.
Mostafaee, N., Negahban, H., Shaterzadeh Yazdi, M.J., Goharpey, S., Mehravar, M. & Pirayeh, N. (2020) Responsiveness of a Persian version of Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and Tegner activity scale in athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction following physiotherapy treatment. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 36, 1019-1026.
Coleman, B.D., Khan, K.M., Maffulli, N., Cook, J.L. & Wark, J.D. (2000) Studies of surgical outcome after patellar tendinopathy: clinical significance of methodological deficiencies and guidelines for future studies. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 10, 2-11.
Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J. et al. (2021) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.2. Cochrane 2021. Available from: www.training.cochrane.org/handbook. [Accessed February 2022].
Aichroth, P.M., Patel, D.V. & Zorrilla, P. (2002) The natural history and treatment of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents. A prospective review. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume, 84, 38-41.
Akinleye, S.D., Sewick, A. & Wells, L. (2013) All-epiphyseal ACL reconstruction: a three-year follow-up. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 8, 300-310.
Andrews, M., Noyes, F.R. & Barber-Westin, S.D. (1994) Anterior cruciate ligament allograft reconstruction in the skeletally immature athlete. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 22, 48-54.
Arbes, S., Resinger, C., Vécsei, V. & Nau, T. (2007) The functional outcome of total tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the skeletally immature patient. International Orthopaedics, 31, 471-475.
Aronowitz, E.R., Ganley, T.J., Goode, J.R., Gregg, J.R. & Meyer, J.S. (2000) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in adolescents with open physes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 28, 168-175.
Asai, K., Nakase, J., Shimozaki, K., Yoshimizu, R., Kimura, M. & Tsuchiya, H. (2021) Skeletally immature patient showed lower graft maturity than skeletally mature patient after ACL reconstruction with a rounded rectangular femoral tunnel. Scientific Reports, 11, 19968. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99532-1
Bigoni, M., Gaddi, D., Gorla, M., Munegato, D., Pungitore, M., Piatti, M. et al. (2017) Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament repair for proximal anterior cruciate ligament tears in skeletally immature patients: surgical technique and preliminary results. The Knee, 24, 40-48.
Bonnard, C., Fournier, J., Babusiaux, D., Planchenault, M., Bergerault, F. & de Courtivron, B. (2011) Physeal-sparing reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament tears in children: results of 57 cases using patellar tendon. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume, 93, 542-547.
Calvo, R., Figueroa, D., Gili, F., Vaisman, A., Mocoçain, P., Espinosa, M. et al. (2015) Transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients with open physes: 10-year follow-up study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, 289-294.
Cassard, X., Cavaignac, E., Maubisson, L. & Bowen, M. (2014) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in children with a quadrupled semitendinosus graft: preliminary results with minimum 2 years of follow-up. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 34, 70-77.
Cohen, M., Ferretti, M., Quarteiro, M., Marcondes, F.B., de Hollanda, J.P.B., Amaro, J.T. et al. (2009) Transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients with open physes. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 25, 831-838.
Courvoisier, A., Grimaldi, M. & Plaweski, S. (2011) Good surgical outcome of transphyseal ACL reconstruction in skeletally immature patients using four-strand hamstring graft. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 19, 588-591.
Cordasco, F.A., Mayer, S.W. & Green, D.W. (2017) All-inside, all-epiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature athletes: return to sport, incidence of second surgery, and 2-year clinical outcomes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45, 856-863. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516677723
Cruz, Jr., A.I., Fabricant, P.D., McGraw, M., Rozell, J.C., Ganley, T.J. & Wells, L. (2017) All-epiphyseal ACL reconstruction in children: review of safety and early complications. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 37, 204-209.
Demange, M.K. & Camanho, G.L. (2014) Nonanatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with double-stranded semitendinosus grafts in children with open physes: minimum 15-year follow-up. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 2926-2932.
Foissey, C., Thaunat, M., Caron, E., Haidar, I., Vieira, T.D., Gomes, L. et al. (2022) Combining anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with lateral extra-articular procedures in skeletally immature patients is safe and associated with a low failure rate. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation, 4, e1941-e1951.
Fuchs, R., Wheatley, W., Uribe, J.W., Hechtman, K.S., Zvijac, J.E. & Schurhoff, M.R. (2002) Intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon allograft in the skeletally immature patient. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 18, 824-828.
Gebhard, F., Ellermann, A., Hoffmann, F., Jaeger, J.H. & Friederich, N.F. (2006) Multicenter-study of operative treatment of intraligamentous tears of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents: comparison of four different techniques. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 14, 797-803.
Goddard, M., Bowman, N., Salmon, L.J., Waller, A., Roe, J.P. & Pinczewski, L.A. (2013) Endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in children using living donor hamstring tendon allografts. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41, 567-574.
Greenberg, E.M., Greenberg, E.T., Ganley, T.J. & Lawrence, J.T.R. (2014) Strength and functional performance recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in preadolescent athletes. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 6, 309-312.
Guzzanti, V., Falciglia, F. & Stanitski, C.L. (2003) Physeal-sparing intraarticular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in preadolescents. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 31, 949-953.
Hoshikawa, A., Hiraoka, H., Monobe, Y., Shiraki, K., Sasaki, Y. & Nakamura, H. et al. (2020) Midterm clinical results after all-epiphyseal double-bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in children with open physes. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 8, 232596712091008.
Hui, C., Roe, J., Ferguson, D., Waller, A., Salmon, L. & Pinczewski, L. (2012) Outcome of anatomic transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in Tanner stage 1 and 2 patients with open physes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 1093-1098.
Koch, P.P., Fucentese, S.F. & Blatter, S.C. (2016) Complications after epiphyseal reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in prepubescent children. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 24, 2736-2740.
Kocher, M.S., Garg, S. & Micheli, L.J. (2006) Physeal sparing reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature prepubescent children and adolescents. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume, 88(Suppl 1 Pt 2), 283-293.
Kohl, S., Stutz, C., Decker, S., Ziebarth, K., Slongo, T., Ahmad, S.S. et al. (2014) Mid-term results of transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in children and adolescents. The Knee, 21, 80-85.
Kumar, S., Ahearne, D. & Hunt, D.M. (2013) Transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the skeletally immature: follow-up to a minimum of sixteen years of age. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 95, e1.
Lanzetti, R.M., Pace, V., Ciompi, A., Perugia, D., Spoliti, M., Falez, F. et al. (2020) Over the top anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients with open physes: a long-term follow-up study. International Orthopaedics, 44, 771-778.
Lawrence, T.J.R., Bowers, A.L., Belding, J., Cody, S.R. & Ganley, T.J. (2010) All-epiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research, 468, 1971-1977.
Lemaitre, G., Salle de Chou, E., Pineau, V., Rochcongar, G., Delforge, S., Bronfen, C. et al. (2014) ACL reconstruction in children: a transphyseal technique. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, 100, S261-S265.
Liddle, A.D., Imbuldeniya, A.M. & Hunt, D.M. (2008) Transphyseal reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in prepubescent children. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume, 90, 1317-1322.
Mauch, C., Arnold, M.P., Wirries, A., Mayer, R.R., Friederich, N.F. & Hirschmann, M.T. (2011) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadriceps tendon autograft for adolescents with open physes-a technical note. Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology, 3, 7.
McCarroll, J.R., Rettig, A.C. & Shelbourne, K.D. (1988) Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the young athlete with open physes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 16, 44-47.
McCarroll, J.R., Shelbourne, K.D., Porter, D.A., Rettig, A.C. & Murray, S. (1994) Patellar tendon graft reconstruction for midsubstance anterior cruciate ligament rupture in junior high school athletes. An algorithm for management. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 22, 478-484.
McIntosh, A.L., Dahm, D.L. & Stuart, M.J. (2006) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the skeletally immature patient. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 22, 1325-1330.
Micheli, L.J., Rask, B. & Gerberg, L. (1999) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients who are prepubescent. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 364, 40-47.
Nakhostine, M., Bollen, S.R. & Cross, M.J. (1995) Reconstruction of mid-substance anterior cruciate rupture in adolescents with open physes. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 15, 286-287.
Nikolaou, P., Kalliakmanis, A., Bousgas, D. & Zourntos, S. (2011) Intraarticular stabilization following anterior cruciate ligament injury in children and adolescents. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 19, 801-805.
Perelli, S., Costa, G.G., Terron, V.M., Formagnana, M., Bait, C., Espregueira-Mendes, J. et al. (2022) Combined anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and modified lemaire lateral extra-articular tenodesis better restores knee stability and reduces failure rates than isolated anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 50, 3778-3785.
Pennock, A.T., Chambers, H.G., Turk, R.D., Parvanta, K.M., Dennis, M.M. & Edmonds, E.W. (2018) Use of a modified all-epiphyseal technique for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the skeletally immature patient. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 6, 232596711878176.
Redler, L.H., Brafman, R.T., Trentacosta, N. & Ahmad, C.S. (2012) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients with transphyseal tunnels. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 28, 1710-1717.
Robert, H. & Bonnard, C. (1999) The possibilities of using the patellar tendon in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament tears in children. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 15, 73-76.
Saad, L., Grimard, G. & Nault, M.L. (2021) Complication rates following all-epiphyseal ACL reconstructions in skeletally immature patients: a retrospective case series study. Medicine, 100, e27959.
Seon, J.K., Song, E.K., Yoon, T.R. & Park, S.J. (2005) Transphyseal reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using hamstring autograft in skeletally immature adolescents. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 20, 1034-1038.
Shamrock, A.G., Duchman, K.R., Cates, W.T., Cates, R.A., Khazi, Z.M., Westermann, R.W. et al. (2022) Outcomes following primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a partial transphyseal (over-the-top) technique in skeletally immature patients. The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal, 42, 179-186.
Shelbourne, K.D., Gray, T. & Wiley, B.V. (2004) Results of transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft in tanner stage 3 or 4 adolescents with clearly open growth plates. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 1218-1222.
Schmale, G.A., Kweon, C., Larson, R.V. & Bompadre, V. (2014) High satisfaction yet decreased activity 4 years after transphyseal ACL reconstruction. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research, 472, 2168-2174.
Streich, N.A., Barié, A., Gotterbarm, T., Keil, M. & Schmitt, H. (2010) Transphyseal reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in prepubescent athletes. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 18, 1481-1486.
Wall, E.J., Ghattas, P.J., Eismann, E.A., Myer, G.D. & Carr, P. (2017) Outcomes and complications after all-epiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 5, 232596711769360.
Willimon, S.C., Jones, C.R., Herzog, M.M., May, K.H., Leake, M.J. & Busch, M.T. (2015) Micheli anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature youths: a retrospective case series with a mean 3-year follow-up. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, 2974-2981.
Wren, T.L., Beltran, V., Katzel, M.J., Conrad-Forrest, A.S. & VandenBerg, C.D. (2021) Iliotibial band autograft provides the fastest recovery of knee extensor mechanism function in pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 7492.
Zhang, L., Liang, Q., Zhao, Z., Zhang, L., Kang, X., Tian, B. et al. (2023) Robot-assisted all-epiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients: a retrospective study. International Orthopaedics, 47, 429-435.
Kay, J., Memon, M., Marx, R.G., Peterson, D., Simunovic, N. & Ayeni, O.R. (2018) Over 90% of children and adolescents return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 26, 1019-1036.
Frosch, K.H., Stengel, D., Brodhun, T., Stietencron, I., Holsten, D., Jung, C. et al. (2010) Outcomes and risks of operative treatment of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 26, 1539-1550.
Rohde, M.S., Cinque, M.E., LaPrade, C.M., Ganley, T.J. & Shea, K.G. (2022) The spectrum of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction options for the pediatric and adolescent patient: a narrative review. Journal of Athletic Training, 57, 961-971.
Willson, R.G., Kostyun, R.O., Milewski, M.D. & Nissen, C.W. (2018) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients: early results using a hybrid physeal-sparing technique. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 6, 232596711875533.
Cancino, B., Muñoz, C., Tuca, M.J., Birrer, E.A.M. & Sepúlveda, M.F. (2022) Anterior cruciate ligament rupture in skeletally immature patients. JAAOS Global Research & Reviews, 6, e21.00166. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-21-00166
Pascual-Leone, N., Gross, P.W., Meza, B.C. & Fabricant, P.D. (2022) Techniques in pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 38, 2784-2786.
Afana, H.B. & Nau, T. (2021) Physeal-sparing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction for skeletally immature patients: all-epiphyseal technique using quadricep tendon autograft. Case Reports in Orthopedics, 2021, 1-7.
Feroe, A.G., Hassan, M.M. & Kocher, M.S. (2022) Physeal-sparing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with iliotibial band autograft in the skeletally immature knee. Arthroscopy Techniques, 11, e1597-e1603.
Patil, V., Rajan, P., Hayter, E., Bartlett, J. & Symons, S. (2023) Growth disturbances following paediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. Cureus, 15, e40455.
Kaeding, C.C., Flanigan, D. & Donaldson, C. (2010) Surgical techniques and outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in preadolescent patients. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 26, 1530-1538.
Brey, J.M.B. & Collis, P.N. (2015) Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in children and adolescents. Current Orthopaedic Practice, 26, 452-457.
Pierce, T.P., Issa, K., Festa, A., Scillia, A.J. & McInerney, V.K. (2017) Pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review of transphyseal versus physeal-sparing techniques. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45, 488-494.
Perkins, C.A. & Willimon, S.C. (2020) Pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 51, 55-63.
Smeltzer, K., Meyers, A. & Nelson, R. (2023) All-epiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament repair using suture ring device in the skeletally immature patient. Arthroscopy Techniques, 12, e745-e750.
Anderson, A.F. (2004) Transepiphyseal replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament using quadruple hamstring grafts in skeletally immature patients. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 86, 201-209.
McCarthy, M.M., Graziano, J., Green, D.W. & Cordasco, F.A. (2012) All-epiphyseal, all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique for skeletally immature patients. Arthroscopy Techniques, 1, e231-e239.
Wong, S.E., Feeley, B.T. & Pandya, N.K. (2019) Comparing outcomes between the over-the-top and all-epiphyseal techniques for physeal-sparing ACL reconstruction: a narrative review. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 7, 232596711983368.
Migliorini, F., Eschweiler, J., Mansy, Y.E., Quack, V., Tingart, M. & Driessen, A. (2020) Quadriceps tendon autograft for primary ACL reconstruction: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 30, 1129-1138.
Migliorini, F., Oliva, F., Eschweiler, J., Torsiello, E., Hildebrand, F. & Maffulli, N. (2023) Knee osteoarthritis, joint laxity and PROMs following conservative management versus surgical reconstruction for ACL rupture: a meta-analysis. British Medical Bulletin, 145, 72-87.
Piedade, S.R., Górios, C., Migliorini, F. & Maffulli, N. (2022) Combined anterior cruciate and lateral collateral ligaments reconstruction with ipsilateral hamstring autograft: surgical technique. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 17, 466.
Frank, J.S. & Gambacorta, P.L. (2013) Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the skeletally immature athlete: diagnosis and management. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 21, 78-87.
De Petrillo, G., Pauyo, T., Franklin, C.C., Chafetz, R.S., Nault, M.L. & Veilleux, L.N. (2022) Limited evidence for graft selection in pediatric ACL reconstruction: a narrative review. Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics, 9, 9.
Marx, R.G., Hsu, J., Fink, C., Eriksson, K., Vincent, A. & van der Merwe, W.M. (2023) Graft choices for paediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: state of the art. Journal of ISAKOS, 8, 145-152. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisako.2023.01.001
Migliorini, F., Eschweiler, J., Mansy, Y.E., Quack, V., Tingart, M. & Driessen, A. (2021) Correction to: Quadriceps tendon autograft for primary ACL reconstruction: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 31, 1261.
Migliorini, F., Torsiello, E., Trivellas, A., Eschweiler, J., Hildebrand, F. & Maffulli, N. (2023) Bone-patellar tendon-bone versus two- and four-strand hamstring tendon autografts for ACL reconstruction in young adults: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 13, 6883. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33899-1
Noyes, F.R., Butler, D.L., Grood, E.S., Zernicke, R.F. & Hefzy, M.S. (1984) Biomechanical analysis of human ligament grafts used in knee-ligament repairs and reconstructions. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 66, 344-352.
Kunze, K.N., Moran, J., Polce, E.M., Pareek, A., Strickland, S.M., & Williams 3rd, R.J. (2023) Lower donor site morbidity with hamstring and quadriceps tendon autograft compared with bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 31, 3339-3352.
Schuette, H.B., Kraeutler, M.J., Houck, D.A. & McCarty, E.C. (2017) Bone-patellar tendon-bone versus hamstring tendon autografts for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review of overlapping meta-analyses. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 5, 232596711773648.
Migliorini, F., Pintore, A., Oliva, F., Eschweiler, J., Bell, A. & Maffulli, N. (2023) Allografts as alternative to autografts in primary posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 31, 2852-2860.
Kataoka, K., Hoshino, Y. & Nukuto, K. (2023) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: recent evolution and technical improvement. Journal of Joint Surgery and Research, 1, 97-102.
Dhillon, J., Kraeutler, M.J., Belk, J.W., McCarty, E.C., McCulloch, P.C. & Scillia, A.J. (2022) Autograft and nonirradiated allograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction demonstrate similar clinical outcomes and graft failure rates: an updated systematic review. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation, 4, e1513-e1521.
Zhao, B.A., Yao, Y.Y., Ji, Q.X., Li, Z.Y., Cheng, B. & Pan, J.F. (2022) No difference in postoperative efficacy and safety between autograft and allograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a retrospective cohort study in 112 patients. Annals of Translational Medicine, 10, 359.
Migliorini, F., Trivellas, A., Eschweiler, J., Knobe, M., Tingart, M. & Maffulli, N. (2022) Comparable outcome for autografts and allografts in primary medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for patellofemoral instability: systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 30, 1282-1291.
Hulet, C., Sonnery-Cottet, B., Stevenson, C., Samuelsson, K., Laver, L., Zdanowicz, U. et al. (2019) The use of allograft tendons in primary ACL reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 27, 1754-1770.
Steijvers, E., Ghei, A. & Xia, Z. (2022) Manufacturing artificial bone allografts: a perspective. Biomaterials translational, 3, 65-80.
Kattz, J. (2010) The effects of various cleaning and sterilization processes on allograft bone incorporation. Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants, 20, 271-276.
Nguyen, H., Morgan, D.A.F. & Forwood, M.R. (2007) Sterilization of allograft bone: effects of gamma irradiation on allograft biology and biomechanics. Cell and Tissue Banking, 8, 93-105.
Ardern, C.L., Ekås, G., Grindem, H., Moksnes, H., Anderson, A., Chotel, F. et al. (2018) 2018 International Olympic Committee consensus statement on prevention, diagnosis and management of paediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 26, 989-1010.